2 8

- 2 & 8

. , ...
, 2011

 2:

1-1:

8 9

, ...
: , . , MSc

11/3/2011


1990: 0 -
1991: 1 -
1992: 2 -

1993: 3 -
1994: 4 -

1995: 5 -
1996: 6 -

1997: 7 -
1998: 8 -
1999: 9 -
3

 2
2
( 1992)

1-1:

1-2:

2:

3:

 2 - 1-1
1:
2:

2 1-1

3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:

9:
10:

11:
12:

 8:

2 8
()

() 1 5 8 ( )
(, )

, . MSc, DIC,
... ,
2009.

 8:

8.1

,
.
:
(, )
(. 8 1 5)
,
,
, ,

 8:

8.2

.
.
( )

:

Smin = max {, d g +5, 20} (mm)

dg

,


.

 8:

8.3 (1/4)
, m,min, :

8.3.1
8.1a

8.1b

 8:

8.3 (2/4)
8.3.2
m
, :
8.1
5


(trans )

10

 8:

8.3 (3/4)
8.3.2
, m,min
:

m,min
:
Fbt

Fbt (1 / ab ) + 1 / (2 )

fcd

(8.1)

ab

, .
c: ab=c+/2

fcd

( C55/67)

11

 8:

8.3 (4/4)
8.3.2
m,min
(8.1)

(1) m,min = n
ab

C16/20

C20/25

C25/30

C30/37

C35/45

C40/50

C45/55

C50/60

C55/67

n=48

38

31

26

22

19

17

15

14

32

26

20

17

15

13

11

10

27

21

17

14

12

11

24

19

15

13

11

10

22

18

14

12

10

10

19

15

12

10

6 (2)

6 (2)

(1) Fbt=Asfyd

(2) >16mm : m,min =7

fyd=(500/1.15)Mpa
12

 8:

8.4 (1/7)
8.4.1
,
,

8.1
,

lb,rqd:
lbd:
lb,eq:

8.1

13

 8:

8.4 (2/7)
8.4.2 -

(fctk,0.05)
,

() :
() :
8.2

14

 8:

8.4 (3/7)
8.4.2 -
fbd

fbd = 2.25 n1 n2 fctd

fctd = fctk ,0.05 / c
n1 =
n2 =

(8.2)

fctk ,0.05 31
. MPa ( C60/75)

1.0

0.7

1.0

32

(132- ) / 100

> 32

8.4.3 lb,rqd

l b,rqd = ( /4)( sd /fbd )

sd = ( As ,rqd / As ,pvd ) fyd

(8.3)

C16

C20

C25

C30

C35

C40

C45

C50

C55

C60

56

48

40

36

33

29

27

25

24

23

80

69

58

52

47

41

38

36

35

33

lb,rqd (1)

(1) sd=fyd=(500/1.15)MPa

15

 8:

8.4 (4/7)
8.4.4 M lbd
lbd
lb,rqd ,
, ,

l bd = 1 2 3 4 5 l b,rqd l b,min
:
1
2
3
4
5

(8.4)

(235) < 0.7

l b,min > max {0.3l b,rqd , 10, 100mm}

l b,min > max {0.6l b,rqd , 10, 100mm}

16

 8:

8.4 (5/7)

8.2.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

17

 8:

8.4 (6/7)

18

 8:

8.4 (7/7)
8.4.4 lb,eq
,
2 3 . 8.2
, : lbd = lb,eq = 1lb,rqd

: lbd = lb,eq = 4lb,rqd

1, 4 . 8.2
19

 8:

8.5
:

, (EC8 - 5.6.1):
,

20

 8:

8.6


, 4=0.7 . 8.2,
lb,rqd=(/4)(sd/fbd)
sd
sd

21

 8:

8.7 (1/8)
8.7.1
:
:
() ,


, (EC8 5.6.3)





22

 8:

8.7 (2/8)
8.7.2
8.7
(.. )

()
()
()

<0.3l0
(I, II)
0.3l0

(I)

:
: 100%
: 50%
(): 100%
23

 8:

8.7 (3/8)
8.7.3
l0
lbd
.

l0 = 6 l bd = 1 2 3 5 6 l b,rqd l0,min

(8.10)

:
l0,min > max {0.3 6 l b,rqd , 15, 200mm}
1, 2, 3 5 . 8.2
3 st,min s(sd/fbd)
s
6 = (1/25)0.5 1.0 6 1.5. 1

0.65l0
(. 8.8). 6 . 8.3

24

 8:

8.7 (4/8)
8.7.3
8.3. 6
v

<25%

33%

50%

>50%

1.00

1.15

1.40

1.50

8.8
25

 8:

8.7 (5/8)
8.7.4
(, ) :
<20mm 1
1<25%
: st s :
st :
s

1>50% a10
(. 8.7),
U
8.9

8.9

26

 8:

8.7 (6/8)

, (EC8-5.6.3)

: st sL,max

: st sL
(..: sL : 320=9.43cm2 st : 6 10 10 8)

s = min(h/4, 100mm) h


() :
st s(L/50)(fyld/fywd) mm2
L:
(..: L=25 s=100mm st 50mm2 8)

27

 8:

8.7 (7/8)
8.7.5

8.7.2

: 3=1.0
1 . 8.3
s/s1200mm2/m
10/65, 12/95, 14/130, 16/165, 18/210

80%
.



1.25sd


(s/s):
(s/s)prov1200mm2/m 100%
(s/s)prov>1200mm2/m 60%
28

 8:

8.7 (8/8)
8.7.5

100%
l0 : 8.4

29

 8:

8.8 L>32mm


s5L
(sh), (sv):
sh=0.25s1n1 , sv=0.25s1n2
(. 8.11)
n1:

n2:

8.11

:
1.0m
sd0.80fyd
30

 8:

8.9 (1/2)

max/min1.7
n55mm :
: n = nb n = 2 As /
:
nb 4
nb 3
:
n<32mm
n32mm
(. 8.12)

n32mm
4 12mm
8.12
31

 8:

8.9 (2/2)

n<32mm (.. 22)

n
n32mm
1.3l0, l0
i ( 8.13: 4
).

8.13
4(1.3l0)=5.2l0
32

 8:

8.10
8.10.1


8.14 8.15 ,
dg

8.14

8.15

8.10.2, 3, 4 5 :




33

 2 - 1-1
1:
2:

2 1-1

3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:

9:
10:

11:
12:

34

 9:

9.1



,
:



,
(EC8 5.4.1.1, 5.5.1.1)

: C16/20,

: C20/25

: B C,
: C

35

 9:

9.2 (1/17)
: l 3hw , : l<3hw
.C. 2
:
(1) (EC2-5.9): 2
:
:
:

h/b 2.5 l0t /b 50 / (h/b)1/3

h/b 3.5 l0t /b 70 / (h/b)1/3

l0t :
h : l0t
b:

(1) ..

36

 9:

9.2 (2/17)
: (EC8 5.4.1.2.1, 5.5.1.2.1)
()
: bw min(bc+hw, 2bc)
: ebc/4

()
: bw 200mm
/
hw /bw 3.5

l0 /bw 70/(hw/bw)1/3
l0
37

 9:

9.2 (3/17)
: (EC8 5.4.3.1.1 2, 5.5.3.1.3)

: lcr = hw
: lcr = 1.5hw

, : lcr = 2hw

( 5.5)

5.5
, ()
()

38

 9:

9.2 (4/17)
9.2.1
9.2.1.1
:

As ,min

fctm
= 0.26
bt d 0.0013 bt d
fyk

(9.1)

: bt
L,min = As,min /(btd)

C16

C20

C25

C30

C35

C40

C45

C50

C55

C60

C70

C80

C90

L,min ()

1.30

1.30

1.35

1.51

1.66

1.82

1.98

2.13

2.18

2.29

2.39

2.50

2.60

fyk=500MPa

:
s,max = 0.040Ac
, 8.7.2,
s,max 0.080Ac
39

 9:

9.2 (5/17)
: (EC8 5.4.3.1.2)
, : L,min = 0,5fctm/fyk
L,min = As,min /(bd)

C16

C20

C25

C30

C35

C40

C45

C50

C55

C60

C70

C80

C90

L,min ()

1.90

2.20

2.60

2.90

3.20

3.50

3.80

4.10

4.20

4.40

4.60

4.80

5.00

fyk=500MPa

0.0018 fcd
L,max = ' +

sy,d fyd
lcr : L,max= As,max /(bd)
C16

C20

C25

C30

C35

C40

C45

C50

C55

C60

C70

C80

C90

5.97

7.47

9.34

11.20

13.07

14.94

16.80

18.67

20.54

22.40

26.14

29.87

33.61

3.80

4.75

5.93

7.12

8.31

9.49

10.68

11.87

13.05

14.24

16.61

18.98

21.36

L,max
()

: =L,max/2, sy,d2.174, =6.8 () 10.7 () C (fyd=500/1.15MPa)

: 1.5 L,max
40

 9:

9.2 (6/17)
9.2.1.2

Ast,sup 0.15Ast,

beff
L
sw15L
: (EC8 5.4.3.1.2, 5.5.3.1.3)
, ,
, 50%
25%
214

41

 9:

9.2 (7/17)
9.2.1.3
al
( al )
: al =d
: al =z(cot - cot)/2

9.2

(. 6.2.3, . 6.5)

42

 9:

9.2 (8/17)
9.2.1.4
, 25%
.
:
FE = |VEd |al /z + Nd :
VEd
al
NEd , ,

lbd
.

a) :

9.3

b) :

43

 9:

9.2 (9/17)
9.2.1.5
, 25%
.
9.4.

l=dm
l=2dm

(16)
(>16)

(. . 9.4b c)
(.. , )
(EC8 5.6.2.2)
,
lcr

44

 9:

9.2 (10/17)
, : (EC8 5.6.2.2)


5L
,
:
(EC8 5.50a)

(EC8 5.50b)

L,max 7.5 fctm

1 + 0.8 v d
=

hc
Rd fyd 1 + 0.75 kD '/max

L,max 7.5 fctm

=
(1 + 0.8 v d )
hc
Rd fyd

hc=500mm (. EC8-5.13)

L,max
(mm)

C16

C20

C25

C30

C35

C40

C45

C50

C55

C60

kD=2/3

17

20

24

26

29

32

35

37

38

40

Rd=1.0

22

25

30

33

36

40

43

47

48

50

kD=1.0

13

15

18

20

22

24

26

28

29

30

Rd=1.2

18

21

25

28

30

33

36

39

40

42

: fyd=500/1.15MPa,

d=0.40,

/max=0.50,

mm

45

 9:

9.2 (11/17)
, : (EC8 5.6.2.2)
L> L,max
. EC8-5.13
a)
b)
c) 10L

EC8-5.13

46

 9:

9.2 (12/17)
9.2.2
45 a 90 .
:
( 50% )

,

47

 9:

9.2 (13/17)
9.2.2
:
w =

0.08 fck
Asw

s bw sin a
fyk

C16

C20

C25

C30

C35

C40

C45

C50

C55

C60

C70

C80

C90

w,min ()

0.64

0.72

0.80

0.88

0.95

1.01

1.07

1.13

1.19

1.24

1.34

1.43

1.52

fyk=500MPa

sb,max=0.60d(1+cota)

, ...: sl,max=0.75d(1+cota)
:

st,max=0.75d 600mm

48

 9:

9.2 (14/17)
, :
(EC8 5.4.3.1.2, 5.5.3.1.3)
: bw 6mm
50mm
:
: s = min(h/4, 24bw, 8L,min, 225mm)
Y: s = min(h/4, 24bw, 6L,min, 175mm)

49

 9:

9.2 (15/17)
9.2.3
(. 9.2.2): w

0.08 fck
fyk

:
sl,max = min(u/8, 0.75d(1+cota), h, b)
u:

90
,

,
,
350mm

350mm

50

 9:

9.2 (16/17)
9.2.4
:
c > 70mm

As,surf,min = 0.005Act,ext

L L,n > 32mm

As,surf,min = 0.010Act,ext

0.005Act,ext

J.1

(4.4.1.2)

,
51
.

 9:

9.2 (17/17)
9.2.5
,
, .


(. 9.7), min(b2+2h1/3, h1)

9.7 ()

52

 9:

9.3 (1/3)

: bmin 5h

9.3.1

, :
f
As ,min = 0.26 ctm b d 0.0013 b d,
As ,max = 0.040 Ac
fyk
:
s min(2h, 250mm) :
s min(3h, 400mm) :
:
: 20%
:
s min(3h, 400mm) :
s min(3.5h, 450mm) :
53

 9:

9.3 (2/3)
9.3.1
:
: al =d
50%


25%
0.20

9.8.

54

 9:

9.3 (3/3)
9.3.2
h200mm
:
w

0.08 fck
fyk

V 1/3VRd,max
:

55

 9:

9.4 (1/4)
9.4.1

At ,
,

- (-)

56

 9:

9.4 (2/4)
9.4.2


be, . 9.9

9.9

57

 9:

9.4 (3/4)
9.4.3
,
,
A
(. 9.10)
: sr 0.75d

st 1.5d <2d
st 2.0d
: Asw ,min (1.5sin + cos ) 0.08 fck
sr st
fyk
k =1.5

,ef

9.10, 6.22

58

 9:

9.4 (4/4)
9.4.3

<0.25d .
<0.50d (. 9.10b)

9.10b
59

 9:

9.5 (1/8)
9.5.1
:
hc/bc4.0, hcbc
, (EC8 5.4, 5.5)
(EC8 5.4.1.2.2, 5.5.1.2.2):
,
>0.1: bc lmax/10
Y: bc 250mm
(EC8 5.4.3.2.1, 5.5.3.2.1):
: vd=NEd/(Acfcd)0.65
: vd=NEd/(Acfcd)0.55
(EC8 5.4.3.2.2, 5.5.3.2.2)
lcr=lcl lc/hc<3
: lcr=max(hc, lcl/6, 450mm)
Y : lcr=max(1.5hc, lcl/6, 600mm)
60

 9:

9.5 (2/8)
9.5.2
: min 8mm

As,min= 0.10NEd/fyd 0.002Ac
As,max= 0.04Ac ( : As,max=0.08Ac )

:
: 4
: (EC8 5.4.3.2.2, 5.5.3.2.2)
, :
: 0.01 L,tot 0.04

(L=L)


:
L, L,

61

 9:

9.5 (3/8)
9.5.2
: (EC8 5.6.2.1)
, :

As,req /As,prv = 1.0
,
50%

62

 9:

9.5 (4/8)
9.5.3
: w,min = max(6mm, L,max/4)
: min = 5mm
: scl,tmax = min(20L,min, bc, 400mm)
0.6scl,tmax :
(, ) hc
L,max>14mm,
3
>(1:12) (..
),



>150mm

63

 9:

9.5 (5/8)
9.5.3
: (EC8 5.4.3.2.2)
:
: s = min(bo/2, 8L,min, 175mm), bo

200mm
,
,
,hc cu2>3.5
( )
: wd 30,hcdsy,d(bc/bo) - 0.035

(5.15)

= ns :
f

wd =
yd
fcd
,hc = hc
64

 9:

9.5 (6/8)
9.5.3
: (EC8 5.4.3.2.2)
= ns

2
i

n = 1

6bo ho

s = (1 s / 2bo ) (1 s / 2ho )

n = 1, s = (1 s / 2Do )

: e = 2, : e = 1

wd 0.08
, ,
EC2 :
d = Ed /(Acfcd) < 0.2 qfactor 2.0

65

 9:

9.5 (7/8)
9.5.3
Y: (EC8 5.5.3.2.2)

: w ,min ( L,max / 2.5) fydL / fydw
: s = min(bo/3, 6L,min, 125mm)
: 150mm

1.5lcr
:
: wd 0.12
: wd 0.08

cu2>3.5,
.

, 5.15 ,hc (2/3),hc,

66

 9:

9.5 (8/8)
- , (EC8 5.4.3.3, 5.5.3.3)

4 bw 0.75(bc hc)
:
sj,max min(2s, 150mm)

(EC8 5.5.3.3)

67

 9:

9.6 (1/8)
9.6.1 -
:
lw/bwo>4.0

(.. , )
, : (EC8 5.4, 5.5)
(EC8 5.4.1.2.3):
bwo max(0.15m, hs/20) hs
(EC8-5.4.3.4.2)
bw 0.20m
(EC8 5.4.3.4.1, 5.5.3.4.1):
: vd=NEd/(Acfcd)0.40 => Ac NEd/(0.40fcd)
: vd=NEd/(Acfcd)0.35 => Ac NEd/(0.35fcd)
68

 9:

9.6 (2/8)
9.6.1 -
, : (EC8 5.4, 5.5)
(EC8 5.4.3.4.2):
hcr = max(lw, hw/6)
:
hcr min(2lw, hs)

n 6

hcr min(2lw, 2hs)

n 7

, hcr
,
(EC8-5.8.1.5)
69

 9:

9.6 (3/8)
9.6.1 -
, : (EC8 5.4, 5.5)
, (EC8 5.4.3.4.2, 5.5.3.4.5)
lc bw bwo
hcr:
lc = xu(1-cu2/cu2,c)

(. 5.8)

lc,min max(0.15lw, 1.5bw)

bw200mm

lc max(0.2lw, 2bw)

bw hs/15

lc > max(0.2lw, 2bw)

bw hs/10

5.8

(. 5.10)

5.10 70

 9:

9.6 (4/8)
9.6.1 -
, : (EC8 5.4, 5.5)
(EC8 5.4.3.4.2, 5.5.3.4.5)
(T L ...) bf hs/15
lf hs/5 (. 5.9),
.
bf < hs/15 lt < hs/5 ,

,
(bw = bwo) lc bf +3bwo ( 5.11).
lc > bf +3bwo (bw bwo)
( 5.11b).

5.9

5.11

71

 9:

9.6 (5/8)
9.6.2

Asv,min= 0.002Ac,

Asv,max= 0.04Ac,

sv,max=min(3bwo, 400mm)

Asv,min,

9.6.3
Ash,min=max(0.001Ac, 0.25Asv),

sh,max= 400mm

9.6.4
,
: 4 m2
Asv > 0.02Ac
(. 9.5.3).
4bwo

72

 9:

9.6 (6/8)
(EC8 5.5.3.4.5)

:
: , :
: v,min = h,min = 2.0
: 8mm, bwo/8
: smax min(25, 250mm)
: 4 m2
:

v ,min =

1.3fctd ( NEd / Aw )

fyd 1 + 1.5 fcd / fyd

2.5

Aw :
Ned : ( )
73

 9:

9.6 (7/8)
, (EC8 5.4.3.4.2, 5.5.3.4.5)
:
: min = 5.0 .
min = 5.0
c > 2.0
:
: 200mm, : 150mm

:
: smax min(bo/2, 8L,min, 175mm)
Y: smax min(bo/3, 6L,min, 125mm),

w ,min ( L,max / 2.5) fydL / fydw

hcr, hcr

74

 9:

9.6 (8/8)
,
(EC8 5.4.3.4.2, 5.5.3.4.5)
: wd 0.08, Y: wd 0.12
wd 30(d+v)sy,d(bc/bo) - 0.035

(5.20)

(. 5.8)

: v=v(fyd,v /fcd) .

,
(EC8 5.4.3.4.2, 5.5.3.4.5)
(5.20)
d, v :
d = Ed /(hcbc fcd) ,

v = v(fyd,v/fcd) = (Asv/hcbc)(fyd,v/fcd)

: hc=lw, bc= bw lf

(. 5.10, 5.11)

xu:
xu=(d +v)(lwbc/bo) bo bw lf
lc
bf (xu lc bf), 5.20
d, v, bc b
xu> (lc bf) 5.4.3.4.2(5)b

75

 9:

9.7
: l<3h

s,dbmin
s,dbmin,v= s,dbmin,h=1.0 150mm2/m (8/300)
: smax min(2bw, 300mm)
(EC8 5.5.3.5)
:
l 3h VEdfctdbwd
l <3h Ved>fctdbwd

Asi=Vd/(2fydsin)

Asi
bw/2


Asi : 1.50lbd

EC2

5.12

76

 9:

9.8 (1/5)
9.8.1
-,

AsL
(sL8mm)
AsL,req AsL,min
l


:


lbd

9.11 -
77

 9:

9.8 (2/5)
9.8.2
9.8.2.1
: 8

(5010)%
9.8.2.2
Fs x
: Fs=Rze/zi (. 9.13)
lb ,

e=0.15b, zi=0.9d

78
9.12

9.13

 9:

9.8 (3/5)
9.8.3
: 8

q1=10kN/m
,

9.8.4

- q2>5MPa
: w,min=8mm
h=min(b, H)
Fs
(. 9.14):
Fs=0.25(1-c/h)NEd h=min(b, H)

79
9.14

 9:

9.8 (4/5)
9.8.5

Ac 0.5m2

p 0.80m

As 0.005Ac

0.5 < Ac 1.0m2

0.80m < p 1.15m

As 25cm2

Ac > 1.0m2

p > 1.15m

As 0.0025Ac

6 16mm
200mm

80

 9:

9.8 (5/5)
(EC8 5.8.2)
(n: )
n 3: bw 0.25m , hw 0.40m
n 4: bw 0.25m , hw 0.50m

b,min=4
(EC8 5.8.2)
: tmin= 0.20m
: s,min=2
(EC8 5.8.3)

(EC8-5.4.3.3, 5.5.3.3)

81