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Application Note 95 March 2004: Performance Category Flashlamp LED
Application Note 95 March 2004: Performance Category Flashlamp LED
March 2004
Simple Circuitry for Cellular Telephone/Camera
Flash Illumination
A Practical Guide for Successfully Implementing Flashlamps
Jim Williams and Albert Wu
INTRODUCTION
Next generation cellular telephones will include high quality photographic capability. Improved image sensors and
optics are readily utilized, but high quality Flash illumination requires special attention. Flash lighting is crucial
for obtaining good photographic performance and must
be quite carefully considered.
FLASHLAMP BASICS
PERFORMANCE CATEGORY
FLASHLAMP
LED
Light Output
Illumination vs Time
Color Temperature
Solution Size
Moderate
Low
Charge Time
Operating Voltage
and Currents
Figure 1. Performance Characteristics for LED and Flashlamp-Based Illumination. LEDs Feature Small Size,
No Charge Time and Continuous Operating Capability; Flashlamps are Much Brighter with Better Color Temperature
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Application Note 95
TRIGGER CONNECTION
AND CONDUCTIVE
MATERIAL ALONG LAMP
CATHODE
(NEGATIVE)
XENON GAS
INSIDE LAMP
ANODE
(POSITIVE)
AN95 F02
CLEAR GLASS
ENVELOPE
FLASH CAPACITOR
CHARGE CIRCUIT
CAPACITOR CHARGE/
SHUTDOWN
CAPACITOR STATUS
TRIGGER/FLASH
COMMAND
TRIGGER
CIRCUIT
MULTIKILOVOLT
TRIGGER
PULSE
FLASHLAMP
DISTRIBUTED
TRIGGER
ELECTRODE
AN95 F03
Figure 3. Conceptual Flashlamp Circuitry Includes Charge Circuit, Storage Capacitor, Trigger and Lamp.
Trigger Command Ionizes Lamp Gas, Allowing Capacitor Discharge Through Flashlamp. Capacitor Must be
Recharged Before Next Trigger Induced Lamp Flash Can Occur
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Application Note 95
FLASH CAPACITOR
CHARGE CIRCUIT
CAPACITOR CHARGE/
SHUTDOWN
CAPACITOR STATUS
TRIGGER/FLASH
COMMAND
TRIGGER
CIRCUIT
MULTIKILOVOLT
TRIGGER
PULSE
FLASHLAMP
DISTRIBUTED
TRIGGER
ELECTRODE
HIGH CURRENT
SWITCH
DRIVER
AN95 F04
Figure 4. Driver/Power Switch Added to Figure 3 Permits Partial Capacitor Discharge, Resulting in Controllable Light Emission.
Capability Allows Pulsed Low Level Light Before Main Flash, Minimizing Red-Eye Phenomena
VIN
DONE
REGULATED
VOUT
TYPICALLY
300V
SWITCH
REGULATOR
CHARGE
T1
VIN
LT3468
GND
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Application Note 95
DETAILED CIRCUIT DISCUSSION
D1
+VIN
3V TO 6V
T1
4.7F
C1
13F
330V
R1
1M
C2
0.047F
600V
TRIGGER
VIN
SW
D2
T2
FLASHLAMP
+VIN
LT3468-1 GND
2
CHARGE
CHARGE
DONE
1k
CAPACITOR
CHARGER
DONE
Q1
30
100
TRIGGER
Q2
20k
Q3
HIGH CURRENT
SWITCH
DRIVER
AN95 F06
Figure 6. Complete Flashlamp Circuit Includes Capacitor Charging Components (Figure Left), Flash Capacitor C1, Trigger
(R1, C2, T2), Q1-Q2 Driver, Q3 Power Switch and Flashlamp. TRIGGER Command Simultaneously Biases Q3 and Ionizes
Lamp via T2. Resultant C1 Discharge Through Lamp Produces Light
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A = 5V/DIV
B = 200V/DIV
A = 2kV/DIV
C = 5V/DIV
D = 5V/DIV
(INVERTED)
B = 20A/DIV
400ms/DIV
AN95 F07
5s/DIV
AN95 F08
A = RELATIVE
LIGHT/DIV
5s/DIV
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A = 20A/DIV
B = RELATIVE
LIGHT/DIV
100s/DIV
AN95 F10
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Application Note 95
triggered with a user-selected transformer and drive
scheme, it is essential to obtain lamp vendor approval
before going to production.
The lamps anode and cathode access the lamps main
discharge path. Electrode polarity must be respected or
severe lifetime degradation will occur. Similarly, lamp
energy dissipation restrictions must be respected or
lifetime will suffer. Severe lamp energy overdrive can
result in lamp cracking or disintegration. Energy is easily
and reliably controlled by selecting capacitor value and
charge voltage and restricting flash repetition rate. As
with triggering, lamp flash conditions promoted by the
users circuit require lamp manufacturer approval before
production.
Assuming proper triggering and flash energy, lamp lifetimes of 5000 flashes may be expected. Lifetime for
various lamp types differs from this figure, although all
are vendor specified. Lifetime is typically defined as the
point where lamp luminosity drops to 80% of its original
value.
Layout
The high voltages and currents mandate layout planning.
Referring back to Figure 6, C1s discharge path is through
the lamp, Q3 and back to ground. The 100A peak current
means this discharge path must be maintained at low
impedance. Conduction paths between C1, the lamp and
Q3 should be short and well below 1. Additionally, Q3s
emitter and C1s negative terminal should be directly
connected, the goal being a tight, highly conductive loop
between C1s positive terminal, the lamp and Q3s return
back to C1. Abrupt trace discontinuities and vias should be
avoided as the high current flow can cause conductor
erosion in local high resistivity regions. If vias must be
employed they should be filled, verified for low resistance
or used in multiples. Unavoidable capacitor ESR, lamp and
Q3 resistances typically total 1 to 2.5, so total trace
resistance of 0.5 or less is adequate. Similarly, the high
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Application Note 95
+
C1
D1
1
Q3
CATHODE
ANODE
1M
D2
1
1
1k VIN
T2
TRIGGER
TRANSFORMER
100
T1
FLYBACK
TRANSFORMER
LT3468-1
Q1
0.047F
600V
Q2
20k
SECONDARY
VIN
30
4.7F
PRIMARY
AN95 F11
Figure 11. Magnified Demonstration Layout for Figure 6. High Current Flows in Tight Loop from C1 Positive Terminal, Through Lamp,
Into Q3 and Back to C1. Lamp Connections are Wires, Not Traces. Wide T1 Secondary Spacing Accommodates 300V Output
A = 20A/DIV
1000V/DIV
5s/DIV
AN95 F12
2s/DIV
AN95 F13
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Application Note 95
REFERENCES
1. Perkin Elmer, Flashtubes.
2. Perkin Elmer, Everything You Always Wanted to
Know About Flashtubes.
3. Linear Technology Corporation, LT3468/LT3468-1/
LT3468-2 Data Sheet.
4. Wu, Albert, Photoflash Capacitor Chargers Fit Into
Tight Spots, Linear Technology, Vol. XIII, No. 4,
December, 2003.
5. Rubycon Corporation. Catalog 2004, Type FW
Photoflash Capacitor, Page 187.
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Application Note 95
APPENDIX A
A MONOLITHIC FLASH CAPACITOR CHARGER
The LT3468/LT3468-1/LT3468-2 charge photoflash capacitors quickly and efficiently. Operation is understood
by referring to Figure A1. When the CHARGE pin is driven
high, a one shot sets both SR latches in the correct state.
Power NPN, Q1, turns on and current begins ramping up
in T1s primary. Comparator A1 monitors switch current
and when peak current reaches 1.4A (LT3468), 1A(LT34682) or 0.7A (LT3468-1), Q1 is turned off. Since T1 is utilized
as a flyback transformer, the flyback pulse on the SW pin
causes A3s output to be high. SW pin voltage must be at
least 36mV above VIN for this to happen.
T1
TO BATTERY
VOUT
PRIMARY
C1
SECONDARY
D2
DONE
VIN
SW
1
R2
60k
COUT
PHOTOFLASH
CAPACITOR
Q3
+
ONESHOT
A3
36mV
Q2
Q1
ENABLE
MASTER
LATCH
Q
S
R1
2.5k
Q
R
DRIVER
R
Q1
+
A2
1.25V
REFERENCE
A1
CHARGE
VOUT COMPARATOR
ONESHOT
20mV
RSENSE
+
2
GND
CHIP ENABLE
LT3468: RSENSE = 0.015
LT3468-2: RSENSE = 0.022
LT3468-1: RSENSE = 0.03
AN95 FA1
Figure A1. LT3468 Block Diagram. Charge Pin Controls Power Switching to T1. Photoflash Capacitor Voltage
is Regulated by Monitoring T1s Flyback Pulse, Eliminating Conventional Feedback Resistors Loss Path
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Application Note 95
power delivery. Q3 is turned on, pulling the DONE pin low,
indicating the part has finished charging. Power delivery
can only be restarted by toggling the CHARGE pin.
The CHARGE pin gives the user full control of the part.
Charging can be halted at any time by bringing the
CHARGE pin low. Only when the final output voltage is
reached will the DONE pin go low. Figure A2 shows these
various modes in action. When CHARGE is first brought
high, charging commences. When CHARGE is brought
LT3468-2
VIN = 3.6V
VOUT COUT = 50F
100V/DIV
VDONE
5V/DIV
VCHARGE
5V/DIV
Figure A2. Halting the Charging Cycle with the CHARGE Pin
TA = 25C
TA = 25C
6
5
COUT = 100F
4
3
2
10
AN95 FA2
1s/DIV
6
5
COUT = 50F
4
3
2
COUT = 50F
5
6
VIN (V)
COUT = 100F
4
3
COUT = 50F
0
2
2
COUT = 20F
TA = 25C
0
2
5
6
VIN (V)
6
5
VIN (V)
9
AN95 FA3
Figure A3. Typical LT3438 Charge Times. Charge Time Varies with IC Version, Capacitor Size and Input Voltage
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Application Note 95
LT3468 Efficiency
90
LT3468-1 Efficiency
90
TA = 25C
TA = 25C
80
80
EFFICIENCY (%)
VIN = 2.8V
VIN = 3.6V
60
VIN = 2.8V
70
EFFICIENCY (%)
80
70
VIN = 3.6V
60
50
50
100
150
200
VOUT (V)
250
VIN = 2.8V
70
VIN = 3.6V
60
40
50
300
VIN = 4.2V
50
40
40
50
TA = 25C
VIN = 4.2V
VIN = 4.2V
EFFICIENCY (%)
LT3468-2 Efficiency
90
100
150
200
VOUT (V)
250
50
300
100
200
150
VOUT (V)
250
300
AN95 FA4
Figure A4. Efficiency for the Three LT3468 Versions Varies with Input and Output Voltages
LT3468 Output Voltage
324
324
TA = 40C
323
318
323
TA = 40C
317
322
TA = 25C
TA = 85C
321
TA = 85C
320
320
319
319
318
TA = 25C
TA = 25C
VOUT (V)
321
VOUT (V)
VOUT (V)
322
5
VIN (V)
315
TA = 40C
314
313
318
2
TA = 85C
316
312
2
5
VIN (V)
5
VIN (V)
8
AN95 FA5
Figure A5. Typical Output Voltage Tolerance for the Three LT3468 Versions.
Tight Voltage Tolerance Prevents Overcharging Capacitor, Controls Flash Energy
LT3468
LT3468-1
LT3468-2
LT3468/LT3468-1
LT3468-1
TRANSFORMER NAME
SIZE
(W L H) mm
LPRI
(H)
LPRI-LEAKAGE
(nH)
RPRI
(m)
RSEC
()
SBL-5.6-1
SBL-5.6S-1
10
24
200 Max
400 Max
10.2
10.2
103
305
26
55
LDT565630T-001
LDT565630T-002
LDT565630T-003
6
14.5
10.5
200 Max
500 Max
550 Max
10.4
10.2
10.2
TDK
Chicago Sales Office
(847) 803-6100 (ph)
www.components.tdk.com
T-15-089
T-15-083
12
20
400 Max
500 Max
10.2
10.2
VENDOR
Kijima Musen
Hong Kong Office
852-2489-8266 (ph)
kijimahk@netvigator.com (email)
Figure A6. Standard Transformers Available for LT3468 Circuits. Note Small Size Despite High Output Voltage
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Application Note 95
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