Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Human Development Report 2015
Human Development Report 2015
Human Development Report 2015
Indonesia
Introduction
The 2015 Human Development Report (HDR) Work for Human Development examines the intrinsic
relationship between work and human development. Work, which is a broader concept than jobs or
employment, can be a means of contributing to the public good, reducing inequality, securing livelihoods
and empowering individuals. Work allows people to participate in the society and provides them a sense of
dignity and worth. In addition, work that involves caring for others or voluntarism builds social cohesion and
strengthens bonds within families and communities.
These are all essential aspects of human development. But a positive link between work and human
development is not automatic. The link can be broken in cases of exploitative and hazardous conditions,
where labour rights are not guaranteed or protected, where social protection measures are not in place,
and when unequal opportunities and work related discrimination increase and perpetuate socioeconomic
inequality.
Work can enhance human development when policies are taken to expand productive, remunerative and
satisfying work opportunities; enhance workers skills and potentials; and ensure their rights, safety, and
wellbeing. Measuring aspects of work, both positive and negative, can help shape policy agendas and track
progress toward human development enhancing work. But many countries are missing international data
at the country level on key indicators including child labour, forced labour, unpaid care work, time use,
labour regulations, and social protection. This limits the ability of countries to monitor progress on these
fronts.
This briefing note is organized into seven sections. The first section presents information on the country
coverage and methodology of the Statistical Annex of the 2015 HDR. The next five sections provide
information about key indicators of human development including the Human Development Index (HDI),
the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), the Gender Development Index (GDI), the
Gender Inequality Index (GII), and the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). The final section presents a
selection of additional indicators related to the topic of work.
It is important to note that national and international data can differ because international agencies
standardize national data to allow comparability across countries and in some cases may not have access
to the most recent national data. We encourage national partners to explore the issues raised in the HDR
with the most relevant and appropriate data from national and international sources.
Country coverage and the methodology of the Statistical Annex of the 2015 HDR
The Statistical Annex of the 2015 HDR presents the 2014 HDI (values and ranks) for 188 countries and
UN-recognized territories, along with the IHDI for 151 countries, the GDI for 161 countries, the GII for 155
countries, and the MPI for 101 countries. Country rankings and values of the annual Human Development
Index (HDI) are kept under strict embargo until the global launch and worldwide electronic release of the
HDR.
It is misleading to compare values and rankings with those of previously published reports, because of
revisions and updates of the underlying data and adjustments to goalposts. Readers are advised to assess
progress in HDI values by referring to table 2 (Human Development Index Trends) in the Statistical Annex
of the report. Table 2 is based on consistent indicators, methodology and time-series data and thus shows
real changes in values and ranks over time, reflecting the actual progress countries have made. Small
changes in values should be interpreted with caution as they may not be statistically significant due to
sampling variation. Generally speaking, changes at the level of the third decimal place in any of the
composite indices are considered insignificant.
Unless otherwise specified in the source, tables use data available to the Human Development Report
Office (HDRO) as of 15 April 2015. All indices and indicators, along with technical notes on the calculation
of composite indices, and additional source information are available online at http://hdr.undp.org/en/data
For further details on how each index is calculated please refer to Technical Notes 1-5 and the associated
background papers available on the Human Development Report website: http://hdr.undp.org/en/data
Table A: Indonesias HDI trends based on consistent time series data and new goalposts
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Life expectancy
at birth
59.6
61.6
63.3
65.0
66.3
67.2
68.1
68.3
68.5
68.7
68.9
Expected years
of schooling
8.7
9.9
10.2
10.2
10.7
11.2
12.5
12.7
13.0
13.0
13.0
Mean years of
schooling
3.1
3.5
3.3
4.2
6.7
7.4
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.6
7.6
HDI value
0.474
0.512
0.531
0.566
0.606
0.635
0.665
0.671
0.678
0.681
0.684
Figure 1 below shows the contribution of each component index to Indonesias HDI since 1980.
Figure 1: Trends in Indonesias HDI component indices 1980-2014
Figure 2: HDI trends for Indonesia, Viet Nam and Thailand, 1980-2014
Indonesias 2014 HDI of 0.684 is above the average of 0.630 for countries in the medium human
development group and below the average of 0.710 for countries in East Asia and the Pacific. From East
Asia and the Pacific, countries which are close to Indonesia in 2014 HDI rank and to some extent in
population size are the Philippines and China, which have HDIs ranked 115 and 90 respectively (see table
B).
Table B: Indonesias HDI indicators for 2014 relative to selected countries and groups
Indonesia
Philippines
China
East Asia and the
Pacific
Medium HDI
110
115
90
Life
expectancy
at birth
68.9
68.2
75.8
Expected
years of
schooling
13.0
11.3
13.1
0.710
74.0
0.630
68.6
HDI value
HDI rank
0.684
0.668
0.727
7.6
8.9
7.5
GNI per
capita
(PPP US$)
9,788
7,915
12,547
12.7
7.5
11,449
11.8
6.2
6,353
Mean years
of schooling
Indonesias HDI for 2014 is 0.684. However, when the value is discounted for inequality, the HDI falls to
0.559, a loss of 18.2 percent due to inequality in the distribution of the HDI dimension indices. The Philippines
show losses due to inequality of 18.1 percent. The average loss due to inequality for medium HDI countries
is 25.8 percent and for East Asia and the Pacific it is 19.4 percent. The Human inequality coefficient for
Indonesia is equal to 18.2 percent.
Table C: Indonesias IHDI for 2014 relative to selected countries and groups
Indonesia
Philippines
East Asia and the
Pacific
Medium HDI
18.2
18.1
Human
inequality
coefficient (%)
18.2
17.8
Inequality in life
expectancy at
birth (%)
16.4
15.2
0.572
19.4
19.2
0.468
25.8
25.5
IHDI
value
Overall
loss (%)
0.559
0.547
20.8
11.6
Inequality
in income
(%)
17.3
26.8
11.7
18.4
27.4
21.9
34.7
19.8
Inequality in
education (%)
Table D: Indonesias GDI value and its components relative to selected countries and groups
Indonesia
Philippines
China
East Asia and
the Pacific
Medium HDI
Life expectancy
at birth
Expected years
of schooling
Mean years of
schooling
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
71.0
71.8
77.3
66.9
64.9
74.3
13.1
11.5
13.2
12.9
11.1
12.9
7.0
8.4
6.9
8.2
7.9
8.2
6,485
5,382
10,128
13,052
10,439
14,795
0.655
0.649
0.705
0.706
0.664
0.747
F-M
ratio
GDI
value
0.927
0.977
0.943
76.0
72.2
13.0
12.8
6.9
8.0
9,017
13,780
0.692
0.730
0.948
70.6
66.8
11.5
11.8
4.9
7.3
3,333
9,257
0.574
0.667
0.861
HDI values
Indonesia has a GII value of 0.494, ranking it 110 out of 155 countries in the 2014 index. In Indonesia, 17.1
percent of parliamentary seats are held by women, and 39.9 percent of adult women have reached at least
a secondary level of education compared to 49.2 percent of their male counterparts. For every 100,000 live
births, 190 women die from pregnancy related causes; and the adolescent birth rate is 48.3 births per 1,000
women of ages 15-19. Female participation in the labour market is 51.4 percent compared to 84.2 for men.
In comparison, the Philippines and China are ranked at 89 and 40 respectively on this index.
Table E: Indonesias GII for 2014 relative to selected countries and groups
Indonesia
Philippines
China
East Asia and the
Pacific
Medium HDI
GII
value
GII
Rank
Maternal
mortality
ratio
Adolescent
birth rate
Female
seats in
parliament
(%)
Population with at
least some
secondary
education (%)
Female
Male
39.9
49.2
65.9
63.7
58.7
71.9
0.494
0.420
0.191
110
89
40
190
120
32
48.3
46.8
8.6
17.1
27.1
23.6
0.328
72
21.2
18.7
54.7
0.506
168
43.4
18.8
34.8
Labour force
participation rate
(%)
Female
51.4
51.1
63.9
Male
84.2
79.7
78.3
66.3
62.6
79.4
55.3
37.5
79.8
Maternal mortality ratio is expressed in number of deaths per 100,000 live births and adolescent birth rate is expressed in number of births per
1,000 women ages 15-19.
Table F: The most recent MPI for Indonesia relative to selected countries
Contribution to overall poverty of
deprivations in (%)
Indonesia
Philippines
China
2012
2013
2012
MPI
value
Headcount
(%)
0.024
0.033
0.023
Intensity of
deprivations
(%)
5.9
6.3
5.2
41.3
51.9
43.3
Near
poverty
In
severe
poverty
Below
income
poverty
line
Health
Education
Living
Standards
8.1
8.4
22.7
1.1
4.2
1.0
16.2
19.0
6.3
35.1
30.2
36.6
24.7
35.3
30.0
40.2
34.5
33.4
Work Indicators
Table G collates the work related indicators that are available for Indonesia from the HDR 2015 Statistical
Annex. The data provide a partial picture of the conditions surrounding work in the country and the areas
that may benefit from policy attention. Note that not all indicators have sufficient country coverage for
aggregate estimation.
Medium HDI
Developing
countries
East Asia
and the
Pacific
63.5
67.7
55.7
58.8
60.7
64.3
67.9
71.1
Female
51.4
37.5
49.5
62.6
Male
84.2
79.8
78.7
79.4
35.9
42.5
36.9
35.5
43.5
35.3
39.1
37.3
7.1
--
--
--
33.0
65.1
54.0
--
6.2
5.3
5.6
3.3
--
--
--
--
31.3
15.1
14.6
18.6
--
--
--
--
9,536
9,483
--
--
6.9
11.6
14.5
--
Female
4.4
--
--
--
Male
0.9
--
--
--
38.1
46.9
33.8
23.8
1.6
0.0
1.7
2.5
90.0
98.0
99.0
--
8.1
27.7
51.0
65.3
17.1
21.9
31.9
42.1
126.2
91.5
91.2
100.5