ISSN 2012-4678

Volume 2, Issue No. 1

January-June 2010

CONTENTS
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT IN BATAAN
THROUGH EXTENSIVE EXTENSION OF PINEAPPLE
INTERCROPPING ACTIVITIES

Romualdo B. de Guzman, Jonathan E. Lacayanga, Benedict D.

Torres, Fernando V. Gonzales, Adelma A. Garcia,
Pablo R. Gulen, and Hermogenes M. Paguia
DEVELOPMENT OF MECHANICAL EGG SORTER

15

Hermogenes M. Paguia and Eduardo S. Tinao

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF EGG PRODUCTION
PROJECT OF DOST-BPSU

21

Reynan P. Calderon, Hermogenes M. Paguia,

Rudy C. Flores and Gregorio J. Rodis
MARKET STUDY OF SELECTED VEGETABLES IN BATAAN

31

Reynan P. Calderon, Jose Paulo B. Tuazon,

Jonathan E. Lacayanga and Walter G. Valdez2
THE EFFECTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM POMELO RINDS
(Citrus Grandis) AS SOLVENT FOR SOLID FOAMS

Virgina Enriquez, Arlene Hill, and Juvelyn Lingad

Bataan Peninsula State University

City of Balanga, 2100 Bataan
PHILIPPINES

39

PUBLICATION OF THESES & DISSERTATIONS

Volume 2, Issue No. 1

The BPSU Research Journal,

published semi-annually, is the official
research publication of the Research
and Development Office of the Bataan
Peninsula State University, City of
Balanga, 2100 Bataan, PHILIPPINES.

January 2010

Gregorio J. Rodis, Ph. D.

The Research and Development Office (RDO) welcomes the publication

of BPSU faculty members theses and dissertations.
Interested parties may submit their theses/dissertations abstracts to the
Research Development Office as RDO file and reference for future
publications.

Vice President for Research Extension

and Entrepreneurial Services

Arlene D. Ibaez
Director, Research & Development

Jonathan E. Lacayanga

SUBMISSION OF PROPOSALS
The Research and Development Office (RDO) invites faculty members to
submit proposals for possible funding. Proposals should fall under the
following research thrusts of the University:

Associate Director, Abucay Campus

This publishes and disseminates

faculty members research outputs and
findings under the four research thrusts
of the University namely: agriculture,
engineering and technology, health and
related discipline and social and
behavioral sciences.

Wilma B. Tumaliuan
Associate Director, Balanga Campus

Perla B. Estrella, Ed. D.

Associate Director, Dinalupihan Campus

Felicisima E. Tungol, Ed. D.

Agriculture
Engineering & Technology

Health and Related Discipline

Social & Behavioral Sciences

Proposals should follow the official format and can be submitted

personally or thru email at bpsurdo@yahoo.com.

Associate Director, Orani Campus

Reynan P. Calderon
Science Research Specialist II

Consuelo G. Cruz

ISSN 2012-4678
Published and Printed by

THE RESEARCH AND

DEVELOPMENT OFFICE
Bataan Peninsula State University
City of Balanga, 2100 Bataan
PHILIPPINES

JANUARY, 2010

Assistant Professor II, RDO Staff

Lorna R. Roldan
Instructor I. RDO Staff

Ria-Anne L. Dizon
University Research Associate

Nelissa B. Cui
Administrative Aide III

Andrea O. de Jesus
Administrative Aide III

Bataan Peninsula State University

Research and Development Office
City of Balanga, 2100 Bataan
PHILIPPINES

Citrus Fruits. An Investigatory Project Submitted as Entry to the

2004-2005 Regional Intel Philippines Science Fair.
Quisambing, Eduardo 1978. Medicianal Plants of the Philippines.
Katha Publishing Co. Inc. pp454-455
Williams, A.L et.al (1978). IOntroduction Laboratory Chemistry:
Organic and Bioxchemistry (2nded.) Addison-Wesley Publishing:
Ontario, Canada.

Bataan Peninsula State University

Research and Development Office

54

City of Balanga, 2100 Bataan

PHILIPPINES

improve the quality and percent yield of the essential oil.

2. Test the presence and the maximum concentration of dlimonene content of the essential oil produced in the project as
well as its harmful effect to man by seeking the help of a
registered research institute.
3. Try to dissolve solid foam on a large scale basis.
4. Try using the essential oil produced as dissolving agent to other
nonbiodegradable material.
5. Test the life span of essential oil ( using shelf life) prolonging
period of time.
6. Try to use the essential oil produced as for flavoring agent to
other foods
7. To test the effectiveness of the extracted pomelo rind pulp as:
Fertilizers
Herbal tea
Controlling habitat of golden kuhol in rice field
8. Try to improve/ develop the mechanical process in collecting
essential oil.

REFERENCES
Aguinaldo, H.A and Mina, MG (2001). Molluscidal Activity of Volatile
Oil from Calamansi ((Citrus mitis L) Fruit Rind.
Brandares, M.T. et.al (1987) Stability Studies of Essential Oils from
Some Philippine Plants I Zingiber Offiunale The Philippine
Journal of Science 116:1-14
Caiyod, D.T and Gonzales, L.G (1954) Outstanding Varieties and
Forms of Pomelo (Citrus grandis linn) in some towns of Laguna,
Philippine agriculturist 38:57-60
Chemistry of Essential Oils and their Components 2001
Compilation of Lectures and Exercises in Elementary Statistics,
Bataan Peninsula State University, City of Balanga
Dyhianto, Christian Edward O. et.al 1999. The Effect of Citrus Oil
Extract from Citrus nobilis Epicarp on Expanded Polystyrene
Foam. The College of Science Journal. Vol.33. No. 1 University
of Sto.Tomas Manila.pp 4-7
Fronda, Ma. Isabel P. Physico-Chemical Properties and Molluscidal
Activity of the Essential Oils from the Rinds of Three Philippine

iv

53

the size of polystyrene by unraveling its substrate thus converting it to

liquid.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT IN

BATAAN THROUGH EXTENSIVE EXTENSION OF
PINEAPPLE INTERCROPPING ACTIVITIES1

Aside from the use of essential oil as dissolving agent for solid
foams, another related study was conducted by Fronda (2004). Based
on her study, essential oil of Pomelo rinds together with perante or
kahel and dalanghita rinds contained d-Limonene that serve as major
constituents of citrus peels oil and is a toxic compound at a
concentration of greater than 1% thats why she used it to control
molluscidal activity of golden kohol.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The most effective and efficient process to extract essential oil
from pomelo rinds is through distillation method. However, the
researcher recommends using other viable solvent to improve the
quality and amount of the extracted essential oil.
The essential oil present in the pomelo rind extract is an effective
dissolution of sample sold foam at different sizes used in the study.
This means that the essential oil was able to dissolve the solid foam
regardless of its size. However, they differ in consistency; a liquid
solution resulted when the volume of the solid foam is less than the
volume of the sample project oil while a paste like mixture was
formed when the volume of solid foam is greater than the volume of
the sample project oil.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the finding of this study, the researchers recommended
the following:
1. Researchers who wish to pursue the same study should try other
proportions of distilled water and pomelo rind to obtain a higher
percent yield of essential oil. The use of other solvent in
extracting essential oil from the rind is also recommended to

Romualdo B. de Guzman2, Jonathan E. Lacayanga 3 , Benedict D. Torres3,

Fernando V. Gonzales3, Adelma A. Garcia3, Pablo R. Gulen3,
and Hermogenes M. Paguia 3

ABSTRACT

he provision of financial grants/loans by the Commission on

Higher Education (CHED) with (BPSU) to the potential
pineapple farmer beneficiaries in the Upland areas of Samal and
Abucay was granted with the aim of improving the pineapple
production in the locality. The implementation of the project took
effect through the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) signed by
identified beneficiaries and the University. Each cooperator was
provided with 4,000 planting materials, vegetable seeds and fertilizers
charged with 1.0% interest for administration cost.
There were 18 beneficiaries from the first batch (2006) and
Twenty six (26) on the second the succeeding year (2007) who have
been awarded with the material inputs and trained in SALT,
establishment of contour plantation, intercropping and management
strategies. Aside from the training, technical support and marketing
assistance were also provided to the project beneficiaries.
The first batch was composed of 14 out 18 or 78% and four (4)
or 22% from Bry. Bangkal and Barangay Palili, respectively. For the
second batch, there were 10 out of 24 from Barangay Gugo, Samal,
Bataan or 42%, five (5) from Barangay Guizo and Palili or 21%, two
(2) from Barangay Malaking Bato or 8% and for Barangay Duale and
Pandatung had 1 or 4%.
Seventeen out of 18 respondents or 94%% are male and the
remaining 6% were female. And from the second batch, Eighteen out

1
2
3

52

Paper presented during the 1st BPSU Abucay Campus R&D In house Review held at BPSU
Abucay Campus.
Project Leader
Project Members

of 24 beneficiaries were male or 75%

female.

and sx (6) or 25% were

All of the farmer beneficiaries attended the one training on SALT

establishment and intercropping of short-term crop and medium crops
for soil and water conservation.
Extensionists of BPSU conducted regular visit to farmer
beneficiaries. Problems/concerns were identified and provided
suggestions for the attainment of the objectives of the project.
Fertilizer application, planting and weeding schedule, recording of
inputs and other management activities were followed.
Extensionists of the university were closely monitoring the status
of the farmer beneficiaries wherein all activities and progress report of
the project are being recorded and documented so that problems/
concerns, suggestion/recommendation will be clearly addressed and
implemented. Socio-economic benefits were determined after the
beneficiaries have completed harvesting of pineapple fruits.

citrus oil extract from dalanghita (Citrus nobilis) epicard of on

expanded polystyrene foam. Result of their study revealed that
expanded polystyrene foam of small beaded dissolved faster than
expanded polystyrene foam of big beaded. Their investigation
proved that d-Limonene from dalanghita can be a possible substitute
for non polar solvent and maybe used as another method for the
disposal and reuse of expanded polystyrene foam based materials.
The table shows the Test Result of d-Limonene from DOST
Table: TEST RESULT of d-Limonene
Test
Parameter
Water
Activity
(in Aw unit)

Moisture
Content
( in % unit)

Titratable
Acidity
(as % Citric
Acid)
Soluble
Solids
(as %
Sucrose)

Method
TM -208
Determination of Water Activity
With reference to Rotronic
Water Activity Tester
Manual
TM -203
With reference to AOAC Methods of Analysis 18thed.,Offical
Methods 925.45 Vacuum Oven
<70oC, 6.7kPa, 5.0hr
TM -202
With reference to AOAC
18thed. 942 15 Acidity ( Titratable OM Velp Fat Extractor
Manual Using Petrolwum ether
TM -206
Determination of Soluble Solid
TM -207
Potentiometric Determination
Using Certified Buffer Solutions pH 4.01, 7.00, 10.00

Standard
Guide Level*

Result

None
Available

3.61

None Available

97.33

None Available

0.0007

None Available

4.73

pH

In addition, an investigation on the potential use of d-Limonene

from orange (Citrus auranthiun) as a solvent in compacting
expanded polystyrene foam was conducted by Noguchi et.al. Their
study developed a new recycling technique in shrinking EPS using
naturally occurring organic compound. From their study, they found
out that d-Limonene extracted from tne rind of orange fruit reduce
the volume of EPS foam to its original size. This technology reduces

51

ml and 1.0 ml of essential oil.

INTRODUCTION

Table 7: Analysis of Variance on Dissolution time of Different Sizes of

EPS.
Source of
Variation

Sum of
Square

DF

Mean Sum
of Square

F Ratio

F Tab

Between

119.35

56.68

0.36

9.55

Within

492.87

164.29

Total

612.22

223.97

Since the computed value of 0.36 is less than the tabular value of
9.55 therefore the null hypothesis is accepted, there is no
significance in dissolution time of different volumes of solid foam at
varying volume of oil sample.
Table below shows the chemical properties of d-Limonene
Characteristics of d- Limonene (d-Limonene 200%)
Acid number
Aldehyde content
Boiling point
Coefficient expansion
Color
Dielectric constant
Dielectric strength
Ester content
Evaporation residue
Freezing point
Heat capacity
Liquid density
Odor
Refractive index
Specific gravity at 25%

5.5
0.37% - 1.50%
310oF ( 154.1 oC )
1.61 ml/gal per oF
colorless (water white)
2.3
48000V
0.07% 2.46%
0.03 % - 0.80%
-142oF ( -96.7C)
0.48 calories per cc
0.844g/cc at 68F (20 oC)
clean citrus odor
1.4710 1.4740
0.838 0.843

Study shows that the ingestion of large doses of d-Limonene may

cause abdominal burning, hematuria, unconsciousness, shallow,
respiration and convulsion. Thats why it is very necessary to have
some test on the maximum concentration of d- Limonene in order to
classify it as non-toxin .To classify d-Limonene as non-toxic each
should be round 1a%. (Chemistry of the essential oils and their
Components, 2001)

Large areas were open during the American period due to logging where in
Bataan is one of the large timber and wood producers for export in the country.
This resulted to open and barren upland areas. The areas were converted into
agricultural land which was classified by DENR and DAR as alienable and
disposable land. Then on, farmers start to cultivate the land for vegetable
production and at the same time livestock production in 1970s to 1980s. Until
migrants coming from the central and the northeastern part of Luzon introduced
pineapple as source of additional income in 1980 up to the present.
Pineapple production and productivity in the upland areas in province of
Bataan is one of the major concern of the university where in it is one of the
identified potential commodity that is adoptable and surprisingly generated
income for the upland farmers.
Pineapple produced in Bataan is known for its quality and sweetness as
proven by the consumers including foreigners who visited province.
Upland areas in Bataan is still known to have a fertile soil not to mentioned
vegetable crops and cash crops are produced seasonally in the area which serve
as intercrop of pineapple. Through the effort of the former Bataan State College
(BSC) now Bataan Peninsula State University Abucay Campus and the
Commission on Higher Education (CHED) joint hands in the promotion of the
technology through Agricultural Productivity Enhancement in Bataan through
Extensive Extension of Pineapple Intercropping Activities. This entails the
concern on the conservation of soil and water through Sloping Agricultural Land
Technology (SALT) as introduced farming practice it is because most of the
farmers are not dully acquainted with soil and water degradation or depletion. It
is one of the interventions to minimize nutrient and water losses. The recent
practices of farmers were mono-cropping system and linear plantation where in
pineapple were planted downhill resulted to rapid soil erosion and nutrient
depletion. The utilization of inorganic fertilizer is increased and resulted in the
increase farm inputs.
The provision of grants/loans by the said agencies to the potential farmer
beneficiary formerly engage in pineapple production at 1% interest was agreed
upon by the proponent and the latter. Through the signing of Memorandum of
Agreement (MOA) the program was launched.

Dyhianto, Chrisdtian Edward et.al (1999) studied the effect of

50

Eighteen (18) on its first batch (2006) and Twenty six (24) is the second
was the succeeding year (2007) was the beneficiaries. They were trained in
establishment of plantation, intercropping techniques and other management
aspect of the program. Aside from the training, financial support, technical and
marketing services was also provided.
The adaptation of the technology among the farmers shows its economic
and environmental benefits that addressed the problems on soil and fertility
degradation in the uplands.
Extensionists of the university were closely monitoring the status of the
first batch and second batch wherein all activities of and progress report of their
project are being recorded and documented so that problems/concerns,
suggestion/recommendation will be clearly addressed and implemented.
Therefore there is a need for the extensionists to provide status report of
the different proponent for analysis and evaluation and realized the economic
benefits of the program.

Table 3: Dissolution Time (in seconds) using 0.5 mL of oil

Volume of solid
Foam (cm3)

Replicate
1

Replicate
2

Replicate
3

Mean

0.5

12.23

11.24

12.53

12.00

1.0

38.25

37.26

37.12

37.54

The lesser the amount of volume of solid foam the lesser the
value of mean of replicates.
Table 4: Dissolution Time (in seconds) using 0.75 mL of oil
Volume of solid
Foam (cm3)

Replicate
1

Replicate
2

Replicate
3

Mean

0.5

8.90

9.20

8.70

8.93

1.0

22.73

21.60

19.84

21.39

Increasing volume of solid foam, increasing the value of mean.

Table 5: Dissolution Time (in seconds) using 1.0 mL of oil

Conceptual Framework

Volume of solid
Foam (cm3)

Replicate
1

Replicate
2

Replicate
3

Mean

0.5

8.87

8.92

8.57

8.79

1.0

22.05

22.63

21.74

22.14

Table 6: Comparison among Means (Dissolution time of different

sizes of EPS)
Volume of solid
Foam (cm3)

0.5 mL

0.75 mL

1.0 mL

0.5

12.00

8.93

8.79

1.0

37.54

21.39

22.14

Table 3, 4 and 5 revealed the dissolution time in seconds of solid

foam after being treated with different amount of essential oil. It
can be observed that the dissolution time increases as the volume of
solid foam increases. The larger volume of solid foam took more
time to dissolve in the sample oil.
Table 7, above the analysis of variance made on the mean
dissolution time of solid foam among varying volumes of 0.5 ml, 0.75

49

48

4.73
0.04 g/s
5
1.42
7.5o
=
0.12
Soluble in
ethanol

10o
=
0.17
Aromatic
Citrus
odor

Insoluble in
water

Soluble in
acetone

Sin r

Specific

Colorless

Color
of essential oil

Sin i

Refractive Index
Odor

The project aims to increase pineapple produced and provide

additional income to upland farmers through SALT (intercropping
system together with the promotion of soil and water conservation
techniques for sustainable farming practices.

Specifically the project aims to:

AFTER DISTILLATION

Solubility

1. increase production and productivity of upland through the

introduction of SALT/ Intercropping practices for soil and water
conservation.
2. develop technical skills and knowledge in sustainable farming
system that addressed soil nutrient depletion or soil erosion
through seminar/training on soil and water
conservation
techniques.
3. provide technical assistance to farmers in terms of:
establishment of pineapple plantation along contours and
intercropped with vegetables.
record keeping and other management aspects.
4. properly give information and understanding on the
responsibilities on the stated memorandum of agreement by
calling meetings for reiteration.
5. monitor and evaluate the progress of the project to the individual
beneficiaries for its smooth and successful implementation.

METHODOLOGY

Identification of Potential Pineapple Growers

Color of Altered
juice

Yellow Green

BEFORE
DISTILLATION

Table 2: Physical Characteristics of the oil obtained from Pomelo rinds.

Wt. of sample
before

(g)

Wt. of sample
after exposure

(g)

Degree of
volatility

General

4.8

pH

OBJECTIVES

The extensionists of the project conducted onsite visited the different pineapple growers for the
identification and conducted interviews using
unstructured survey questionnaires.

Training/Seminars
The identified potential farmers
had undergone a one day training on
SALT/Intercropping
systems
for
pineapple as main crop for soil and
water
conservation
and
farm
management. The said training was
facilitated by the Research and
Extension staff, extensionists and field
extension officers of the university to
enhance the technical skills, knowledge
and attitude of the project beneficiaries.
At the end of the training, the
participants were evaluated through
farming planning and management.

MOA Signing
To effectively undertake the
project
implementation,
farmer
beneficiaries were briefed about the
content of the memorandum of
agreement. Questions were also
entertained after the briefing through
open forum so that the content of the
MOA was formally agreed upon
between
the
beneficiaries
and
extensionist.

Project Implementation and Extension Activities

Specialists and extensionists of the
university visited the individual farmers
and monitored and evaluated the
established and planted area for
validation. Technical assistance and
actual
demonstration
on
the
establishment of contour was also

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS AND FINDINGS

The percentage yield of the samples was determined by using the
formula:
% of essentialoil

volume of oil in mL
x 100%
weight of the plant material in gram

Table I:Percentage yield of Pomelo samples in Different Trials

Trials

Volume of
oil (mL)

Weight of the
Plant Material (g)

Percent
Yield

4.5 mL

500 g

0.9

5.75 mL

500 g

1.15

6.25 mL

500 g

1.25

Table 2 below revealed the physical characteristics of the oil

obtained from the rinds of Pomelo.
With the use of the table found in the officials methods of analysis
of the Association of Official
Analytical Chemist (AOAC) the refractive index was determine.
Mathematically, the amount of refraction is given by the expressions:
sin i
n
sin r
Where i- is the angle of incidence made by the incident ray with
the perpendicular to the dividing surface. Where r- is the angle of
refraction made by refracted ray with the perpendicular to the dividing
surface.
The degree of volatility of the oils was to determine the effect of
different environmental temperatures on the essential oils stability and
is also a way to measure their degree of unsaturation. The higher the
degree of volatility, the more unsaturated the oil is. (Brandares, et.al
1987).

47

Schematic Representation of the Procedure

undertaken to assure the technology were properly executed.

Provided sample forms for recording, documentation and
management strategies such as calendar schedule of planting
vegetable as intercropped and fertilizer application. The extensionists,
and Extension Director coordinated the marketing manager of the
school and provided market access and strategies in marketing for the
harvested pineapple of the farmers beneficiaries and enjoys a
reasonable price of the harvest.

Monitoring and Evaluation

The first two months of implementation were monitored twice a
month for the identification of problem/concerns, provision of
technical assistance, interview and on-site visit and evaluated the
preparation
and
plantation
establishment
suggestions/
recommendation on the identified problem/concerns were undertaken.
Monthly monitoring was then undertaken for the scheduled fertilizer
application activities and conducted field demonstration in applying
and mixing of inorganic fertilizer to assure the proper method or
procedure was followed.

Economic Analysis
The extensionists provided forms for the beneficiaries and
monitor the sales of the harvested fruits sold to the consumers. The
data gathered were analyzed by the economist of the university to
verify the economic benefits derived from harvested pineapple fruit for
each plantation area.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Identified Potential Farmers in the Province

On Table 1, Profile of the respondents is reflected. This
includes sex, and address of the respondents.

46

Target Beneficiaries. As shown in Table 1, from the first batch,

there were14 out of 18 or 78% from Bangkal and four (4) or 22%
from Barangay Palili whereas for the second batch, there were 10 out
of 24 or 42% from Barangay Gugo, Samal, Bataan and 21% from
Barangay Guizo and Palili , 2 for Barangay Malaking Bato or 8 % and
for Barangay Duale and Pandatung, 1 or 4%.

Sex. As shown in the table, there were more male respondents than

female from the first batch. Seventeen out of 18 respondents or 94%

% were male and the remaining 6% were female. From the second
batch, eighteen out of 24 or 75% of the beneficiaries were male and
six (6) or 25% were female. This supports the fact that pineapple
producers are also engaged in other agricultural enterprise. According
to the unstructured interviews with some of the female beneficiaries,
the management of the pineapple plantation weredone by wives and
husband were the one preparing and cultivating the land.
Table 1. Target Beneficiaries of Pineapple Production.
Address
First Beneficiaries
Bangkal, Abucay
Palili, Samal,
Total
Second Beneficiaries
Gugo, Samal,
Guizo, Samal,
Palili, Samal,
Malaking Bato,
Abucay
Pandatung,
Hemosa,
Duale, Limay,
Total

Male

Female

Percentage

Percentage

13
4
17

1
0
1

77.78%
22.22%
94.44%

7.69%
0
5.56%

6
3
5
2

4
2
0
0

41.67%
20.83%
20.83%
8.3%

40%
66.67%
0

1
1

0
0

4.17%
4.17%

0
0
0

18

75%

25%

SALT Contour Establishment and Plantation of Pineapple Slips

METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS

Materials and Equipment
The materials and equipment such as 500 grams Pomelo rinds,
distilled water, crushed ice, sodium sulfate (Na 2SO4), steam
distillation apparatus, blender, cheese cloth, distilling flask, glass
funnel, stopwatch and watch glass were prepared.
Procedure
The matured fruits of Pomelo were gathered, the rind were
obtained and weighed. Five hundred grams of Pomelo rinds were
grinded. Distilled water was added, half of the volume of the sample
is squeezed thoroughly. The samples were filtered using cheese cloth.
With the use of distilling flask, the filtered juice were placed and
subjected to steam distillation. The oil collected in the receiver
immersed in crushed ice were separated by using a separatory funnel,
dried with sodium sulfate (Na2 SO4) and then measured. The
moisture free oil were then stood in amber colored bottles and placed
in the refrigerator to prevent decomposition of the components.
Solubility test were done to determine which organic solvents the
oils are most soluble. About 1-2 ml of oil were added drop by drop in
5 ml each of acetone, water and ethanol.
The oil collected from the rind was tested for the presence of pH
or pOH ions. Using pH meter with 0.5 intervals, ranging from 0.5-14
was used. It was noted that the oil has a pH value of 4.73, meaning
slightly acidic.
To test the effectiveness of the essential oil on the dissolution of
solid foams, 0.50 mL, 0.75 mL and 1.0 mL were set aside t be used as
solvent for solid foams. The sizes of the solid foams to be dissolve in
the samples oil have a volume of 0.5 cm 3 and 1.0 cm3. Three
replicates were prepared for these two sizes of solid foams.

All of the beneficiaries had established and planted pineapple slips

along the contour. This means that 100% of the beneficiaries adopted

45

5. Polystyrene Foam a polymer made from monomer styrene.

Hydrocarbon chain with a phenyl group attached to other
carbon atom. This hard plastic in its expanded and extruded
form is widely used as food container, etc.
6. Solute the substance being dissolved.
7. Solvent the substance in which the solute is dissolved.
8. Volatile the ability of a substance to vaporize at a relatively
low temperature.

and accepted the technology. The farmers have developed their skills
and knowledge about soil and water conservation technique that
address soil erosion or soil nutrient depletion and environmental
degradation. They have positively developed their awareness on the
environment.
Table 2 . Pineapple intercropping and Contour Planting
Intercropped

Contour
Planting

%
Intercropped

%
Contour

First Benficiaries
Bangkal, Abucay
Palili, Samal
Total

7
1
8

14
4
18

50%
25%
44.44

77.78%
22.22%
100%

Second Beneficiaries
Gugo, Samal
Guizo, Samal
Palili, Samal
Malaking Bato, Abucay
Pandatung, Hemosa,
Duale, Limay, Bataan
Total

10
4
4
2
0
1
21

10
5
5
2
1
1
24

100%
80%
80%
100%
0
100%
87.5%

41.67%
20.83%
20.83%
8.3%
4.17%
4.17%
100%

Address

MARKET POTENTIAL
The project aims to create social awareness on the use of waste,
such as fruit rinds as industrial solvent. The researchers also intend to
prove the possibility of creating a valuable product out of waste.
Pomelo rinds are usually dumped by market vendors since we are
all aware that the juicy fleshes as well as the vesicles are the only
edible part. In this light, the researchers thought of utilizing the rind.
Since several studies have proved the presence of essential oils from
fruits rinds, specifically rinds from citrus fruits.
D-limonene (C10H16) is the major component of the oil extracted
from the citrus rind. In this study, the presence of d-limonene in the
Pomelo rind is proven.
The researchers have proven the effectively of d-limonene as a
solvent. It can replace a wide variety of products, including mineral
spirits, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone, toluene, glycol ethers and
fluorinated and chlorinated organic solvents.

44

Eight out of 18 of the first

batch of beneficiaries or 44% had
planted intercropped of banana and
squash and others had existing
plantation crops of fruit trees which
was already about to bear fruits. And
On the other hand, eleven (11) or 61%
of the beneficiaries had no intercrop
because of the late procurement of
vegetable seeds to be given to the
farmer beneficiaries. However, the
beneficiaries were already planting
vegetable this rainy season (2008) for
the second cropping. And for the
second batch there are 21 or 88% of
the beneficiaries had established

intercropping which also true with the

first batch that most of them had
established fruit trees, such as Citrus,
Santol, Mango and Dalanghita as
permanent crops and others planted
medium-term crops such as, banana,
cassava and the squash provided and
procured by the university.

MOA Signing and Training

All of the farmer beneficiaries attended the one training on SALT
establishment and intercropping of short-term crop and medium crops
for soil and water conservation for production and productivity. They
were able to experience a hands-on training in the establishment of
contour line and intercropping system. At the same time, they were
briefed on the obligations/responsibilities stated on the memorandum
of agreement by BPSU and the latter.

Project Implementation and Extension Activities

The project started
upon signing of the MOA
between the BPSU and
the farmer beneficiaries.
The BPSU extension staff
assisted the farmers in
the establishment of
their individual farms
through
the
establishment of contour.
Average five (5) farmers
per week was visited and given technical assistance for the said
preparation and plantation management. Farmer beneficiaries were
given sample record form for recording farm input, plantation
management schedule and other activities related to the project. This
served as monitoring form. After land preparation, panting materials
and fertilizer were distributed by the extension staff after the
verification of the area.

10

speeles which have not developed resistance to this wood containing

essential oils from calamans ( citrus mitis L) fruit rinds were found by
Aguinaldo and Mina (2001) to be effectives as molluscicide against
golden kuhol.
Essential oils have an active role in plant defense. They sometimes
posses toxic properties linked to the protection of the species. Some
smells nice to insects mat be unpleasant for other insects, this is
useful for the plants as defense against parasites or other animal,
which would damage the plant. The essence evaporated from the
plant is therefore considered a defense mechanism from infections,
because of the bactericidal, fuhgicidal and ascarcidal action of several
oils (aromatherapy 2001).
d-Limonene (C10H16) is the major component of the oil extracted
from citrus rind. It is classified under monoterpenes and make up
about 95% of the citral peel oil (what is the d- Limonene). It is also a
very effective biodegradable and decreases occurring in nature as the
main components of citrus peel oil. It is immiscible and has a lower
density than water, however, miscible with alcohol. In addition, dLimonene oils in peels and leaves may cause contact dermatitis.
As a straight solvent, d-Limonene can replace a wide variety of
products, including mineral spirits, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone,
toluene, glycol ethers and of course fluorinated and chlorinated
organic solvents.
Definition of Terms
For clarity and understanding the following terms were defined.
1. Degree of volatility is the ratio of loss of weight of substance
to time of exposure.
2. Dissolution time the time in seconds for the expanded
polystyrene foam to dissolve or liquefy.
3. Distillation the process of heating a liquid to boiling point and
considering the vapor back into liquid.
4. d-Limonene (C10H16) major component of the oil extracted
from citrus rinds, this very versatile chemical has wide
application. It is non-toxic, pleasant smelling and considered
more effective than ordinary cleaning solution.

43

Polystyrenes most common use, however, is as expanded

polystyrene (EPS). Expanded polystyrene is produced from a mixture
of about 90 95% polystyrene and 5 10% gaseous blowing agent,
most commonly pentane or carbon dioxide. The solid plastic is
expanded into a foam through he use of heat, usually seam. Extruded
polystyrene (XPS), which is different from expanded polystyrene
(EPS), is commonly known by the trade name Styrofoam. The voids
filled with trapped air give it low thermal conductivity. This make ideal
as a construction material and it is therefore sometimes used in
structural insulated panel building systems. It is also used insulation in
building structures, as molded packing material for cushioning fragile
equipment inside boxes , as packing peanuts, as non-weight-bearing
archiechtural structures ( such as pillars), and also in crafts and model
building, particularly architectural models. Foamed between two
sheets of paper, it makes a more-uniform substitute for corrugated
cardboard, tradenamed Fome-Cor. A more unexpected use for the
material is as a lightweight fill for embankments in the civil
engineering industry.

The distribution of squash seeds were delayed due to land

preparation. However, some farmers were able to plant the seeds.
Based from the table, 44% or 8 beneficiaries were given seeds. Some
of the beneficiaries however had already existing intercrop such as
banana, citrus, dalanghita, santol and mango.

Monitoring and Evaluation

Extensionists of BPSU were able to visit all
the farmer beneficiaries. Problem/concerns
were identified and provided suggestion to
properly address the objective of the
project implemented such as fertilizer
application, planting and weeding schedule,
recording of inputs and other management
activities were followed.

Pomelo fruit is a medium to large ovate with a yellowish green

medium thick rind, and pink at the apex when fully mature. The
cotton like tissue is a pearly white to light pink. The flesh is juicy,
some are colorless and some are light pink to pinkish. The vesicles
have sweet surfaced flavor with a large and few numerous seeds
( Caiyod and Gonzales, 1954).

Quarterly meetings were also undertaken

that served as venue for MOA reiteration
and other technical problems encountered
were raised by farmer beneficiaries and the
extensionists. Individual progress reports
and documentation such individual farm
status, recorded inputs on fertilizers,
planting materials, seeds and others were
also presented during the meeting. These
enable them to update their expenses and
as part of their evaluation. Some technical
problems were also raised and provided
solutions so that succeeding operation is
properly addressed.

Much of the information that has been reported on the general

composition of citrus fruits has mainly local relevance in the growing
region concerned.

Production and Sales of Harvested

Fruits

Expanded polystyrene used o contain CFCs, but other, more

environmentally-safe blowing agents are now used. Because it is an
aromatic hydrocarbon, it burns with an orange-yellow flame, giving off
soot, as opposed to non-aromatic hydrocarbon polymers such as
polyethylene, which burn with a light yellow flame ( often with a blue
ting) and no soot.

Essential oils called Etheral oils on volatile oils or essences

according to Farmacopea Uflicrale Haliana are complex mixtures of
volatile organic substances with different chemical compositions
contained in plants when they are taken away from through distillation
in vapor current extraction solvent or through appropriate insect

42

The first eighteen (18) beneficiaries have

just started harvesting fruits. There was no
data yet to be analyzed. Harvesting ends
on August of 2008. Hence, they were given

11

marketing forms for recording their sales.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
1. Male pineapple growers dominate the production industry from
the first and second batch of project beneficiaries. Male gender is
still dominant as far as farming is concern. However, female
started to be engaged in farming activities. These shows that
equality of work may have contribution towards farm
development.
2. Majority of the respondents attended trainings or seminar. This
means that if trainings were offered to the pineapple growers
perhaps the objective of the project most especially the technical
aspect promote skills and knowledge for achieving of such.
3. Most of the respondents were able to plant pineapple along
contour and intercropping practice was also established. This
means that training/seminar provided have contributed to the
achievement of goal and objective of the project. And promote
technological intervention that enables farmer beneficiaries to
exercise or practice proper farming and the promotion of
environmental awareness, sustainable production and increase
income.
4. Farmers began to realize the importance of documentation and
their obligation. This will promote people empowerment and
become self-reliant through proper coordination between agencies
that provide them technical assistance to become progressive in
the field.
5. Extensionists provided technical assistance in terms of project
implementation and management through identification of
problems and providing solution to the problems encountered. It
shows that systematic and orderly program create a more
impressive and comprehensive study on people or the community
for the close contact and good relationship for farmers and
extension development.
6. Onsite visit enable to establish a substantial and concrete proof
about the status of the individual farm lots and farmer
beneficiaries and regular meeting promote farmer to farmer and
extensionist-farmer relationship. Farmers enable them to share
other experiences related to the project implementation whether
positive or negative experiences.

12

Significance of the Study

It is the purpose of the study to test the effectiveness of essential
oil from Pomelo rinds as solvent for solid foam. Though further
studies, this alternative methods of dissolving solid foam look into, to
cope the challenge of recycling products made from solid foams.
Hence, this study can be proven. It can one way or another help
to lessen the amount CFCs in the atmosphere.
Scope and Limitations
This study was conducted only in the Science laboratory room of
Bataan Peninsula State University. This study limited only the
following:
1. The collection of essential oil from Pomelo rinds extracts water by
distillation.
2. No determination of d-Limonene content on sample oil collected
was conducted since no test like Spectral Elucidation and other
confirmatory tests are available in the researchers school.
3. No other parts of Pomelo were used except its fresh rind.
4. Due to small amount of oil collected, the researcher used only
limited volume of solid foams to be dissolved which are 0.5 cm 3,
0.75 cm3 and 1.0 cm3. Each size of solid foam was replicated into
three only.
5. Determination of the essential oils index of refraction was done at
the schools laboratory using the improvised refractometer.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Polystyrene is a polymer made from the monometer styrene, a
liquid hydrocarbon that is commercially manufactures from petroleum
by the chemical industry. At room temperature, polystyrene is
normally a solid thermoplastic, but can be melted at higher
temperature for molding/extrusion. The resolidified styrene is an
aromatic monometer and polystyrene is an aromatic polymer.

41

INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
The government especially the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources has been encouraging us to promote environmental
concerns because of the alarming environment issue today which
global warming is caused by different pollutions.
But the continuing use of various forms of polymers a nonbiodegradable material, poses serious to our environment because of
the harmful chemicals it contains that when burned will cause air
pollution. As a result, our country still suffers from climate change and
different natural disasters. Therefore, an environment friendly feasible
way of disposing various forms of polymers is definitely needed.
Based from the sturdy conducted by Dyhianto et.al (1999), they
found out the effectiveness of using oil extracted from fruit peelings
on the structure of solid foam. They proved that solid foam could be
dissolved using a non toxic, readily available and economical non polar
solvent.
Having this observation the researcher have decided to conduct
an experiment on the effectivity of essential oil from pomelo rinds as
solvent for polymers specifically for solid foams, an effective solvent
which is guaranteed to be free harm, has a socio-economic
significance and can help solved environmental issue.
Statement of the Problem
The study attempted to extract the essential oil from pomelo
rinds and used as a dissolution agent fro solid foams.
Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:
(1) What is the efficient process to use in order to extract the
essential oil from Pomelo rinds?
(2) Is the essential oil present in Pomelo rinds extract an effective
dissolution agent of solid foam?
(3) What is the amount of essential oil extracted from certain
amount of Pomelo rinds can dissolve certain amount of solid
foam?

40

RECOMMENDATIONS
Basing from the above-mentioned conclusions the recommendations
could be generalized as follows:
1. Bataan Peninsula State University in cooperation with the
Department of Agriculture, Department of Environment and
Natural Resources, Non-Government Organizations, Local
Government Units, and Upland farmers must look into a holistic
plan for the improvement and enhancement of the pineapple
industry whole province.
2. In such plan, creation of cooperatives, registration and
accreditation procedures for pineapple farmers in the province
must also be considered, and technology adoption must be
extended.
3. Production is not only the instrument for sustainability but the
promotion of environmental consideration must also be provided
to improve and enhance the productivity of farmers that may
create a healthy and wealthy upland farm in the province.
4. Provisions of seminar/training to farmer not only technical,
environmental awareness but also social and political aspects so
that implementing agencies could easily achieve developmental
aspects of the technologies promoted by the government.
5. Extensionist shall also focus on the socio-economic aspect that
may also provide well developed organizational structure of
farmers. Farmers maybe able to solve individual farm problem and
become independent individual.
6. Farmers enable them to share other experiences related to the
project implementation whether positive or negative experiences.
Those positive experiences will enable other farmers to practice
and implement such interventions. The negative experience may
have influenced them to improve and develop new sense of ideas
for the promotion of new skills and knowledge to help them solve
their problems.

13

THE EFFECTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OIL

FROM POMELO RINDS (Citrus Grandis)
AS SOLVENT FOR SOLID FOAMS1

Acknowledgement

Virgina Enriquez, Arlene Hill, and Juvelyn Lingad 2

The author extends his deepest thanks for the success of the
project to the following:
Mr. Fernando V. Gonzales, Benedicto Torres, Pablo R. Gulen, and
Mrs. Adelma A. Garcia, in extending their work when their expertise
needed for the conduct of extension activities of the project
implemented.
Dr. Hermogenes M. Paguia, his unending support in the extension
and training activities in pursuing the mandates of the university.
Research and Extension staff, for their untiring support in keeping
the recorded data/information of the project implemented.
Dr. Delfin O. Magpantay, for his constructive criticism and
motivation of the faculty and staff engage in research and extension
activities.

ABSTRACT
This study was conducted primarily to extract the essential oil
from the rinds of pomelo and to determine the effectiveness of
essential oil as a dissolution agent for solid foams. Essential oil was
extracted by distillation method at constant temperature.
The essential oil collected was subjected to solubility test to
determine which organic solvent the oil was more soluble. Using pH
meter, the oil acidity was determined. Drops of sample oil were placed
in a container subjected for each measure of refractive index using
improvised refractive index using improvised refractometer.
Different volumes of solid foams were treated using varying
volumes of essential oils. Three replicates for each size of solid foams
were treated with a given volume of essential oils, the dissolution time
of each sample was measured. The results revealed that varying
volume of sample project essential oil has no significant effect on the
dissolution of sample solid foams at different size used in the study.
In addition, observation showed that a liquid solution resulted
when the volume of the solid foam is less than the volume of the
essential oil. While a paste like mixture was formed when the volume
of the solid foam is greater than the volume of the essential oil. From
these, the researcher concluded that essential oil from pomelo rinds is
effective as a solvent for solid foam.

1
2

14

Paper presented in the 6th BPSU R & D In-House Review, held on October 3, 2008, BPSU
Main Campus
Instructors 1, BPSU Main Campus

DEVELOPMENT OF
MECHANICAL EGG SORTER1

Hermogenes M. Paguia1 and Eduardo S. Tinao2

ABSTRACT
A manually operated egg sorter was developed based on the
design of an electrically driven egg sorter with the purpose of reducing
the fabrication costs at a minimum but with comparable efficiency
among commercially existing egg sorters.
The mechanically driven egg sorter was developed using
commercially available materials and assembled together based on the
design of the electrically operated egg sorter. Eggs can be sorted
according to seven different sizes ranging from peewee, extra small,
medium, large, extra large and double extra large.
The findings indicated that the developed mechanical egg sorter
was comparable in terms of efficiency as those of the available egg
sorters in the market at a reduced cost. However, the machine is
labor intensive and therefore needs further modifications on the
design but for small poultry raisers, this is a potential partner since
income is optimized at a lower investment cost.
Key words: egg sorter, efficiency

1
2
2

38

Presented during the 6th BPSU R&D In-House Review (Oct.3,2008)at

International House Main Campus
Associate Director for Extension Services, BPSU Abucay Campus
Instructors 3, BPSU Main Campus

the BPSU

INTRODUCTION
For farmers especially among the low-income groups, poultry
production represents one of the few opportunities for investment and
security against risk since income generation is the primary goal of
poultry keeping. Eggs can provide a regular, albeit small income while
the sale of live birds provides a more flexible source of cash as
required (Sonaiya and Swan, 2004). Post-harvest processing of eggs
include cleaning, rinsing, sanitizing, candling and grading and sorting
in order to optimize return on investment. Grading involves sorting
eggs based on quality, size and weight standards (www.thepoultry
site.com). Sorting and grading of eggs constitute the bases for
determining the selling price of eggs, thus an egg sorting machine
necessitates the purpose.
An egg sorter is a necessity for egg production primarily
because it dictates the possible price of each egg and be able to
maximize the optimum potential for income of the farmers. Otherwise,
a concept of it looks like will occur thereby, losing the possibility of
higher income. Of course, this is outside the issue of selling eggs by
volume wherein eggs will be sold in kilos. Again, there will be a
problem there of retailing. Whatever will be the selling methods in
eggs, it will ultimately boil down to how many and how much? Thus,
for the benefits of producers and consumers, right technology is
necessary, thus an egg sorter.

a need for more vegetable production in the province is deemed

necessary.

REFERENCES
Bataan Provincial Profile. 2007.
Balane, Walter. 2006. Pinoys among lowest vegetable consumers in Asia. 12
July 2006.
Calderon, Reynan P., Hermogenes M. Paguia and Rudy C. Flores. 2008.
Continuing Rice Deficiency: Pre-Condition for Food Crisis in the
Philippines. Paper presented during the National Research Seminar and
Forum on Nurturing Research Skills and Competence Across disciplines:
Achieving Competitiveness in a Fast Changing World held on 27-29
August 208 at Saint Joseph Institute of Technology, Butuan City.
Sponsored by Research and Educational Development Training Institute,
Quezon City.

However, the cheapest egg sorter available in the market is

priced at more than PhP 35,000, and this is expensive as part of
investment among egg producers, especially those in the small to
medium size farms.
Initial study shows that for a 500 layer chicken, there is an
amount loss equivalent to a minimum of P3,000 to a maximum of
P5,000 per month. This is because of the different sizes of chicken
being sold on conservative prices of what is or are dominant sizes on
the tray.
BPSU is of no exemption to these losses, not the institution but
more of their cooperator who has 500 layer chickens and no egg
sorter. They resulted to a much conventional type of weighing
individual egg. This is aside from being laborious has been detrimental

16

37

Table 4. Buying prices per kilogram of vegetables in selected

restaurants in Balanga City.
Vegetables
Lettuce

On
season
57.50

Off
Season
80.00

Average
Price
68.75

Tomato

18.75

38.75

28.75

Bell Pepper

55.00

225.00

140.00

CONCLUDING REMARKS
With an annual per capita vegetable consumption of only 40
kilograms as of 2003, Filipinos are among the lowest consumers of
vegetables in Asia, according to an official of the National Nutrition
Council (NNC). Consumption rate has reportedly been going down
since 1978. Maria Lourdes A. Vega, chief of the NNC's nutrition
information and education division, told that the declining vegetable
consumption has pushed them to create a national strategic plan to
increase vegetable consumption to at least 50 percent in 2010 as
domestic production of vegetable also went down. Vega used data
from the 2003 Food and Nutrition Institute (FNRI) Survey, which
recommended that the Philippines should have at least 69 kg per
capita annual vegetable table consumption. In contrast, China has a
per capita vegetable consumption of 250 kg per year, the highest in
the world. Vietnamese, on the other hand, consumed 54 kg per capita
in 2000. The declining vegetable consumption, Vega said, is among
the major factors in the increase of incidence of illnesses in the
country. In 2002, the World Health Organization (WHO) said low
vegetable intake is estimated to cause some 2.7 million deaths each
year, and was among the top 10 risk factors contributing to mortality
(Balane, 2006).
With this information, it seems that for the past years, many
Filipinos are becoming health conscious, thus, the advent of vegetable
consumption as well as consumption of organically-grown foods, may
it be crops or livestock.
With low per capita consumptions of vegetables, coupled with
low production and the increasing health consciousness of consumers,

36

to the selling process, that is, instead of selling the eggs immediately
to the market or to the buyer, it takes much of the time, thus delaying
the opportunity to gain returns on their investments.
If the amount of egg sorter is made lower than the existing
ones, chances are, it will be bought by these cooperators and those
with backyard type of egg production. Currently, the cost of egg
sorters with seven (7) different weights is P35,000. Therefore, this is
too expensive based on the perception of small backyard egg
producers.
With this phenomenon, it seems that small producers are into
jeopardy by not meeting the maximum potential income because of
lack of machine (technology) to be used in their farm as part of their
post harvest equipment. Thus, a mechanically operated egg sorter is a
possible alternative.

OBJECTIVES
The general objective of this research activity is to fabricate a
mechanically driven egg sorter at a minimum cost for use by small to
medium scale egg producers. Specifically, this study aimed to simulate
the mechanism of an electrically driven egg sorter to a mechanically
driven machine with comparable efficiency and compare the cost of
production and investment gain.

METHODS
The procedure used in the fabrication of the machine was
based on the design of an electrically driven egg sorter using
commercially available components assembled together and
transforming the electrically designed sorter to a mechanically
designed machine. The efficiency of the machine was tested along
with the electrically operated egg sorter. Seven slots were
incorporated in order to classify the eggs into seven sizes: peewee,
extra small, small, medium, large, extra large and double extra large.

17

FINDINGS
The figures below show the process from which the egg sorter
has been developed. There are seven different slots to suit sizes
ranging from peewee, extra small, small, medium, large, extra large
and double extra large.

season which prove its worth as high value crops. This proves that
right timing will result to an increase in income. More importantly,
prices were dictated by its demand, usually its hard to plant these
vegetables during off season thus there is less supply, and less supply
with high demand will result to an increase in prices. In addition,
prices will continue to increase if supply will be coming in outside of
the area (import) since there will be additional transaction costs.
If these commodities/crops will be planted near the consumption
area, naturally transaction costs will be reduced thereby decreasing
also its selling price/costs. If the commodities were not produced in
the area, usually the prices are dictated by traders, unlike if the
production is near the consumption center/area.
For the restaurants that disclosed their source and their buying
price, it seems that their price is lower compared to what the wet/
public market is stating, this simply means that this regular customer
somehow have a discount from their source. Again, prices are actually
being affected by demand, these regular customers are sure buyers or
in other words producers has a sure market, thereby, sure sales of
their commodities even at a lower profit margin is very much
acceptable as long as there is continuing sales or a continuing demand
for a certain volume of the farmers produce.
Table 3. Average prices of vegetables per kilogram, per municipality,
by season, Bataan.
Municipality

The current efficiency level of the machine was found to be

comparable to that of the egg sorter available in the market which is
essentially based on weights.

Tomato

Bell Pepper

Off
Season

On
Season

Off
Season

On
Season

Off
Season

Balanga
Abucay

65
-

85
-

20
35

40
50

50
65

225
240

Samal
Orani
Hermosa
Orion
Pilar
Mariveles
Limay

35
40
30
25
50
70
-

55
140
70
60
165
90
-

16
20
12
16
15
20
25

45
60
50
46
45
60
60

50
25
45
48
40
80
45

200
225
250
165
200
185
200

Dinalupihan
BATAAN

18

Lettuce
On
Season

25

125

25

55

35

190

42.50

98.75

20.40

51.10

48.30

208

35

Table 2. No. of sellers of the three vegetables, daily sales, in kg,

Bataan.
No. of
Respondents

Lettuce

Tomato

Bell
Pepper

Balanga

By order

178.5

76.5

Abucay

By order

30.5

4.5

Samal

By order

301.0

129.0

Orani

10

By order

315.5

109.5

Hermosa

By order

157.0

78.0

Orion
Pilar

5
4

1.25
5.25

18.0
51.5

11.5
6.0

Mariveles

By order

275.0

135.0

Limay

By order

115.0

45.0

Dinalupihan
Total

By order
6.5

162.5
1,604.5

22.5
617.5

Municipality

On the demand side, from the current population data of the year
2000, Bataan has a population of 557,859 and using this information
with the current production of these three vegetables, assume a 40 kg
per capita consumption based on National Nutrition Council (Balane,
2006), total demand of vegetables in Bataan is around 22 million kg
(22,314,860) per year. From the production alone of these three
vegetables coupled with the demand of total vegetables, production is
necessary considering that there is a huge demand and low supply.

In fact, what is notable in this project lies on the amount the

machine has been made which is only about P5,000. If for example,
this will be sold to the market on 100 increments then that is P10,000.
This is now way below the current market price of P35,000.00
If the losses is at P3,000 to P5,000 per month, and the costs of
the machine is less than P10,000 then the product can easily be sold,
thereby will be helpful to the egg producers.

CONCLUSION
The acceptability level considering the costs is high on small to
medium scale producers, this is not intended for large producers
wherein which needs the highest efficiency level. This machine is labor
intensive and there is a need to measure the costs of labor to be used
in mechanical egg sorter compared to the costs incurred (i.e.,
electricity) in buying the egg sorter available in the market.
Nonetheless, this will surely help those in the lower segment of
production scale to further optimize their income at a much lower
investment costs.

There is also an effort to interview restaurant owners, hotels and

supermarkets in the province but they are hesitant to disclose even
their source of vegetables, other restaurant owners however,
disclosed that they buy their vegetables specifically the three
vegetables mentioned above in the market and in the supermarket.
This also proved that there is also a demand of these vegetables
outside of the public market.
Price Analysis
With regards to price, these vegetables promise a good farming
activity and have better profitability than other crops. Whether off
season or on season, prices seem to be high for these vegetables
(Table 3). And notably, prices increase by 100 percents during off

34

19

REFERENCES
Sonaiya, E. B., S.E. J. Swan. Small-scale Poultry Production:
Technical Guide. FAO-UN. 2004. Retrieved from: www.smallstock.info/
reference/FAO/088/y569e/y5169e00.pdf.
Small Scale
poultrysite.com.

Egg

Handling.

Retrived

from

www.the

Table 1. Area, no. of farmers, production data of tomato and bell

pepper in Bataan, 2007.
Item

Tomato

Area (ha)
No. of Farmers
Production (MT)

86.9
160
606.21

Spices /
Bell pepper
7
2
41

Average Yield

59.71

8.5

Source: Bataan Provincial Profile, 2007.

This study was able to interview vegetable vendors in the market

who are selling lettuce, tomato and green bell pepper. Also, some
known restaurants in the province, specifically in Balanga City, were
interviewed to determine their source of these three vegetables. The
question then would be is there a market sense for farmers to plant
these three vegetables and would yield optimum results for them as
small farmer/entrepreneurs.
Demand Supply Gap
There are fewer farmers engaged in these three crops. There is
no recorded lettuce production in the province and only 2 farmers for
bell pepper. Tomato has the most number of producers among the
three. Actually, there are farmers or small producers that produce
lettuce; however, they sell their produce to direct consumers, which in
effect, there is no available supply left for distribution in wet/public
markets. From the total of 42, there is a combined supply at the
province of 1,604 kg of tomato per day and 617 kg of bell pepper per
day (Table 2). This information is close to the production in Bataan if
only they are the only sellers of the products. Note, however that this
paper tried to picture out the current market of these three vegetables
and if only there are only 42 vendors/retailers of these vegetables in
the province and their requirement wont be affected by demand.
Interestingly, most of the respondents are buyers from Divisoria and
Baguio and only two respondents claim that sometimes they got hold
of products/vegetables from Dinalupihan.
Essentially, these vegetables that came outside of Bataan and the
production in Bataan form the initial supply side which simply doubles
the current production.

20

33

OBJECTIVES

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF
EGG PRODUCTION PROJECT OF DOST-BPSU1

The objective of this market study is simply to determine the

supply and demand of the three selected vegetables (bell pepper,
tomato, lettuce) in the province and look for opportunities that go
with these vegetables. Specifically, this study aims to:
1.Determine the supply of bell pepper, tomato and lettuce in
the province of Bataan;
2.Determine the demand of bell pepper, tomato and lettuce in
the province of Bataan;
3.Determine the supply and demand gap of bell pepper,
tomato and lettuce in the province of Bataan, and;
4.Provide options for an enhanced market of these selected
vegetables.

MARKET
The three vegetables are high value crops that can command
much higher prices especially during off season. In the province of
Bataan, these vegetables; bell pepper, tomato and lettuce are
vegetables that can be found abundantly during peak season and can
hardly been found during off season. In almost all of the markets in
Bataan, similar situation persist. Coupled with these, prices also had
been affected.
Note, however, that whether off season or on season of these
high value vegetables, these vegetables are actually readily available
for serving in most known hotels and restaurants in the province.
Bataan is primarily an agriculture province, with most of its
production and production area is devoted to rice. In fact, the
province still has 4 percent surplus in production (Calderon, et.al,
2008). And specifically for the three mentioned crops in this study,
Table 1 shows the area and production in the province of Bataan.
Interestingly, no known records from provincial office that says there
is a production of lettuce in the province.

32

Reynan P. Calderon, Hermogenes M. Paguia,

Rudy C. Flores and Gregorio J. Rodis2

INTRODUCTION
The Philippine layer sector (chicken egg) has played a minor role
in the poultry industry. In fact, for the past years, it only accounts for
around 3 percents of the total value of agriculture. This could be
attributed to insignificant increase in production in relation to
consumption in the country, although it continous to increase by
around 7 percent per year.
Interestingly, the Philippines ranked 21st in the world egg
producers (Table 1) in 2005. And in relation to its neighbouring
countries such as Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, Philippines ranked
second with the highest costs of feeds with Malaysia being the
highest. Cost of layers ranked Philippines with the highest (LDC,
2008). Meaning, the Philippines remains to be uncompetitive
compared to its neighbours, even if it is still ahead of Malaysia and
Thailand in production. With this, it is necessary to increase its
competitiveness either through efficient production or effective setting
up of system, or both.
In this light that BPSU Abucay campus came up with an idea of
increasing egg production in the province through a proposal of
community-based egg production. That is providing technical expertise
and financial support through DOST for few farmers to engaged in
egg production. The project was on-going for more than a year
already, and it seems problem has been facing the BPSU and DOST
specifically in terms of repayment of loans for production. Loans were
provided by DOST for initial setting-up of layer chicken while BPSU

1
2

Paper presented in the 1st BPSU Abucay Campus R&D In-House Review held on June 20,
2008 at BPSU Abucay Campus.
Science Research Specialists II, Research and Development Office, Bataan Peninsula State
University; Associate Director for Extension Services, BPSU Abucay Campus; Campus
Chancellor, BPSU Abucay Campus; and Vice-President for Research, Extension and
Auxiliary Services, BPSU

provided the technical expertise.

MARKET STUDY OF SELECTED

VEGETABLES IN BATAAN1

It is in the interest of this paper to try to analyze the issue as to

whether or not there is an economic sense to continue the DOST
funded project of community based egg production in the province of
Bataan. And this paper will present financial and socio-economic
evaluation of the project.

Reynan P. Calderon, Jose Paulo B. Tuazon,

Jonathan E. Lacayanga and Walter G. Valdez2

Table 1. World egg production, in thousand tons,2005.

Country
China

Production

Country

Production

24,348

Netherlands

595

USA

5,330

Korea, Rep

570

India

2492

UK

552

Japan

2462

Poland

540

Mexico

2277

Colombia

492

Russian Fed

2050

Nigeria

476

Brazil

1560

Philippines

473

France

1045

Malaysia

442

Indonesia

876

Pakistan

400

Spain

802

Canada

399

Turkey

753

Thailand

384

Ukraine

748

Romania

355

Germany

746

South Africa

339

Italy

700

Argentina

300

Source: Watt Executive Guide, 2007.

RATIONALE
Vegetable has been proven to be the major source of income
among farmers, especially during the off-season. Not only that it
require less land compared to grains such as rice and corn, it also has
yielded the possible highest returns on crops. However, during the
past few years, environmental and health concerns has been
associated to crop productions. Chemical control of pests and diseases
contaminates surface and ground water which in turn utilized for
drinking and irrigation purposes. In addition to that, continuous and
unregulated application of inorganic fertilizers is the main cause of
decreasing land productivity due to increased soil acidity.
The current awareness of vegetable consumers regarding the
effects of chemically produced vegetables to their health is an
opportunity to create a lucrative livelihood for farmers. Protective
cultivation of organic vegetable in spite of its advantage in reducing
significant amount of chemical inputs in vegetable production, such
technology was not widely practiced.
Promotion of this technology will not only give economic benefits
for farmers but will also provide a safe vegetable supply in the market
and will subsequently reduce environmental hazards.

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
The DOST-BPSU Project was able to have four cooperators for a
total of five production system, including one that is situated inside
the BPSU Abucay Campus.

22

1
2

Paper presented at BPSU Abucay Campus Agency In House Review on June 30, 2009 at
Farmers Training Center, BPSU Abucay Campus, Abucay, Bataan.
Science Research Associate II, Research and Development Office, Bataan Peninsula State
University; University Research Associate I, Office of the Vice President for Research,
Extension and Auxiliary Services; Associate Director, RDO BPSU Abucay Campus; and
Instructor I, BPSU Abucay Campus.

Training on Budget Management

Avoid laissez faire principle. Not all men are created equal. Dont
let them do things that they are not familiar with. Truly encoding of
information is hard for people who are acquainted in the field.

For the period February 2007 to March 2008, net income per
month is presented on Table 2 below. The data provided below comes
from the report of the cooperators to Dr. Hermogenes M. Paguia, the
Project Leader of the said project.
Table 2. Net income per cooperators, per month, February 2007March 2008.

RECOMMENDATIONS
The objectives of the proposal in community-based egg
production were actually achieved. It does not mentioned in the
proposal the payment schemes, if there is. The proposal did not want
a good payor but a have a technical skill and additional income and
extends the beauty of egg production for all of it to increase egg
availability.
Shutting down the operations will surely put the cooperators in
bad state. In a state where payment will be close to impossible. If all
their production will be ceased, like layer chickens, tools and
equipments, what will be their livelihood afterwards? That would be a
clear indication of total failure of the projects. There is no recovery
from payment and putting the cooperators in the same state they
were more than a year ago when there is no project yet and worst,
putting them in low morale state.
While doing some of the policy options mentioned above, the
proponent must act as a monopsonist, or single buyer who will dictate
the price of their eggs in a way that they can pay their debts or loans.
A method must be installed in such a way that penalties in the form of
products will be put in place so they wont hide. Setting a tone or limit
is also necessary to avoid them from selling their eggs underground
and that is inevitable so let them be.

Date

BPSU

Dumlao

Garcia

Salenga

Landicho

Feb 2007

6,193

4,207

4,177

3,762

3,108

Mar 2007

10,780

5,802

10,859

11,671

5,209

Apr 2007

10,769

6,580

9,936

5,581

4,220

May 2007

11,313

11,620

13,829

5,879

13,368

Jun 2007

12,046

13,572

15,919

6,616

7,940

Jul 2007

13,489

6,737

5,823

3,644

4,130

Aug 2007

14,830

5,485

9,298

1,739

4,379

Sep 2007

14,439

5,211

8,833

1,946

4,160

Oct 2007

10,790

3,985

10,426

7,343

510

Nov 2007

10,574

3,905

6,642

2,214

4,370

Dec 2007

10,363

3,827

6,510

2,170

4,283

Jan 2008

5, 210

3,467

6,966

1,670

190

Feb 2008

5,000

3,287

4,503

(670)

740

Mar 2008

4,784

3,287

6,415

(824)

737

135,270

80,972

120,136

52,741

57,344

TOTAL

Note: BPSU has an initial of 1,000 stocks while the rest have 500 stocks
each.

REFERENCES
Watt Executive Guide. 2007. The statistical reference for poultry executives.
August.
Livestock development Council. 2008. Cross country analysis of the hog,
broiler and layer industries of the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and
Indonesia.

30

This is a 14 month period or around one/third of the period where

full payment of loans to cooperators was expected. The layers
competitive life span is around 1 years or 18 months, meaning if
we extend the above figures to 18 months, what will happen after
taken into consideration its monthly average and the monthly average

23

increase of production, ceteris paribus, considering the price variability

of eggs? Also, considering the efficiency ratio of layers which is still
more than 70%, in addition to the price of culled layer chicken, we
can assume that the following information in Table 3 could be true.
Table 3. Estimated 18 months egg production, in pesos.
Date
Feb-07
Mar-07
Apr-07

BPSU
6,193
10,780
10,769

Dumlao
4,207
5,802
6,580

Garcia
4,177
10,859
9,936

Salenga
3,762
11,671
5,581

Landicho
3,108
5,209
4,220

May-07
Jun-07

11,313
12,046

11,620
13,572

13,829
15,919

5,879
6,616

13,368
7,940

Jul-07
Aug-07
Sep-07

13,489
14,830
14,439

6,737
5,485
5,211

5,823
9,298
8,833

3,644
1,739
1,946

4,130
4,379
4,160

Oct-07
Nov-07

10,790
10,574

3,985
3,905

10,426
6,642

7,343
2,214

510
4,370

Dec-07
Jan-08
Feb-08

10,363
5,210
5,000

3,827
3,467
3,287

6,510
6,966
4,503

2,170
1,670
(670)

4,283
190
740

Mar-08
Apr-08
May-08

4,784
10,041
11,759

3,287
5,784
6,755

6,415
8,581
9,878

(824)
3,767
4,239

737
4,096
5,217

Jun-08
Jul-08
Total

13,769
16,124
192,273

7,890
9,216
110,617

11,370
13,088
163,053

4,770
5,368
70,885

6,645
8,464
81,766

If this is the case, then the loan which is amounting to P127,000

which is payable in three (3) years could be paid by each cooperators.
Simply because the only investments to be added are the layer
chickens. Take note, that in the first year of operation, buildings, tools
and equipments have already been made available and this will last on
a minimum of five (5) years which is far above the paying period.
If we then compared, Table 2 to Table 3, we could say that
BPSU, Dumlao and Garcia is far above the halfway mark of P127,00
which is an indication of positive profitability of project, at least for the
point of view of funding agency.

24

Economic Efficiency
Economic efficiency is looking at output per input level. Probably
one reason behind the unattractiveness of the activity is the
assumption that it would be the main activity for income but the fact
is its not. It is just simply a support of an existing income. Meaning,
to be economically viable to a family of say, six the number of layers
must not be less than 1,000. And this must be taken into
consideration to be able to get the optimum results out of the activity.
For example, if labor costs will be accounted for 500 layer chickens,
the same labor costs could also be accounted for in say 2,000 layer
chickens then what production is more economically viable?
Correctness of Data
The correctness of data is very important. Sometimes those that
were eaten by the family are not accounted for. Also, those that must
not be accounted for in the expenses, because it is a familys expense
and not solely for layer production, expense is being considered in the
computation. A template to be filled up must be issued to each
cooperator. In so doing, there will be a uniformity in the presentation
and those that must be accounted.
There must be a daily activity chart coupled with expenses and
income. In this way when in doubt of there will be a data that can be
reconciled.
Pre-Condition for Selection of Cooperators
There must be criteria on who will be the next if ever there will
be next, and this paper thinks there must be next cooperators.
Cooperators may not have resources to act as their collateral but
sometimes this is necessary. A bond is much better that collateral. A
bond can be in any form of resources.

29

Not all bad was actually happened in this project.

There are good things aside from mistakes which sometimes hide
in the name of lessons learned. In fact, this uplifts the welfare of
families from where these cooperators belong; the equivalent is the
amount of investments and income derived from the egg production.
Naturally, if this fails at this time, the knowledge and infrastructures
that have been made available will be used or can be used further to
alleviate these cooperators in the state where they are now. And
soon they will realize that it would be better to continue their activity
rather than close it down. And who will benefit?
Naturally, the ultimate beneficiaries of these activities are the
society who is not yet an egg-eater. Imagine the number of eggs
produced in a day in the province out of additional 30,000 layer
chickens. And what if the egg consumption further increases? Which is
inevitable since as have been said earlier we are not yet an egg eater?
The problem could be more dramatic.

POLICY OPTIONS
Technical Efficiency
Increasing the efficiency ratio of layer chicken to egg is one are
that needs to be addressed at least by an academic institution. Say if
the rule of thumb is to have an 80 eggs per day for every one
hundred of layer chickens, a way to make this increase to say 90 eggs
per day is an increasing technical efficiency.
This technical efficiency could also be addressed to decreasing or
looking for an alternative feeds at lower costs without jeopardizing the
current efficiency level.
Also, there must also be a grading system as to the weight of
eggs that are being produced. Sometimes, the number of eggs is not
sufficient data to say that there is a technical efficiency but rather a
marketing loophole. If eggs are properly graded, then the optimum
income could be derived.

Based on Tables 2 and 3, it could easily be said that there is a

profitable activity, therefore, payment of loans can easily be paid.
Table 4 shows that monthly amortization for three years of farmers
loan.
Now, lets see this data and information on long-term
profitability on the point of view of the farmers as entrepreneurs.
Say for instance, an entrepreneur may have the option to invest in
a low risk lo return investments such as bonds and time deposits or
simply put it in egg production. Taking into consideration the present
value of money that is accounted for in the future and adding interest
rates of 15% (the accepted rate to be considered viable), what will be
the amount of money at the present.
Seemingly, there is a net income out of the production activities,
but when taken into account interest rates and present value of
money,it seems that, the activity if not profitable.
There is a negative net present value in all cooperators, no
cooperators was able to make it to more than 15% internal rate of
returns and less than one is its benefit cost ratio (Table 4).
This is an interesting story to tell considering that the minimum
amount of layer chicken to be a profitable activities is only 500 heads,
based on Dr. Paguia. But it seems there is something wrong either
way.
There are many reasons behind this. One is efficiency. Both
technical and economic efficiency.
The financial evaluation clearly shows an unprofitable activity in
egg production, at least for this data and information. In fact, the
truth is egg production is one classic example of fastest money
creation from business, ceteris paribus, considering its daily turnover
of products and income. It should not be the case. Again, on the issue
of efficiency.
If financial evaluation states that there is an income loss in the
activity, there is a reason to believe that farmer-cooperators could not
able to bring back or pay back the DOST what is due to them? That is
if the answer lies on financial evaluation alone.

In this way, there will be an increase in real income.

28

25

Table 4. Amortization Schedule.

Project Cost
Loan Amount
Equity
Interest Rate
Years to Pay
Period/Year
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Total

26

127,000 Grace period

127,000 No. of Payment / Year
- Amortization Amount
0% Loan Component
3
Total
Principal
Interest
Payment
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
127,000.00

3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
3,527.78
- 127,000.00

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
12
127,000
Principal
Balance
127,000
123,472
119,944
116,417
112,889
109,361
105,833
102,306
98,778
95,250
91,722
88,194
84,667
81,139
77,611
74,083
70,556
67,028
63,500
59,972
56,444
52,917
49,389
45,861
42,333
38,806
35,278
31,750
28,222
24,694
21,167
17,639
14,111
10,583
7,056
3,528
0

This section will try to extract what is or are the reasons behind
the non-payment of loans from DOST of farmer-cooperators. Table 5
shows the refund of farmer cooperators to the project. Although,
there is payment made, less has been made in accordance to what is
supposed to be paid.
Table 5. Refund of Farmer Cooperators on Capital
Cooperators
Bonifacio R.
Dumlao
Efren Garcia
Lauro Mozo
Leopoldo
Landicho

Payment
Schedule
February 2007December 2007
February 2007 May 2008
February 2007 January 2008
February 2007 November 2007

Amount Paid
(in pesos)

Balance Account
(in pesos)

45,980.00

81,520.00

66,260.00

61,240.00

50,290.00

77,210.00

40,500.00

87,000.00

Firstly, the issue of long term-profitability has been made clear on

the previous section of this report. Since there is less income derived
from the activity, the natural tendency of rational human being is to
extend its expenses if not fit his/her expenses accordingly. In this
case, since the cooperators belong to middle to lower class of society,
it is easy to assume that their income before egg production is
essentially lower than their expenses. Naturally, if money flows in their
hand, it will surely goes into their household expenses and not solely
on egg production expenses. That is payment of loans to DOST will be
not on their priority.
Secondly, this could be the first time that these farmers were able
to handle money on a regular basis or shall we said on a daily basis
considering the fast turnover of products to cash of eggs. Naturally,
this cash wont be saved considering that they are not very familiar
with saving as a household functions but rather spent on their needs
and their wants and pray that good harvest will come along the way
and that money will be replaced. This will go on and on and again
they wont be able to pay their dues to DOST.

27