Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tomasi Outlined
Tomasi Outlined
Tomasi Outlined
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
analog signals
digital signals
Samuel Finley
Morse (1837)
electromagnetic
induction
attenuation
transmission medium or
communications channel
system noise
receiver
modulation
signals
that
interfere
with
the
electronic
communications
Breese
decibel
transmitter
carrier
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
carrier in proportion with the information signal
Analog
system
communication
Digital
system
communication
a true
digital system where digital pulses are transferred
between two or more points in communication system
digital transmission
digital radio
Amplitude
(AM)
modulation
Frequency
(FM)
modulation
modulator
modulated
wave
modulated signal
channel
intelligence signal
frequency translation
electromagnetic energy
frequency
International
Telecommunications
Union (UTI)
or
demodulation
Extremely
frequencies
Voice frequencies
low
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
channels
Low frequencies
Medium frequency
signals in the 3-MHz to 30-MHz range and are used for two-way
radio communications, Voice of America and Radio Free Europe
broadcast, amateur radio and citizens band (CB) radio
High frequencies
signals in the 30-MHZ to 300-MHz and are used for mobile radio,
marine, and aeronautical communications, commercial FM
broadcasting (88 MHz to 108 MHz), and commercial television
broadcasting of channels 2 to 13 (54 MHz to 216 MHz)
Superhigh frequencies
Extremely
frequencies
range.
It
refers
to
Ultrahigh frequencies
high
Infrared
speed of light
the two most significant limitations on the performance of a
communication system
3 x 108 m/s
noise
bandwidth
bandwidth
of
information signal
the
highest
and
lowest
wavelength
bandwidth
of
an
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
the channel will allow to pass through
communication channel
Information theory
Information capacity
Bit rate
Electrical noise
correlated
uncorrelated
external noise
Atmospheric noise
Static electricity
30 MHz
Extraterrestrial noise
Cosmic noise
Black-body noise
Man-made noise
Industrial noise
internal noise
Shot noise
Transit-time noise
Deep-space noise
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Thermal noise
Harmonic distortion
Harmonics
Amplitude distortion
the ratio of the signal power level to the noise power level
white noise
Brownian noise
Johnson noise
Intermodulation
distortion
Impulse noise
Interference
Electrical interference
Signal-to-noise
ratio
binary signal
four-level signals
Electrical signals
Periodic
Time domain
a time-domain instrument
Oscilloscope
an amplitude-versus-time representation
signal
of the
Signal waveform
power
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Frequency-domain
representation
a frequency-domain instrument
Spectrum analyzer
Sinusoidal wave
Complex wave
Even symmetry
Odd symmetry
Fourier analysis
Wave symmetry
Half-wave symmetry
Frequency spectrum
Bandwidth
Electrical power
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Bandlimiting
Mixing
Linear summing
(linear mixing)
Nolinear mixing
undesired harmonics
Harmonic distortion
desired harmonics
Frequency multiplication
linearly
nonlinearly
Oscillate
Oscillator
Feedback oscillators
amplification
positive feedback
frequencydetermining
components
power source
Wien-bridge oscillator
LC oscillators
Frequency stability
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
communication systems
Crystal oscillators
Crystallography
Graded junction
Piezoelectric effect
Modulation
Demodulation
Amplitude Modulation
(AM)
Radio frequency
Coefficient of modulation
Percent modulation
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
to perform signal multiplication, which is a
characteristic that makes them ideally suited for
generating AM waveforms
Linear integrated-circuit
function generators
Preamplifier
Complex repetitive
Quadrature
modulation
Buffer amplifier
Carrier shift
Nonsinusoidal signals
amplitude
Selectivity
Bandwidth Improvement
(BI)
selectivity
bandwidth
sensitivity
dynamic range
fidelity
insertion loss
noise temperature
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Sensitivity
Threshold
Filtering
Amplitude distortion
Frequency distortion
Dynamic range
Fidelity
Equivalent Noise
Temperature (Te)
10
amplitude
frequency
phase
coherent
(synchronous)
noncoherent
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
(asynchronous)
Tuned Radio-frequency
(TRF)
Heterodyne
Preselector
RF amplifier
Detector
Tracking
selected radio
enter a receiver
will produce a
equal to the
11
Coherent
Noncoherent
Envelope detection
RF section
Mixer/converter section
IF section
Audio detector section
Audio amplifier section
Tracking error
Image frequency
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Image-frequency
ratio
Double spotting
Mixer / converter
Self-inductance
Mutual inductance
Coefficient of coupling
Flux linkage
Squelch circuit
Blanking circuit
12
Inductive
coupling
or
rejection
transformer
Automatic desensing
preselector loss
mixer loss
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
noise
than
detector loss
System gain
Gang tuned
Cascoded amplifier
AM Single-sideband Full
Carrier (SSBFC)
AM Single-sideband
Suppressed Carrier
(SSBSC)
AM Single Side-band
Reduced Carrier (SSBRC)
AM Independent Sideband
(ISB)
AM Vestigial Sideband
(VSB)
13
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
power conservation
bandwidth conservation
selective fading
noise reduction
complex receivers
tuning difficulties
Balanced Modulator
Carrier Leak
between 40 dB and 60 Db
Ceramic filters
double-sideband
which
phase-shift method
filter method
third method
Mechanical filter
input transducer
series
of
mechanical
resonant metal disks
coupling rod
output transducer
Bidirectional
Unidirectional
Recovery circuit
14
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
recovered carrier to regenerate coherent
oscillator frequencies in the synthesizer
local
a
system
that
provide
narrowband
voice
communications for land-mobile services with nearly
the quality achieved with FM systems and do it
using less than one-third the bandwidth
Amplitude-compandoring
Single-sideband (ACSSB)
Compandor
(compressor-expander)
Multiplexing
Frequency-division
Multiplexing (FDM)
Quadrature Multiplexing
(QM)
Phase deviation ()
15
Angle modulation
Direct Frequency
Modulation (FM)
Direct
(PM)
Phase
Modulation
instantaneous
deviation
phase
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
instantaneous phase
instantaneous
frequency deviation
instantaneous
frequency
Instantaneous
deviation
Instantaneous phase
Instantaneous frequency
Frequency modulation
Deviation sensitivities
Modulation index
Frequency deviation
Carrier swing
Percent Modulation
Phase modulator
a single-frequency sinusoid
Unmodulated carrier
(rest frequency)
16
Instantaneous
deviation
phase
frequency
Phase modulation
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Frequency modulator
(frequency deviator)
PM Modulator
PM demodulator
FM modulator
FM demodulator
Adjacent Channel
Interference
a high-pass filter
Preemphasis Network
a low-pass filter
Deemphasis Network
Direct FM
Direct PM
17
Carsons rule
Noise Triangle
Automatic
Control (AFC)
AFC loop
wipe off
Frequency
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Indirect FM transmitters
Predistorter
(frequency
correction network)
noise immunity
FM thresholding
capture effect
power utilization
efficiency
Capture effect
Preselector
RF amplifier
down-converts RF to IF
Mixer/converter
IF amplifiers
Detector
FM Demodulators
18
and
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Foster-Seeley discriminator
(phase shift discriminator)
Ratio Detector
Phase-Locked Loop
FM Demodulator
Quadrature FM
Demodulator
(coincidence detector)
Capture Ratio
Capture Effect
Electronic push-to-talk
(PTT)
slope detector
Foster-Seeley
discriminator
ratio detector
PLL demodulator
quadrature detector
tuned-circuit
frequency
discriminators
(PLL)
19
of
Electronic communications
Digital modulation
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
communication system
Amplitude
(ASK)
Shift
Keying
if the frequency
information signal
Frequency
(FSK)
Shift
Keying
Information theory
Information capacity
Bit rate
Digital
Amplitude
Modulation (DAM)
Frequency-Shift Keying
(FSK)
is
varied
proportional
to
the
Digital radio
M-ary
20
Baud
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
square-wave
Binary Phase-shift
(BPSK)
Keying
Balanced modulator
Constellation
diagram,
sometimes
called
signal
state-space diagram
Product modulator
Quaternary
Phase
Keying
(QPSK),
Quadrature PSK
Dibits
8-PSK
Gray
code
distance code)
Quadrature-amplitude
Modulation (QAM)
21
Shift
or
(maximum
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
and the phase of the transmitted carrier; amplitude
and phase-shift keying are combined; this reduce the
likelihood or error occurring
Bandwidth compression
Bandwidth
efficiency
(information
density
or
spectral efficiency)
Carrier
recovery
referencing)
Differential
Keying (DPHK)
Trellis Coding
Trellis
Code
Modulation
(TCM)
Carrier-to-noise
Power
Ratio
Energy
per
Power Density
22
(phase
squaring loop
Costas loop
remodulator
Phase-sift
Bit-to-noise
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Energy
per
Power Density
Antipodal signaling
Noncoherent FSK
Coherent FSK
Bit-to-noise
Noise immunity
Digital
(DSP)
one of
the most important aspects of any
communications system because it is costly and
limited
Bandwidth
Pulse Modulation
Pulse
Width
(PWM)
Modulation
Pulse Position
(PPM)
Modulation
Pulse
(PCM)
23
Signal
Code
Processing
Modulation
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
length of time transmission
Alex H. Reeves
Natural Sampling
Droop
Quantization
Quantization
Quantum
Overload
limiting)
Resolution
24
Flat-top sampling
interval
distortion
or
(peak
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Coding Efficiency
Linear codes
Signal
voltage-toquantization noise voltage
ratio (SQR)
Idle Channel Noise
Midtread quantizing
Midrise quantization
Level-at-a-time coding
Digit-at-a-time coding
Word-at-a-time coding
Companding
Compressed
Expanded
Analog expansion
Digital companding
Codec
Combo chips
25
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
codecs as they include an antialising (bandpass filter),
a sample-and-hold circuit, and an analog-to-digital
converter in the transmit section and a digital-toanalog converter, a hold circuit, and a bandpass filter
in the receive section
Vocoders
Formants
Format vocoders
Line speed
Delta modulation
Granular noise
Intersymbol
26
channel vocoder
formant vocoder
linear predictive coder
Slope overload
Ringing tails
interference
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
pulses over circuits with a limited bandwidth and a
nonlinear phase response
(ISI)
Equalizers
Filters
Pulse distortion
Pulse
Phase distortion
Eye pattern
Multiplexing
Space-division multiplexing
(SDM)
Digital carrier
27
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
T1
Extended
format
Picturephone
Duty cycle
DC wandering
Digital
(Manchester
diphase)
Biphase M
Miller codes
the
physical
28
superframe
Multiplexers/demultiplexers
(muldem)
Digital cross-connect (DSX)
biphase
code
or
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
T carriers
Amplifier/equalizer
Regenerative repeater
T1 carrier systems
Binary
eight
substitution (B8ZS)
Added-channel framing
Codec
Combo chip
Frequency-division
multiplexing (FDM)
Baseband
Balanced modulator
29
bit interleaving
word interleaving
zero
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Guard bands
Wavelength
division
multiplexing (WDM)
Demultiplexers or splitters
WDM routers
Diffraction
prisms
Dichroic filter
gratings
or
Copper
Metallic
medium
Transmission lines
twisted-pair
30
guided
unguided
transmission
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
from one point to another using electrical current
flow; two or more electrical conductors separated by
a nonconductive insulator (dielectric); can be as short
as a few inches or span several thousand miles; can
be used to propagate dc or low-frequency ac or to
propagate very high frequencies
Longitudinal waves
Transverse waves
Transverse electromagnetic
(TEM) waves
Space quadrature
electromagnetic
waves
that
travel
along
transmission line from the source to the load
Incident waves
Reflected waves
Sound waves
Frequency
Wavelength
Differential
or
Balanced
signal transmission
Longitudinal currents
Single-ended or Unbalanced
signal transmission
Balun
(balanced
unbalanced)
balanced
31
to
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Parallel-wire
lines
transmission
Open-wire
lines
transmission
Crosstalk
Braid
Attenuation
Crosstalk
Plenum
Plenum-grade PVC
Dual shielded
Quad shielding
BNC connectors
n-type connectors
Secondary constants
Characteristic
impedance
(surge impedance)
32
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
infinitely long line or the impedance seen looking into
a finite length of line that is terminated in a purely
resistive load with a resistance equal to the
characteristic impedance of the line
Propagation
constant
(propagation coefficient)
Velocity
factor
constant)
1.0006
Delay lines
Skin effect
Resistance ratio
Dielectric heating
Radiation loss
Coupling loss
Corona
Incident voltage
Reflected voltage
33
(velocity
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
source
Quarter-wavelength
Transmission-line stub
Time-domain reflectometry
(TDR)
Microstrip
Stripline
H. Lamm
34
Photophone
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
1951
N.S. Kapany
Acceptance angle
Numerical aperture
1.5
Single mode
Multimode
Mode
Index profile
Step-index fiber
Graded-index fiber
Pulse spreading
Pulse-width dispersion
UPNRZ transmission
35
Charles H. Townes
Arthur L. Schawlow
mode or propagation
index profile of fiber
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
to fall back one-half of a bit time, it would interfere
with pulse b
UPRZ
Coupling losses
End separation
30 nm to 50 nm
Linewidth
LED
Arsenide
Photocell
Laser
LED
Solid-state laser
loss
for
an
angular
36
Less 0.5 dB
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Radio waves
Polarization
Linear polarization
Horizontal polarization
Vertical polarization
Circular polarization
Elliptical polarization
shows
a
surface
of
constant
phase
of
electromagnetic waves; formed when points of
equal phase on rays propagated from the same
source are joined together
Wavefront
Point source
Magnetic field
Power density
Electric fields
Isotropic radiator
37
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
square of the distance from the source
Attenuation
Absorption loss
Absorption
Refraction
Angle of incidence
Angle of refraction
Refractive index
Reflection coefficient
Diffuse reflection
Specular
reflection
Absorption coefficient
(mirrorlike)
Rayleigh criterion
Diffraction
Huygens principle
occurs
Linear superposition
whenever
two
or
more
waves
38
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
simultaneously occupy the same point in space;
states that the total voltage intensity at a given
point in space is the sum of the individual wave
sectors
Terrestrial waves
Terrestrial
communications
Space waves
Ground wave
Sky wave
Surface waves
Direct waves
Duct propagation
Sky waves
Ionospheric propagation
D layer
E layer
F layer
39
radio
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
and season
Virtual height
Maximum
(MUF)
Secant law
Skip distance
Fading
Fade margin
usable
frequency
Pedersen ray
Spreading loss
Wavefront
Radiation efficiency
Quarter-wave
antenna
(vertical monopole sometimes
called Marconi antenna)
40
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Hertz antenna
Dipole
Diplexer
Radiation pattern
Major lobe
Minor lobe
Front lobe
Side lobes
Back lobe
Front-to-back ratio
Front-to-side ratio
Near field
Far field
Induction field
Radiation field
Antenna efficiency
41
Radiation resistance
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Directive gain
Directivity
Power gain
Effective Isotropic
Power (EIRP)
Polarization of an antenna
Beamwidth
Antenna bandwidth
normally taken as the difference between the halfpower frequencies but sometimes refers to
variations in the antennas input impedance
Bandwidth
Feedpoint
Elementary doublet
Resonant antenna
Marconi antenna
Counterpoise
42
Radiated
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
erected above the ground; should be insulated from
earth ground
Loading
Loading coil
a technique where in
a metallic array that
resembles a spoked wheel is placed on top of the
antenna
Top loading
Antenna array
Antenna element
Driven elements
Parasitic element
Reflector
Director
Broadside array
End-fire array
Rhombic antenna
Folded dipole
43
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Fat dipole
Yagi-uda antenna
Yagi antenna
Turnsile antenna
Log-periodic antennas
Bandwidth ratio
Loop antenna
Helical antenna
Normal mode
Axial mode
Front-to-back ratio
44
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Parabolic reflectors
(parabolic
dish,
antennas)
Aperture ratio
Paraboloid
Spillover or leakage
Aperture efficiency
Aperture number
Feed mechanism
Center feed
Horn feed
Cassegrein feed
Waveguides
of
feed
mechanism
45
for
parabolic reflector
feed mechanism
center feed
horn feed
cassegrain feed
dish
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
cross section but sometimes circular or elliptical
Group velocity
Phase velocity
Cutoff frequency
Cutoff wavelength
Propagation of modes
TE
Circular waveguide
Ridged waveguide
Flexible waveguide
down
46
Public
(PTN)
telephone
network
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Public
switch
network (PSTN)
Subscriber loop
Electronic
(ESS)
to
access
the
public
switching
system
received volume
relative
frequency
response of the telephone
circuit
degree of interference
Sidetone/talkback
Local loop
Tip
Tip and Ring
RJ
RJ-11
47
telephone
prevent
hum
power
supply
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
-48 Vdc
Ringer circuit
Equalizer
Speaker
Microphone
enables
the
subscriber
to
output
signals
representing digits and this enables the caller to
enter the destination telephone number; either an
electronic dial-pulsing circuit or a Touch-Tone
Dialing circuit
48
on-hook
off-hook
dial pulsing
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
keypad which sends various combinations of tones
representing the called digits
Station signaling
Interoffice signaling
Alerting signals
Supervising signals
Controlling signals
Addressing signals
MF
Dial pulses
Open/closed switch
Station busy
Equipment
busy
Ringing
49
Duration/Range
Continuous
Two of eight
tones
On, 50-ms
minimum
Off, 45-ms
minimum
3-s minimum
Two of six tones
On, 90-ms
minimum
120-ms
maximum
On, 39 ms
Off, 61 ms
On, 0.5 s
Off, 0.5 s
On, 0.2 s
Off, 0.3 s
On, 2 s
Off, 4 s
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Ring-back
Receiver on
hook
Receiver off
hook
Receiver-leftoffhook alert
Open loop
Dc current
1440 Hz, 2060 Hz, 2450 Hz,
2600 Hz
On, 2 s
Off, 4 s
Indefinite
20 mA minimum
80 mA maximum
On, 0.1 s
Off, 0.1 s
IDLE signal
Dial
pulsing
pulsing)
Equipment
(congestion
available)
Blocking
Ringing signal
Ring-back signal
Cordless telephone
50
(rotary
dial
busy
signal
tone/no-circuits-
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
subscribers office
Caller ID
Paging transmitters
4 kHz
Local loop
Attenuation
Phase distortions
Transmission characteristics
51
Distributed parameters
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Subscriber
or
standard
network interface (SNI)
Drop wire
Aerial
Bridge tap
Decibel, dB
a parameter
transmission
Transmission parameters
Private-line circuits
the difference
frequency
Attenuation
distortion
(frequency
response,
differential gain and 1004-Hz
deviation)
Envelope delay distortion
used
as
in circuit
reference
gain
of a
power
for
data
reference
52
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Line conditioning
Private
(PBX)
Propagation time
Phase delay
Envelope delay
D-type conditioning
Harmonic distortion
Intermodulation
distortion
(fluctuation noise or crossmodulation noise)
C-message noise
differ
C-notched noise
from
standard
C-message
noise
53
C-type conditioning
branch
exchange
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
measurements only in the fact that a holding tone
is applied to the transmit end of the circuit while
the noise measurement is taken
Holding current
Loaded
Impulse noise
Gain hit
Dropout
Phase jitter
Single-frequency interference
Spurious tones
Hybrid set
Hybrid circuits
54
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Echo cancellers
Echo suppressors
Crosstalk
Transmittance crosstalk
Coupling crosstalk
Switching functions
Signaling functions
Transmission functions
Private-line
(dedicated lines)
designed
55
and
circuits
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Service providers
Local loop
Trunk circuit
Telephone exchange
Switchboards
Party line
Circuit switch
Intraoffice
call)
Interoffice calls
Tandem office
Tandem switch
that
56
are
call
(intraswitch
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Concentrator
Switching hierarchy
Route
Blocking
Common channel
no. 7 (SS7 or C7)
Point-of-presence
57
signaling
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Porting
Databases
Primitive
Mobile
telephone
systems
(MTSs) (manual telephone
system)
Mobile
Portable
Cellular telephone
push-to-talk
PTT
58
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
commercial mobile radio-telephone service to private customers. In the same year,
similar services were offered to 25 major cities throughout the United States
early 1950s
: the FCC doubled the number of mobile telephone channels by reducing the bandwidth to
60 kHz per channel
1960
: AT&T introduced direct-dialing, full-duplex mobile telephone service with other
performance enhancements
1966
: Don Adams, in a television show called Get Smart, unveiled the most famous mobile
telephone to date: the fully mobile shoe phone
1968
: AT&T proposed the concept of cellular mobile system to the FCC with the intent of
alleviating the problem of spectrum congestions in the existing mobile telephone system
1974
: the FCC allocated an additional 40-MHz bandwidth for cellular telephone service
1975
: the FCC granted AT&T the first license to operate a development cellular telephone
service in Chicago
1976
: the Bell Mobile Phone service for metropolitan New York City offered only 12 channels
that could serve a maximum of 543 subscribers. FCC granted authorization to the
American Radio Telephone Service (ARTS) to install a second developmental system in the
Baltimore- Washington, D.C., area
1983
: the FCC allocated 666 30 kHz half-duplex mobile telephone channels to AT&T to form the
first U.S. cellular telephone system called Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
1991
: the first digital cellular services were introduced in several major U.S. cities, enabling a
more efficient utilization of the available bandwidth using voice compression
November 17, 1998
: a subsidiary of Motorola Corporation implemented Iridium, a satellite-based wireless
personal communications satellite system (PCSS)
Honeycomb
Cell
Microcells
Picocells
Omnidirectional antennas
Frequency reuse
59
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
(channels) can be allocated to more than one cell,
provided the cells are separated by sufficient
distance
Cell splitting
Sectoring
Space diversity
Segmentation
Dualization
Base stations
Roaming
Handoff (handover)
Hard handoff
Soft handoff
coverage
60
area
Clusters
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
although the delay
transmitting data
may
be
disruptive
when
IS-41
Autonomous registration
Cell-site controller
Radio transceivers
Communications protocol
User channel
Control channel
Base
(BTS)
transceiver
station
61
Advanced Mobile
System (AMPS)
Telephone
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
was to eliminate the possibility of a monopoly and
provide the advantages that generally accompany
a competitive environment
Duplexing
Electronic
(ESN)
Four-bit
(SCM)
Personal
Communications
System (PCS)
Equipment
registry (EIR)
Available mode
Screen mode
Private mode
62
serial
station
number
class
mark
identification
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Unavailable mode
RACH
SPACH
BCCH
FDMA
Frequency-hopping
spectrum
spread
Direct-sequence
spectrum
spread
63
GMSK
modulation
(Gaussian MSK)
50 MHz bandwidth
FDMA/TDMA accessing
eight
25-kHz
channels
w/in each 200-kHz traffic
channel
200 kHz traffic channel
992 full-duplex channels
supplementary integrated
services digital network
(ISDN) services
Iridium
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
network designed to permit a wide range of mobile
telephone
services,
including
voice,
data,
networking, facsimile and paging
uses 66 satellites
Satellite cross-links
Feeder links
Data
are systems of interrelated computers and
network
computer equipment and can be as simple as a
personal computer connected to a printer or two
personal computers connected together through
the public telephone network
1753
1833
1832
1840
1860
64
Morse code
1844
1874
communications
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
the telephone
graham bell
Alexander
1875
1899
1920
he
demonstrated
a
sometime in the late 1930s
Konrad Zuis
was
invented
by
computing
machine
1940
1970s
1980s
1960s
ATM components
ATM speeds
1.4 Gbps
ISDN channels:
to
carry
ISDN
signaling
and
supervisory
65
B-channel
D channel
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
information to the network; kpbs (bri) or 64 kbps
(pri)
H channel
PRI
Broadband ISDN
Baudot Code
Extended
Binary-Coded
Decimal
Interchange
Code
(EBCDIC)
Bar codes
Discrete code
Continuous code
2D code
Code 39 (Code 3 of 9, 3 of 9
Code)
66
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Baudot code
Thomas Murray
Radio teletype
Baudot code
ASCII
EBCDIC
Extended
binary
coded
decimal interchange code
Burst error
Error detection
Redundancy
Redundancy checking
Parity bit
67
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Marking parity
Checksum
Longitudinal
Checking (LRC)
Cyclic
(CRC)
Error-detecting codes
Error-correcting codes
Redundancy
redundancy
checking
retransmission
forward error correction
Network architecture
Protocols
Data-link protocol
Peer-to-peer network
68
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
contend with the other stations on the network for
access to the transmission medium
Line discipline
Flow control
Poll
Selection
Sliding window
Character-oriented protocols
Bit-oriented protocol
Asynchronous
protocols
data-link
Synchronous
protocols
data-link
Cluster
Supervisory frame
69
Binary
synchronous
communications (BSC)
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Clear
Beacon test
Monitor mode
Wrap
Transparency
Packet switching
Permanent
(PVC)
Datagram (DG)
Integrated
service
network (ISDN)
Propagation delay
dedicated
virtual
circuit
digital
described
as
electromagnetic
waves
with
frequencies that range from approximately 500
MHz to 300 GHz or more
Microwave
70
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Microwave radios
Baseband
Microwave transmitter
Microwave repeaters
Shift oscillator
Radio fade
Diversity
Frequency diversity
Space diversity
Polarization diversity
Receiver diversity
Quad diversity
Hybrid diversity
Protection
arrangement
71
switching
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Diversity protection
Terminals
Repeater stations
Transmit
(transmod)
Isolator
Multihop interference
Ring around
Free-space path
Ground-reflected wave
Surface wave
Sky wave
72
hot standby
diversity
modulator
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Spreading loss
Fading
System gain
Noise factor
Noise figure
Receiver threshold
sensitivity)
(receiver
Satellites
Communications satellite
73
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
other electronic
developed
communications
circuit
ever
called a transponder
Satellite system
Bus
Payload
Beacon
Echo
meaning lightning
Molniya
Keplers laws:
Perigee
Apogee
Orbital
(nonsynchronous)
Retrograde orbit
74
satellites
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
high-altitude
earth-orbit
satellites
operating
primarily in the 2 GHz to 18 GHz frequency
spectrum with orbits 22 300 miles above the
Earths surface
Geosynchronous satellites
Minor axis
Semiminor axis
Geocenter
Inclined Orbits
Angle of inclination
Ascending node
Descending node
Line of nodes
Equatorial orbit
Polar orbit
75
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Geosynchronous
geostationary)
Station keeping
264 790 km
6840 mph
Boresight
Look angles
Angle of elevation
Azimuth
Azimuth angle
Line-of-sight limits
Spinner satellite
76
Spot beams
(stationary
or
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
very small geographical areas and, therefore,
typically have proportionately higher EIRPs than
those targeting much larger areas because a given
output power can be more concentrated
Hemispherical
antennas
Earth coverage
Frequency reuse
Satellite transponder
Nonlinear devices
Back-off loss
Effective
isotropic
power (EIRP)
Noise density
the average
density ratio
wideband
of
carrier
the
power-to-noise
carrier
and
77
its
downlink
radiated
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Multiple accessing
Frequency reuse
Anik
Multiple accessing
Multiple destination
Preassignment
Demand assignment
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
78
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
Demand-assignment,
access (DAMA)
SPADE
Store-and-forward system
Chip code
Direct-sequence
spectrum (DS-SS)
Frequency hopping
Channel compression
Competitive clipping
Time-assignment
interpolation (TASI)
Navigation
Wandering
Celestial navigation
Piloting
Dead reckoning
79
multiple
spread
speech
Engr. Jaime P.
Licuanan, CCNA
extrapolating a series of measured velocity
increments used quite successfully by Charles
Lindbergh in 1927 during his historic 33 hour
transatlantic journey and quite unsuccessfully by
Amelia Earhart in 1937 during her attempt to make
first around-the-world flight
Space segment
Ephemeris
Operational
(OCS)
Differential GPS
-end-
80
control
system
81
Engr. Jaime P.