EES 512

12 – Electric
El i Ci
Circuits
i – Winter
Wi 2010

Instructor: Dr. Karthi Umapathy

karthi@ee.ryerson.ca

EES 512, Winter 2010, KU 1

 Previous Lecture

- Series and Parallel - C and L

- AC circuits

- Generation
G ti off AC voltage
lt

- Parameters of AC waveforms

- Phasor representation

- Impedance

EES 512, Winter 2010, KU 2

 AC Waveforms

2
T

Amplitude = Vm

Angular Freq. = 
Phase Shift Period = T
1
  2f f  HHz
T Frequency = 1/T

v2 leads v1 by  (or) v1 lags v2 by  Phase = 

EES 512, Winter 2010, KU 3

 Phasor representation
v(t )  Vm cos((t   )  V  Vm 
(Time domain) (Phasor or frequency domain)

e jt  cos t  j sin t Euler’s Identity

v(t )  Re (V e jt ), V  Vm e j  Vm 

j Im 1
A rotating phasor t  2ft f  Hz
T
T T 3T
t  0, , , ,T
1
-1 1 4 2 4
Re

EES 512, Winter 2010, KU -j 4

 Phasor representation

v(t )  Vm cos(t   )  V  Vm 

v(t )  Re (V e jt ),
) V  Vm e j  Vm  ,

I
Imaginary
i A
Axis
i

Phasor diagram V


V  Vm  Vm
Leading


direction

I  Im  Real Axis
 Lagging
direction
Im

EES 512, Winter 2010, KU I 5

 Examples

Express these sinusoids as phasors:

a) v(t) = 7 cos ( 2t + 40) V

b) i(t) = - 4 sin ( 10t + 10) A

EES 512, Winter 2010, KU 6

EES 512, Winter 2010, KU 7
 Find
d tthe
e ssinusoids
uso ds co
corresponding
espo d g to tthese
ese p
phasors:
aso s

a) V = -10
10 30 V

b) I = j(5 – j12) A

EES 512, Winter 2010, KU 8

EES 512, Winter 2010, KU 9
 Phasor relationship for circuit elements
Resistor Inductor Capacitor

EES 512, Winter 2010, KU 10

 Phasor relationship for circuit elements

Summary of voltage-current relationship

El
Element
t Time domain Frequency domain

R
v  Ri V  RI

L di
vL V  j L I
dt
C dv I
iC V
dt jC

dv
dt j V

V
EES 512, Winter 2010, KU  vdt j
11
 Examples:

EES 512, Winter 2010, KU 12

 Example:

EES 512, Winter 2010, KU 13

EES 512, Winter 2010, KU 14
EES 512, Winter 2010, KU 15
 Impedance and Admittance
Resistor Inductor Capacitor
I
V  RI V  j L I V
jC

V V V 1
 R ,  j L , 
I I I j C

V
 Z, V  ZI Ohm’s
Ohm s Law in Phasor Form
I

Frequency dependent quantity,

quantity
Impedance

Impedance
p of a circuit is the ratio of the p
phasor voltage
g V and the p
phasor
current I, measure in Ohms
EES 512, Winter 2010, KU 16
 1
Y
Z
Admittance of a circuit is the reciprocal of Impedance

Impedances and admittances of passive elements

Element p
Impedance Admittance

R 1
ZR Y
R
L 1
Z  jL Y
jL
C 1
Z  Y  j C
j C

EES 512, Winter 2010, KU 17

 V V V 1  j
 R ,  j L ,  
I I I j C  C

V
 Z,
Z V  ZI
I
1
X L  L , XC 
C
Inductive Capacitive
R
Reactance
t R
Reactance
t
Z  R  jX (ve X Inductive)
Z
Z  R  jX  Z  Z  R  jX (ve X Capactive)
Z

Z  R  j ( X L  X C)
1
Z  R  j (L  )
EES 512, Winter 2010, KU C 18
 Z  R  jX  Z 

X
Z  R 2  X 2 ,   tan 1
R
R  Z cos  , X  Z sin 

Admittance
1 I
Y  Y  G  jB
Z V

R X Susceptance
G 2 , B  
R X2 R2  X 2
Conductance

EES 512, Winter 2010, KU 19

 Series and Parallel Impedances
Voltage
o tage
Division

Z1 Z2
Z eq  Z1  Z 2  ....  Z N V1  V,, V2  V
Z1  Z 2 Z1  Z 2

Current
Division

1 1 1 1
   ....  Z2 Z1
Z eq Z1 Z 2 ZN I1  I I2 
I, I
Z1  Z 2 Z1  Z 2
Yeq  Y1  Y2  ....  YN
EES 512, Winter 2010, KU 20