Production of Stearic Acid From Lard

PRODUCTION OF STEARIC ACID FROM LARD
COOLER 2
SPECIFICATIONS:
Name of Equipment : Cooler 2
Number of Equipment t : One
Type : Shell and Tube Exchanger
Details of Construction :
Outside Diameter : 2 in
BWG No. : 10
Pitch : 2.5 in
Length : 10 ft
Number of Tubes : 29
Passes : 15
Shell ID : 18 in
Baffle Space : 3.6 in

Computations:
Thermal design:
Solving for the correction factor, F:
Tha−Thb
Z=
T cb – T ca
135 – 40
Z= (equation 15.7)
80 – 30
= 1.9
T cb – T ca
H=
T ha – T ca
80 – 30
H= (equation 15.8)
135 – 30
= 0.47690476
From Fig. 15.7a one shell pass and two tube passes, FG = 0.975
The temperature drops are:
At shell inlet: ∆T2 = Tha – Thb= (135-80) °C = 55 °C (equation 11.1)
At shell outlet: ∆T1 = Thb– Tca = (40-30) °C = 10 °C (equation 11.1)

Calculating for the mean temperature:
135 C
80°C
40 C
30C
∆ T 2−∆ T 1
LMTD = ∆T 2
ln
∆T 1
55−10
=
ln[55/10]
= 14.664923290C
Solving for the corrected temperature:
Δ T=LMTD x FG (equation14-8)
= 14.66492329 0C (0.975)
= 14.298300210C
SOURCE: Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering 5th Edition by McCabe,

Smith and Harriott
Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineering, 5th Edition

by Peters, Timmerhaus and West, pp 653
For one hour operation:
Q = (mCp)h(Thb – Tha)
(838.296 kg) kJ
Q= (3.791 ) (40-135)0C
3600 s kg−s
Q = - 83.8633647 kW
Calculating the cooling water flow:
Q = (mCp)c(Tc,in – Tc,out)
kJ
-83.8633647 kW = m (4.185 ) (80-30) 0C
kg−s
m = 0.4008780715kg/s
The mass of water is:
m = 0.4008780715 kg/s (3600 s)
= 1442.810575 kg
For the maximum heat load:
Tha−Thb
E= (equation 14-
Tha−Tcb
14)
135−40
E=
135−40
E = 1.727272727
Qmax = Q / E (equation14 -11)
83.8633647 kW
=
1.7273
= 48.6014169 Kw
SOURCE: Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineering, 5theditionBy:

Peters, Timmerhaus and West, pp 653
Using Table 12.1, General range of heat transfer coefficients and fouling
resistances for sensible heat transfer for tubular heat exchangers:
In cooling medium an organic compound Glycerol using Water as cold

fluid:
Ud = 250 –600 W / m2 K
hd-= 6 x 10-4W / m2 K
350+900
Uaverage = = 425 W / m2 K
2
SOURCE: Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineering, 5th edition
By: Peters, Timmerhaus and West, pp 667
Getting the heat transfer area:

Q
A=
U average x ΔT
83863.3647 W
=
425 Wm2 ° C x 14.29830021° C
= 13.80063092m2
For standard heat exchanger, the suitable design in cooling Glycerol is:
Outer diameter, OD = 2 in
Length, L = 10ft
Pitch size, PT = triangular pitch
Using Appendix 6 Condenser and Heat Exchanger Tube Data
Outside diameter = 2 in
BWG no. = 10
Wall thickness = 0.134 in
Inside diameter = 1.732 in
Cross-sectional area metal = 0.7855 in
Inside sectional area = 0.0164 ft2
Circumference or surface:
Outside = 0.5236 ft2/ft
Inside = 0.4534 ft2/ft
Velocity, ft/s for 1 US gal/min = 0.136
Capacity at ft/s velocity:

US gal/min = 7.360
Water, lb/hr = 3680
Weight, lb/ft = 2.68
SOURCE: Unit Operations for Chemical Engineering 5th Edition p.1089 by

McCabe, Smith and Harriott
Length of tube, L = Length – wall thickness
1 ft
= 10ft – 0.134 in
12
= 9.988833333ft (10 ft)
= 3.0445964 m
= 119.866 in
Area of one tube = ΔOD x L
= Δ (2 in) (119.866in)
= 753.14029in2
= 5.230140903 ft2
= 0.4858959895 m2
heat exchanger area

Number of tubes =
areaof one tube
13.80063092m 2
=
0.4858959895 m2
= 28.40243842
NT = 29 tubes to be exact
PT = 1.25 OD
= 1.25 (2 in)
= 2.5 in
= 0.2083333333ft
= 0.0635 m
The minimum clearance for one shell pass and two tube passes heat
exchanger is 1/16 in.
For bundle diameter, Db:
Using Table 12.4, Shell and bundle diameter for split-ring floating head
type:
Nt 1/n1
Db = OD ( ) (equation 12.3b)
k1
.3048 m 29 1/2.207
= (2 in) ( )( )
12∈¿ ¿ 0.249
= 0.438597439m
SOURCE: Chemical Engineering Design
By: Coulson and Richardson, pp 646
Shell Diameter, Ds= clearance + Db
3.2808 ft 12∈ ¿ ¿
= 3/16 in + 0.438597439 m x x
1m 1 ft
= 17.45490573 in (18 in)
= 1.454575478ft
= 0.4433546056 m
For the shell thickness, ts:
Minimum thickness for Carbon steel one shell pass and two tube passes
heat exchanger if Ds = 0.4433546056 m is 9.5 mm
Tube side coefficient:
T hb+T ha
Mean water temperature =
2
40+135
=
2
= 35 0C
Δ(ID) 2
Tube cross sectional area =
4
= Δ¿¿
= 2.35605626 in2
= 0.01636150181 ft2
= 1.520033257 m2
Number of tubes
Tube per pass =
Np
= 29 / 2
= 14.5 tubes (15 tubes)
Total flow area = tube per pass x cross sectional area of tube
= 29 (2.35605626 in2)
= 68.32563154 in2
= 0.4744835524 ft2
= 0.04408096444 m2
mass of cooling glycerol

Glycerol mass velocity =
total flow area
0.4008780715 kg/ s
=
0.04408096444 m2
= 9.094131141 kg/s-m2
At 1350C:
Density of Glycerol is 1009.2 kg/m3
SOURCE: Table 2 -112, Density of Aqueous Organic Solution
Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook, 8th edition
By: Perrry and Green, pp2-121
mass velocity
Glycerol linear velocity =
density
9.094131141 kg /s−m2
=
1009.2kg /m3
= 9.011227917 x 10 -3 m/s
At 1350C, viscosity of Glycerol is 0.31cP
At 1350C, thermal conductivity is 0.1999181904 W / m2 K
SOURCE: Physical and Chemical Data Table 2-318 Viscosities of Liquid:

Coordinates for use with figure 2-32
Prediction and Correlation of Physical Properties: Table 2-358 Thermal

Conductivities p2-511
Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook, 8th edition
( ρ )( water linear velocity ) (ID)

Re =
μ
kg m
1009.2 (9.011227917 x 10−3 )(0.13819632 m)
m3 s
=
1 x 10−3 kg /ms
0.31 cP x
1 cP
= 4054.114408 ; the flow is turbulent

At 1350C:
kJ
Cp = 3.797428928
kg−K
SOURCE: Physical and Chemical DataTable 2-154 Specific Heats of Organic

Compounds
Table 2 -153, Specific Heats of Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Perrys Chemical Engineering Handbook, 8th edition
By: Perrry and Green, pp 2 – 170
Cpµ
Pr =
Kf
3.797428928 kJ /kg K x 0.31 x 10−3 kg /m s

=
0.1999181904 W /m2 K
`= 5.888423486 x 10-3
For heat transfer factor:
jH= 0.023 Re -0.2 (equation 12 -53)
= 0.023 (4054.114408) -0.2
= 4.36665254 x 10-3 m
SOURCE: Unit Operations for Chemical Engineering, 8th edition
By: McCabe, Smith and Harriott, pp 368

Using Figure 12 -23, Tube side heat transfer factor:
jH = 4.36665254 x 10-3 m
Solving the tube side coefficient:
hiDi (Cpµi) 1/ 3
=0.023 ¿) 0.8(
K ki
hi =
4.36665254 x 10−3 mx 4054.114408 x (5.888423486 x 0.1999181904W /m2 K x 10 3)0.33

1 ft
1.732∈x ¿
1m
12∈¿ x
3.281 ft
= 14.77869952 W / m2
Shell side coefficient:
Baffle spacing, Bs = Ds / 5
¿
= 18∈ 5 ¿
= 3.6 in
= 0.3ft
= 0.09144 m
P T −OD
Cross flow area, As = BsDs
PT
¿
= (18 in) (3.6 in) 2.5∈– 2∈ 2.5∈¿ ¿ ¿
= 12.96in2
= 8.3612736 x 10 -3m2
mass of Glycerol
Mass velocity, Gs =
As
838.296 kg
=
3600 s x 8.3612736 x x 10−3 m2
= 27.84982422 kg / m2 s
Equivalent diameter, De = 4 ¿ ¿ (equation 14 -34)
= 4 ¿¿
= 1.421831276 in
= 0.1184859397ft
= 0.03611451442 m
By: Peters, Timmerhaus and West, pp706
Tc b+Tc a
Mean shell side temperature =
2
80+30
=
2
= 550C (131°F)
At 550C (131°F):
Density = 985.5931958 kg /m3 (61.5285 lb/ft3)
Viscosity = 35.1005 x 10 -4 kg/m-s (0.51005cP)
Heat Capacity = 4.29738889 kJ / kg K
Thermal Conductivity = 0.6482304631W / m2 K (0.37485 Btu / ft-hr-°F)
SOURCE: Appendix 14 Properties of Liquid Water
Unit Operations for Chemical Engineer 5th Edition by McCabe, Smith and
Harriott
GsDe
Re =
µ
(27.84982422 kg/m 2−s)(0.03611451442 m)( 985.5931958kg /m3)

¿
35.1005 x 10−4 kg /m−s
= 282415.5671 ; It is turbulent flow
Cpµ
Pr =
kf
(4.29738889kJ / kg K )(35.1005 x 10−4 kg/m−s)(985.5931958 kg /m3)

=
0.6482304631 W /m 2 K
= 22.93433858
Using Figure 12 – 29, Determination of jh in 25% baffle cut:
jh = 1.15 x 10-2 m
Getting hs and neglect viscosity factor:
jh
hs =k f + + Re + Pr1/3
De
0.6482304631W /m2 K x 1.15 x 10−2 m x 282415.5671 x (22.93433858)1/3

0.03611451442 m
= 165626.3898 W / m2 K
Estimate wall temperature:
Mean temperature differences across all resistances = 87.5 - 55 = 32.50C
UΔT 425 W /m 20C (32.5 0 C)

Across Glycerol film = =
ho 165626.3898 W /m2 0 C
= 0.08333955266210C
Mean wall temperature = (87.5 - 0.0833395526621) 0C
= 87.416604470C
The result shows that the correction factor for a low viscosity fluid is not
significant.
Over-all coefficient:
k of Carbon Steel = 0.045124107 kJ / s m K
Using table for fouling coefficients:
hod-= 6 x 10-4 m2 K / W
hod= 1666.666667 W / m2 K
hid = 2000 W / m2 K
By: Peters, Timmerhaus and West, pp 640
1 1 1 Diln(Do/ Di) Di
= + + +
µo hi h i, d 2 kw hoDo
1 1 0.5236 ln (0.5236) 0.5236

¿ + + +
165626.3898 0.4534 ( 2 ) ( 45.124107) ( 0.453456 9 ) (2.288209)
Uo= 354.7106972 W / m2 0C
The calculated value for over-all heat transfer coefficient is almost equal
to the assume value which is 354.7106972 W / m2 0C.
Tube side - pressure drop
(8)( j f )(L) (ρ)( µt )2

ΔPT = Np( + 2.5) ( ¿
di 2
Using Figure 12 – 24 the value of jf is 8 x 10-2 m

( 8 ) ( 8 X 10−2 ) ( 3.0445964 )
∆ Pt =( 28 ) ( +2.5) ( 1009.2 ) ¿¿
0.45342
= 7940110.45 Pa
Shell – side pressure drop:
G s 27.84982422kg /m 2 s
Linear velocity = =
ρ 985.5931958kg /m3
m
= 0.02825691608
s
m2
Using Figure 12 – 30, the value of hf is 6.3 x 10-2 W
K
Ds L ρµ2
ΔPs =8 ( jf) ( )( )
D e Bs 2
0.4433546056 m 3.0445964∈ ¿ ¿
= 8 (6.3 x 10-2) ( )(
0.03611451442 m 0.09144∈¿ ¿ )((867.8) ¿ ¿
)
= 17.84319721 Pa

Production of Stearic Acid From Lard

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PRODUCTION OF STEARIC ACID FROM LARD

Name of Equipment : Cooler 2

Number of Equipment t : One

Type : Shell and Tube Exchanger

Baffle Space : 3.6 in

Solving for the correction factor, F:

The temperature drops are:

At shell inlet: ∆T2 = Tha – Thb= (135-80) °C = 55 °C (equation 11.1)

At shell outlet: ∆T1 = Thb– Tca = (40-30) °C = 10 °C (equation 11.1)

Calculating for the mean temperature:

Solving for the corrected temperature:

SOURCE: Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering 5th Edition by McCabe,

Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineering, 5th Edition

by Peters, Timmerhaus and West, pp 653

For one hour operation:

Calculating the cooling water flow:

The mass of water is:

m = 0.4008780715 kg/s (3600 s)

For the maximum heat load:

Qmax = Q / E (equation14 -11)

SOURCE: Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineering, 5theditionBy:

In cooling medium an organic compound Glycerol using Water as cold

By: Peters, Timmerhaus and West, pp 667

Getting the heat transfer area:

Pitch size, PT = triangular pitch

Using Appendix 6 Condenser and Heat Exchanger Tube Data

Wall thickness = 0.134 in

Inside diameter = 1.732 in

Cross-sectional area metal = 0.7855 in

Inside sectional area = 0.0164 ft2

Outside = 0.5236 ft2/ft

Inside = 0.4534 ft2/ft

Velocity, ft/s for 1 US gal/min = 0.136

Capacity at ft/s velocity:

Water, lb/hr = 3680

Weight, lb/ft = 2.68

SOURCE: Unit Operations for Chemical Engineering 5th Edition p.1089 by

Length of tube, L = Length – wall thickness

= 9.988833333ft (10 ft)

Area of one tube = ΔOD x L

heat exchanger area

For bundle diameter, Db:

SOURCE: Chemical Engineering Design

By: Coulson and Richardson, pp 646

Shell Diameter, Ds= clearance + Db

= 17.45490573 in (18 in)

For the shell thickness, ts:

SOURCE: Chemical Engineering Design

By: Coulson and Richardson, pp 647

Tube side coefficient:

= 14.5 tubes (15 tubes)

mass of cooling glycerol

Density of Glycerol is 1009.2 kg/m3

SOURCE: Table 2 -112, Density of Aqueous Organic Solution

Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook, 8th edition

By: Perrry and Green, pp2-121

SOURCE: Chemical Engineering Design

By: Coulson and Richardson, pp 664

At 1350C, viscosity of Glycerol is 0.31cP

At 1350C, thermal conductivity is 0.1999181904 W / m2 K

SOURCE: Physical and Chemical Data Table 2-318 Viscosities of Liquid:

Prediction and Correlation of Physical Properties: Table 2-358 Thermal