‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺨ ا ﻂ‬

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻠ‬
C t
Cartography
h
‫ﻳﻌﻘﻮب ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ‬
‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻘ‬.‫د‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺝﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻹﻣﺎرات اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬
Mob: 00971-50-5438788
E mail: myagoub@uaeu
E-mail: myagoub@uaeu.ac.ae
ac ae
URL:http://faculty.uaeu.ac.ae/myagoub
 ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬
‫ﻮﻳ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺨ اﺋﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬ ‫ﻒ ﻋﻠ‬
‫• ﺕﺕﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬
‫ج ﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻻ ﻧﺘﺎج‬
‫ﻰ ﻮ‬ ‫ﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺮق اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬
‫• ﻃﺮق‬
‫• اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺡﺔ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬
‫• ﻣﺴﺎﻗﻂ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬
‫• اﻟﻤﺮاﺝﻊ‬
 ‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ هﻮ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﻋﻤﻞ‬

‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ وﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻗﻂ وإﺡﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬
‫وﻣﺴﺎﺡﺔ وﻣﻘﻴﺎس رﺳﻢ وﺕﺼﻤﻴﻢ‬
 ‫ﻃﺮق اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻻ ﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬

‫‪Land Surveying‬‬ ‫•اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺡﺔ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬

‫•اﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﺠﻮى ‪Aerial Photography‬‬
‫‪Remote Sensing‬‬ ‫•اﻻﺳﺘﺸﻌﺎر ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫•اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ‪Global Positioning System‬‬
‫)‪(GPS‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺕﺤﺪﻳﺪﺪ اﻟ اﻗ‬
‫ﺕ ﺪ‬
‫• ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اى ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬
‫اﻻﺡﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ) ‪( X,, Y,, Z‬‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫واﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻰ‬
‫ﻮ‬ ‫واﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت و‬
‫واﻟﺰواﻳﺎ و ر‬
‫و ﺰو ﻳ‬
‫• ﻡﻦ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺡﺔ اﻻرﺿﻴﺔ واﻷﻗﻤﺎر اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫‪GPS‬‬
‫• ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻨﻮان ﻡﺜﻞ اﻟﺸﺎرع اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﺤﻰ اﻟﺨﺒﻴﺼﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻪ اﻟاﻟﻰ ا ﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬
‫اﺡﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬ ‫ﻡﻦ ﺗ ﻳﻠﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﺱﻮب ﻻﺑﺪ ﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻮاﺱﻄﺔ اﻟ ﺎ ب‬
‫اﻟﻌﻨﻮان ﺑ ا ﻄﺔ‬
‫وﻟﻔﻬﻢ هﺬا اﻟ ﻨ ان‬
‫ﻟﻔ‬
‫وﻳﺘﻢ ذﻟﻚ ﺑﻮاﺱﻄﺔ اﺱﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ‪GIS‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺡﺔ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎس‬
‫اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ( و ﻗ ﺎ‬
‫اﻻﺕﺠﺎهﺎت )اﻟﺰ ا ﺎ‬
‫ﺎﻓﺎت و اﻻﺕ ﺎهﺎت‬
‫ﺑﻘﻴﺎس اﻟاﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬
‫اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ ﻘ ﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺡﺔ اﻷ ﺿ ﺔ‬
‫ﺕﻬﺘﻢ اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ‬
‫• ﺕ ﺘ‬
‫اﻻرﺕﻔﺎﻋﺎت )اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ(‬

‫ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫•‬

‫ورﺥﻴﺼﺔ(‬
‫ﺱﻬﻠﺔ ور ﻴ‬
‫دﻗﻴﻘﺔ و ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻬ‬
‫ﻴﺮ ﻴ‬‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮات )ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻮ‬ ‫اﺱﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ل‬ ‫•‬
‫اﺱﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ )اآﺜﺮ دﻗﺔ و ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺼﻌﺐ اﺱﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻮﻋﺮة(‬ ‫•‬
‫اﺱﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻌﺠﻼت )‪) (Measuringg wheels‬ﻡﺜﺎل ﻋﺪاد اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة(‬ ‫•‬
‫اﺱﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻰ ‪EDM-Electromagnetic Distance‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ measurement‬ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺝﺎت اﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ و ﺱﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻟﻘﻴﺎس‬
‫اﻟ ﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ‪,‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻔﻨﻄﻴﺴﻰ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘ‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎس اﻻﺕﺠﺎهﺎت )اﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﻔﻨﻄﻴ‬
‫اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ(‬
‫اﻟﺒﻮﺹﻠﺔ )ﻏﻴﺮ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺘﺎﺛﺮهﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻟﺠﺬب‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﻤﻔﻨﻄﻴﺴ (‬
‫اﻟﻤﻔﻨﻄﻴﺴﻰ(‬
‫ﺑﻮ ﺹﻠﺔ اﻟﺮادﻳﻮ و ‪Gyrocmpas‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟاﻟﺴﻌﺮ‪-‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﺎﻟ ﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺔ و ﻟﻜﻨ ﺎ‬
‫اآﺜﺮ دﻗﺔ‬
‫‪ )Theodolite‬اآﺜ‬
‫‪)Th d li‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘ ﻟ ﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ اآﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ(‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮى ﻠ‬ ‫‪ : Total‬و ﺗ ﺘ‬
‫‪T l Station‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺔ ‪S i‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺡﺔ اﻟ‬
‫أﺝﻬﺰة اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ‬
‫أ ﺰة‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﻴﻮدوﻟﻴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻰ‪ ,‬ﺝﻬﺎز اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻰ ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬
‫وﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت واﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت‪ ,‬ﻗﺮص ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻡﺎت‪ ,‬و ﺝﻬﺎز‬
‫ﺡﺎﺱﺐ ﻟﻌﺮض اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ(‬
 ‫ﻗﻴﺎس اﻻرﺕﻔﺎﻋﺎت )اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﻴﺐ(‬
‫ﺱﻄﺢ‬
‫ﻡﺴﺘﻮى ﻄ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺱﻰ ﻓﻓﻮ ق ااو ﺗﺗﺤﺖ ﺘ‬‫ﺑﻌﺪهﺎ اﻟ ا‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ هﻮ‬
‫ﻡﻨﺴﻮب ااى ﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪ .‬ﺗﻮ ﺝﺪ ﻧﻘﺎط ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻴﺎﺑﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻰ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻡﻨﺎﺱﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط‬
‫ﻡﻨﺴﻮب ‪Bench‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط ﻋﻼﻡﺔ ﻡﻨ ب‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪة ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﺗ ﻤ‬
‫‪ .Mark‬ﻡﻦ اﻟﻄﺮ ق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻹﻳﺠﺎد ﻡﻨﺎﺱﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط هﻰ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻰ )اﺥﺘﻼف اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﺥﺘﻼف اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻡﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎروﻡﺘﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺒﺎر‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﺠﻮى(‬
‫ﺑﻘﻴﺎس زواﻳﺎ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع او اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض و ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ و‬ ‫•‬
‫ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺱﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﻼﻧﻴﻮﻡﺘﺮ‪ ,‬اﻷﺑﻦ ﻟﻴﻔﻠﻮ واﻟﻠﻮﺡﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺱﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻴﺰان ‪Levelling‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺱﺘﺨﺪا‬ ‫•‬
 ‫أﺝﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺡﺔ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬
‫أﺝﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺡﺔ اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺝﻬﺎز ﻗﻴﺎس اﻻرﺕﻔﺎﻋﺎت‬

‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬
‫وﻻﺗﺠﺎهﺎت‬
‫واﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت‬

‫‪Digital level‬‬

‫‪Total station‬‬
‫‪htt //‬‬
‫‪http://www.topcon.com‬‬
‫‪t‬‬ ‫‪htt //‬‬
‫‪http://www.nikon.com‬‬
‫‪ik‬‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ ‪Map Projections‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺮ‬

‫اﻟﻬﺪف ﻡﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﻘﻂ هﻮ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻜﺮة اﻻ رﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻟﻜﺮوى ﻋﻠﻰ ﺱﻄﺢ ﻡﺴﺘﻮى‬
‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻗﻂ‬ ‫•‬
‫اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻰ )ﻣﺴﻘﻂ ﻣﻴﺮآﻴﺘﻮر‪ ,‬ﻣﺴﻘﻂ ﻣﻴﺮآﻴﺘﻮر‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻰ(‬
‫ض اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﺮض‬
‫اﻟ ﺘ‬
‫ﻻﻣﺒﺮت(‬
‫ﻰ )ﻣﺴﻘﻂ ﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺮوﻃﻰ‬
‫ﺮو‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪﻟﺔ )ﻣﺴﺘﻮى(‬ ‫•‬
‫اﺳﻘﺎط اﻟﻀﺆ ﻋﻠﻰ آﺮة أرﺿﻴﺔ ﺵﻔﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻗﻂ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻮى )‪(a‬‬
‫ﻰ )‪ (b‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮى‬ ‫اﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻰ‬
‫ﻰ )‪ (c‬ا ﻮا‬‫ﻣﺨﺮوﻃﻰ‬
‫ﺮو‬
 ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‪::‬‬
‫اﺥﺘﻴﺎر ﻧﻮع اﻟﻤﺴﻘﻂ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻰ )اﻟﻤﺨﺮوﻃﻰ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻷوﺳﻄﻰ(‬‫واﻻﺳﻄﻮاﻧﻰ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻷ‬
‫اﻟﻬﺪف‪ :‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﻓﻰ ﺡﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻼﺡﺔ ﺕﺨﺘﺎر اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻗﻂ اﻟﺘﻰ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺕﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت أﻣﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺡﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻰ ﺕﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻗﻂ اﻟﺘ‬
‫اﻷﻧﺴﺐ اﺥﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻤ ﺎﻗﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧ ﺐ‬
‫اﻟ ﻜﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺡﺎت‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎآﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺎ ﻗﻂ‬
‫ﺕﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺕﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺡﺎت‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺕﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻓﻰ اﻟﺰواﻳﺎ )اﻻﺕﺠﺎهﺎت(‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺕﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺥﺼﺎﺋﺺ اﻻﺵﻜﺎل ﻓﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻗﻂ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬
‫ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺡﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺡﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ﺠ ﺮ ﻴ‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻻﺡﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟ ﺎ ة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪة‬ ‫• اﻻ اﺛ ﺎ‬
 ‫اﻻﺡﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺕﺘﻜﻮن اﻻﺡﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺥﻄﻮط ﻃﻮل ودواﺋﺮ ﻋﺮض‬ ‫•‬

‫ﺥﻄﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺥﻄ‬
‫وﺕﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﻠ‬
‫ﺝﺮﻳﻨﺘﺶ( ﺕﻨﺘ‬
‫ﺹﻔﺮ ) ﻨﺘﺶ‬ ‫ﺕﺒﺪأ ﻣﻦ ﺥﻂ ﻔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮل ﺕ أ‬
‫ﺥﻄﻮط اﻟﻄ ل‬
‫ﺥﻄ ط‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ 180‬ﺵﺮﻗﺎ و ‪ 180‬ﻏﺮﺑﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫وﺕﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﻠ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻮاء( ( ﺕﻨﺘ‬
‫ﺹﻔﺮ )اﻻ ﺘ ا‬
‫ﺕﺒﺪأ ﻣﻦ ﺥﻂ ﻔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮض ﺕ أ‬
‫دواﺋﺮ اﻟ ض‬‫اﺋ‬ ‫•‬
‫داﺋﺮﺕﻰ ‪ 90‬درﺝﺔ ﺵﻤﺎﻻ و ‪ 90‬درﺝﺔ ﺝﻨﻮﺑﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺋ ﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫زاوﻳﺎﺎ ﻏ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ زا‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮض ﻠ‬
‫دواﺋﺮ اﻟ ض‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮل و اﺋ‬
‫ﺥﻄﻮط اﻟﻄ ل‬
‫ﺕﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺥﻄ ط‬
‫ﺕﺘﻘﺎﻃ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺕﺤﺪﻳﺪ اى ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺮة اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﺕﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺥﻄﻮط‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺕﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺥﻂ‬
‫ﻨﺪ ﺕﻘﺎﻃ‬
‫ﻇﺒﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻨﺔ أأﺑﻮ ﻇ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺕﻘﻊ ﺪ‬
‫ﺜﻼ ﺕﻘ‬
‫ض ﻓﻓﻤﺜﻼ‬‫دواﺋﺮ اﻟاﻟﻌﺮض‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮلل و د اﺋ‬
‫اﻟﻄ‬
‫ﻃﻮل ‪ 54 25‬درﺝﺔ ﺵﺮﻗﺎ و داﺋﺮة ﻋﺮض ‪ 24 23‬درﺝﺔ ﺵﻤﺎﻻ‪.‬‬
 ‫اﻻﺡﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪة‬

‫اﻻﺡﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪة هﻰ اﻻﺡﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻰ ﺕﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻟﺨﻄﻮط ﻋﻠﻰ زاوﻳﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺕﻜﻮن اﻻﺡﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺵﻜﻞ ﻣﺤﻮرﻳﻦ )س ‪,‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ص(‬
‫ص(‬
‫اى ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺡﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺥﻼل اﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪(12 ,5‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻼ ﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﻮرﻳﻦ‪ ,‬ﺜ‬
‫اﻻرﺿﻴﺔ ﺕﻢﻢ و ﺿﻊﻊ ﻣﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺮة ر ﻴ‬‫ﻰ ﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺮاءة‬
‫ﺕﻔﺎدﻳﺎ ﺮ‬
‫ﻳ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻗﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺰﻳﻔﺔ و اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺰﻳﻔﺔ‬
‫)‪ (X,Y‬اﻻ ﺡﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪة‬ ‫)‪(N,E‬‬
 ‫ﺕﺮﺕﻴﺐ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻮﺡﺪﺪ ﻟﻠﺨ اﺋﻂ‬
‫وﺿﻊ ﻧﻈﺎ‬
‫اﺋﻂ ههﻮ ﺿ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬
‫ﺕﺮﺕﻴﺐ اﻟﺨ‬
‫ﻦﺕ ﺕ‬‫ض ﻣﻦ‬‫اﻟﻔﺮض‬‫• اﻟﻔ‬
‫)ﺥﺮاﺋﻂ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻄ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻼت اﺑﻌﺎد آﻞ‬
‫ﻄ‬ ‫اﻷ رﺿﻴﺔﺔ اﻟﻰ‬
‫• ﺕﻢ ﺕﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﻜﺮة ﻷ‬
‫ارﺑﻊ درﺝﺎت ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ و ﺳﺘﺔ درﺝﺎت ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ و ﺳﻤﻰ هﺬا اﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺑﻨﻈﺎم ﻣﻴﺮآﻴﺘﻮر اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻰ ) ‪(UTM‬‬‫ﻈ‬
‫• وﻓﻴﻪ ﻗﺴﻢﻢ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢﻢ اﻟﻰ ‪ 60‬ﻧﻄﺎق )‪ (zones‬ﺕﺒﺪءا ﻣﻦ ﺥﻂ ‪180‬‬
‫ﻏﺮﺑﺎ ﺑﻌﺮض ﻣﻘﺪارﻩ ﺳﺘﺔ درﺝﺎت ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺥﻂ ﻃﻮل ‪ 180‬ﻏﺮﺑﺎ‬
‫أﻋﻄﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق رﻗﻢﻢ ‪ 1‬وﺥﻂ ﺝﺮﻳﻨﺘﺶ ﻧﻄﺎق رﻗﻢﻢ ‪ 30‬واﻹﻣﺎرات أﻗﺮب‬
‫ﺥﻂ ﻃﻮل ﻟﻬﺎ هﻮ ‪ 60‬ﺵﺮﻗﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ أﻋﻄﻴﺖ ﻧﻄﺎق رﻗﻢ ‪40‬‬
‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻴﺮآﻴﺘﻮر اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻰ ) ‪(UTM‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎم ﻡﻴﺮآﻴﺘﻮر اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻰ )‪(UTM‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨ ﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬ ‫هﺎ ﻠ‬
‫ﺕﻮﻓﺮهﺎ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺕ ﻓ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔﺔ اﻟﺘ‬
‫ﻨﺎ ﺹﺮ اﻻ ﺎ‬
‫اﻟاﻟﻌﻨﺎ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻨﻮان ) اﻟﻮﺿﻮح ‪ ,‬ﻳﻌﻜﺲ اﻟﻬﺪف ‪,‬ﻣﻜﺎن ﺑﺎرز(‬ ‫•‬

‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮى )اﻟﻈﻮاهﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ(‬ ‫•‬
‫اﺕﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﺸﻤﺎل‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺝﻬﺔ اﻻﺹﺪار و ﺕﺎرﻳﺦ اﻻﺹﺪار‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺥﺎﺹﺔ ﻓﻓﻰ ﺥﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﺘﻤﻠﻴﻚ(‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ )‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺔ‬
‫دﻗﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻻﻃﺎر اﻟﺨﺎرﺝﻰ‬
‫ﻰ‬ ‫•‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬

‫ﻃﻮل اى‬
‫ﻡﻘﻴﺎس ﻟاﻟﺮﺱﻢ هﻮ ﻟاﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟاﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ ﻟاﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃ ل‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻰ ﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﻮل اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻇﺮﺮ ﻟﻪ ﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ وواﻟﻄﻮل‬
‫ﻰ ﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺥﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
 ‫اﺥﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬
‫اﺥﺘﻴﺎر ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻡﺒﺎﻧﻰ‪ ,‬ﻏﺎﺑﺎت(‬
‫رﺱﻢ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ )ﻡﺒﺎﻧ‬
‫• اﻟﻬﺪف ﻡﻦ رﺱ‬
‫• اﺗﺴﺎع اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ )ﻡﻘﻴﺎس رﺱﻢ ﺹﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة وآﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة((‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة‬
‫• ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ )ﻡﻘﻴﺎس رﺱﻢ ﺹﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻻﻗﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‪-‬‬
‫اﻟﺰراﻋﻴﺔ وآﺒﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻷآﺜﺮ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‪-‬ﺱﻜﻨﻴﺔ(‬
‫• ﺗﻀﺎرﻳﺲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ )ﻡﻘﻴﺎس رﺱﻢ ﺹﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺴﻬﻠﻴﺔ وآﺒﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ذات اﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت ت(‬
‫• ﻡﺴﺎﺡﺔ اﻟﻮ رﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺮاد رﺱﻢ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ )ﻡﻘﻴﺎس رﺱﻢ ﺹﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫اذا آﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﻮرﻗﺔ ﺹﻐﻴﺮ ة واﻟﻌﻜﺲ(‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻟاﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬
‫أأﻧﻮاع ﻘ‬

‫• ‪ .1‬اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ‪ :‬آﺴﺮ ‪ 1/1000‬و ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪1000: 1‬‬

‫• ‪ .2‬ﻧﺴﺒﻰ‪ 1 :‬ﺳﻢ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻞ آﻢ‪ ,‬ﺑﻮﺹﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺥﻤﺴﺔ اﻣﻴﺎ ل‬
‫ﺥﻄﻰ ‪ :‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺎ ﺳﻨﻪ اﻟﺘﻜﺒﻴﺮ واﻟﺘﺼﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ‬
‫• ‪ .3‬ﺥﻄ‬
‫أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟاﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟ ﻘﺎ ن‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎرن‬ ‫ﻘﺎ‬

‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻰ‬ ‫•‬

‫وﺡﺪﺕﻪ آﻠﻢ‪-‬ﻣﺘﺮ‪-‬ﺳﻢ )‪ 1‬آﻠﻢ = ‪ 1000‬ﻣﺘﺮ ‪ 1 ,‬ﻣﺘﺮ = ‪100‬‬ ‫–‬
‫ﺳﻢﻢ (‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰى‪-‬اﻻﻣﺮﻳﻜﻰ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﺎردة‪,‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻞ = ‪ 1760‬ﺎ دة‬
‫ﺑﻮﺹﺔ ) ‪ 1‬ﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺪم‪ -‬ﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺎردة‪-‬ﻗﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻴﻞ‪ -‬ﺎ دة‬
‫ﺪﺕﻪ اﻟ ﻞ‬
‫وﺡﺪﺕﻪ‬ ‫–‬
‫‪ 1‬ﻳﺎردة = ‪ 3‬ﻗﺪم ‪ 1 ,‬ﻗﺪم = ‪ 12‬ﺑﻮﺹﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻞ = ‪ 1.6‬آﻢ‬
‫‪ 1‬ﻞ‬ ‫–‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟاﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺕﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻘ ﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺕ ﻞ‬
‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻠ‬
‫أ ﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫‪ .‬ﺡﻮ ل ﻟاﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس ﻟاﻟﻌﺪدى ‪ 1000: 1‬ﻟاﻟﻰ ﻡﻘﻴﺎس ﻧﺴﺒﻰ؟‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫‪ 1‬ﺱﻢ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻞ ‪ 10‬ﻡﺘﺮ ﻋﻠ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺡﻮ ل اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻰ ‪5‬ﺱﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ آﻠﻢ اﻟﻰ ﻡﻘﻴﺎس ﻋﺪدى ؟‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪5‬ﺱﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ ‪ 1000‬م = ‪ 100000‬ﺱﻢ‬ ‫•‬
‫اذن ‪ 1‬ﺱﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ ‪20000 : 1 = 20000‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻡﻘﻴﺎ س ﻋﺪدى؟‬
‫ﻡﻴﻞ اﻟاﻟﻰ ﻘ ﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس اﻟاﻟﻨﺴﺒﻰ ‪ 6‬ﺑﻮﺹﻪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻞ‬
‫ﺡﻮ ل اﻟ ﻘ ﺎ‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﺤﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺑﻮﺹﻪ ﻟﻜﻞ ‪63360 = 12 × 3 × 1760‬‬ ‫•‬
‫اذن ‪ 1‬ﺑﻮ ﺹﻪ = ‪10560 : 1 = 10560 = 6 / 63360‬‬ ‫•‬
 ‫أﻧأﻧﻮ ااع اﻟﺨ اﺋﻂ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔﺔ‬
‫ﻃ ﻏ ﻓ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺥﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺝﻴﻮﻟﻮﺝﻴﺔ‪,‬‬
‫ﻧﺒﺎﺕﺎ ت‪ ,‬ﺝﻴﻮ ﻮﺝﻴ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻮزﻳﻌﺎت ) ﺒ‬
‫ﺥﺮاﺋﻂ ا ﻮزﻳ‬
‫ﺮا‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ )ﺕﻮزﻳﻊ ﺡﺎ ﻻ ت اﻻ ﻣﺮ اض(‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺡﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺳﻜﻨﻴﺔ )ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﻗﻄﻊ اﻷرض واﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ(‬ ‫•‬
 ‫ع اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬
‫أﻧﻮ اع‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺡﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻮﻏﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬
 ‫ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺡﺎت‬
‫ﻴس‬

‫اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻪ اﻟ ﻄﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺵﻜﺎل اﻟﻬﻨﺪ ﻪ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺎﺡﺔ اﻟﻤﺮ ﺑﻊ = ) ﻃﻮل اﻟﻀﻠﻊ (‪2‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺎﺡﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ = اﻟﻄﻮل × اﻟﻌﺮض‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻻرﺕﻔﺎع‬
‫ع‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺎﺡﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ = ½ × اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪة × ر‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺎﺡﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ = ½ × اﻟﻀﻠﻌﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎورﻳﻦ × ﺝﻴﺐ اﻟﺰاوﻳﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺴﺎﺡﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ = )ح )ح )ح‪-‬ا( )ح‪-‬ب( )ح‪-‬ج( (‪1 /2‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ح=)ا‪+‬ب‪+‬ج(‪2/‬‬ ‫•‬
 ‫ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺡﺎت‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻴﺎ س اﻻﺵﻜﺎل اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻻﺡﺪاﺛﻴﺎت ‪ :‬ﺕﻮﺝﺪ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺿﻠﻊ‬
‫ﻃﻮلل آﻞ ﺿﻠ‬‫اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺚ )س‪,‬ص( ﺛﺛﻢ ﻳﺤﺴﺐ ﻃ‬
‫رؤؤس اﻟ ﺜﻠﺚ‬‫ﺎت ؤؤ‬‫اﺡﺪاﺛﻴﺎت‬
‫ا اﺛ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ل اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪) ) :‬س‪-1‬س‪) 2(2‬ص‪-1‬ص‪1/2( 2(2‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ) ﻣﺮ ﺑﻊ‪ ,‬ﻣﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ(‬

‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﺵﻜﺎل‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﻴﺎ س اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺡﺔﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔﺔ ﺄ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺵﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎت ) ﺕﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎت اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ و ﺕﻘﺪر‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻻﺝﺰاء‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮ ﺑﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎت × ﻣﺴﺎﺡﺔ ا ﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺡﺔ ااﻟﺸﻜﻞﻞ = ﻋﺪد ا ﺮﺑ‬ ‫•‬
 ‫ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟ ﺎ ﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺡﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺎت (‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟ ﺎت‬
‫ﺵﺒﻴﻬﻪ ﻄ ﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻂ )ﺵ ﻪ‬
‫ﻃ ﻘﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﺢ )ﺕﻘﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮاﺋﺢ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ (‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎوﻳﺔ ﻓﻓﻰ ﺿ ﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮازﻳﺔ اﻟ ﺘ ﺎ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟ ﺘ از ﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻻﻋﻤﺪة ‪ :‬ﺕﻄﺒﻖ ﻓﻰ ﺡﺎﻻ ت اﻻﺵﻜﺎل اﻟﺘﻰ ﺕﻤﻴﻞ اﻟﻰ‬ ‫•‬
‫اﻻﻋﻤﺪةة ااو‬
‫ال اﻻ‬
‫اﻃﻮال‬
‫ﻂ اﻃ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻘﺔ ﺘ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺡﺔﺔ ﻄ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ‪ .‬ﺕﺕﻮﺝﺪ اﻟ ﺎ‬
‫اﻻ ﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﺵﺒﺎ ﻩ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﺮﻓﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻴﺘﺮ اﻟﻜﺘ ﻧ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻼ ﻧ ﺘ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟ ﻼ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃ ﻖ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻟﻮﺡﺔ اﻟﺘﺮ ﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫•‬
 ‫ﺕ ﻦ‬
‫ﺕﻤﺮﻳﻦ‬

‫ﻡﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ أﻡﺎﻡﻚ أﺝﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺱﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬

‫ﻡﺎ هﻮ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ؟‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ؟‬
‫اﻟﺮﺱﻢ ﻋﻠ‬
‫ﻧﻮع ﻡﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺮﺱ‬
‫ﻡﺎ ههﻮ ﻧ ع‬ ‫•‬
‫آﻢ ﻃﻮل اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ أ و ب ؟‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻓﻰ أى اﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺗﻘﻊ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ أ ﻣﻦ ب ؟‬ ‫•‬
‫ت اﻟﺨ ﻄﺔ؟‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮﻳﻄﺔ؟‬ ‫ﺹﺪرت‬‫ﻡﺘﻰ ﺪ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫•‬
‫آﻢ ﻋﺪد اﻟﻤﺪارس ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ؟‬‫ﻢ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺕﻮزﻳﻊ ﻣﺤﻄﺎت اﻟﺒﺘﺮول ﺑﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻦ‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺝﻊ‬ References

• Anson, R. W., 1996. Basic Cartography for Students and

Technician. Butterwork.
• Clarke, K. C., 1990. Analytical and Computer Cartography,
Prentice Hall, New York.
• Maling, D.H. 1992. Co-ordinate Systems and Map Projections, 2nd
Ed Pergamon
Ed. P Press.
P O
Oxford.
f d
• Muehrcke, Phillip C. 1986. Map use: Reading, Analysis,
Interpretation. Madison, WI: JP Publications.
• R bi
Robinson, A.
A H.,
H J.J L
L. Morrison,
M i P.
P C.
C Muehrcke,
M h k A. A JJon Ki
Kimerling,
li
and S. C. Guptil, 1995. Elements of Cartography, 6th ed., John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. (Very Important Reference).
• Snyder John P
Snyder, P. 1987.
1987 Map Projections: a working Manual.
Manual USGS
Professional Paper 1395. Washington, DC: United States Government
Printing Office.
 ‫اﻟﺨﺎﺕﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
‫ﻟﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﺎ‬
‫اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﻔ‬
‫اﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ اﻷ ﻟ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
‫اﺋﻂ ﺘ‬
‫اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺨ‬
‫ﻓﻓﻬﻢ ﻠ‬

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