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EC3102 Lecture 6
EC3102 Lecture 6
EC3102 Lecture 6
http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/vide
o/s-pore-vietnam-elevate/810032.html
Watch above video and read the uploaded
news articles in IVLE for Lecture 6.
Question: Are the determinants of business
investment and government investment
different? Why?
Billions
of 2005
dollars
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
Total investment
Business fixed investment
Residential investment
Change in inventories
1400
1200
0.5
1000
800
600
400
200
0
-200
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
real rental
price, R/P
capital
supply
capital
demand
(MPK)
capital
stock
Y = A K L1
R
PK A (L K
= M=
P
Nominal cost
P K
= i P K + P K P=
PK i +
K
of capital
P
interest cost
depreciation cost
capital loss
total cost
= $1000
= $2000
= $600
= $2400
PK
PK
R
Profit rate =
(r + )
(r + ) = M PK
P
P
P
Hence,
net investment =
= K I n M PK (P K P
)(r
+ )
)(r
+ ) + K
=
I I n M PK (P K P
An increase in r :
raises the cost of
capital
reduces the
profit rate
and reduces
investment:
)(r
+ ) + K
r2
r1
I2
I1
=
I I n M PK (P K P
An increase in MPK
or decrease in PK/P
increases the profit
rate
increases
investment at any
given interest rate
shifts I curve to the
right.
)(r
+ ) + K
r1
I1
I2
capital.
If PK rises over time, then the legal definition
PK
PK
R
Profit rate =
(r + )
(r + ) = M PK
P
P
P
(1-)PK
Does profit rate increase as
increases?
Percent
change
from
1 year
earlier
50
10 Percent
20
change
8 from
1 year
6
earlier
10
40
30
-10
-20
-30
-2
-40
-4
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
PH
P
Supply
Demand
KH
Stock of housing
capital
PH
P
PH
P
Supply
Demand
KH
Stock of housing
capital
Supply
IH
Flow of residential
investment
PH
P
PH
P
Supply
Demand
KH
Stock of housing
capital
Supply
IH
Flow of residential
investment
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
50
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
75
2001
2000
150
1,500
125
1,000
100
Housing prices
(left scale)
500
Housing starts
(right scale)
0
200
2,500
1. production smoothing
Sales fluctuate, but many firms find it
cheaper to produce at a steady rate.
When sales < production, inventories rise.
When sales > production, inventories fall.
1. production smoothing
2. inventories as a factor of production
Inventories allow some firms to operate more
efficiently.
samples for retail sales purposes
spare parts for when machines break down
1. production smoothing
2. inventories as a factor of production
3. stock-out avoidance
To prevent lost sales when demand is higher
than expected.
1. production smoothing
2. inventories as a factor of production
3. stock-out avoidance
4. work in process
Goods not yet completed are counted in
inventory.