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Pages From 203269322 Ground Water
Pages From 203269322 Ground Water
Aquifier deposits
Well screens
Pump shaft
Caisson
Pump house
To treatment
plant
Laterals
Figure 2. Horizontal collector well.
for water supply to the City of Lincoln, Nebraska. In
the United States, utilities use horizontal collector wells
whose laterals are located directly under the riverbed.
The caisson of the horizontal collector well is constructed
of reinforced concrete of 2.7 to 6.0 m (9 feet to
20 feet) inside diameter and a wall thickness of approximately
0.5 to 1.0 meters (1.5 to 3.0 feet). The caisson
depth varies according to site-specific geologic conditions,
ranging from approximately 10 meters to over 45 meters
(30 to 150 feet).
The number, length, and location of the horizontal laterals
are determined by a detailed hydrogeologic investigation.
Typically, the diameter of the laterals ranges from
0.2 to 0.3 meters (8 to 12 inches) and their length extends
up to 60 meters (200 feet). The size of the lateral screens is
selected to accommodate the grain size of the underground
soil formation. If necessary, an artificial gravel-pack filter
can be installed around the screens to suit finer grained
deposits. Usually, one well has 2 to 14 laterals.
When horizontal wells are used for fresh or brackish
groundwater intake, the caisson is extended above the
floodplain elevation for this location to protect the pumping
equipment, electrical, and instrumentation and control
equipment from flooding. When used as seawater beach
wells, especially for smaller size applications, Ranneytype
wells can be constructed watertight at or below
grade to minimize their visual impact on the shoreline.
In large intake capacity applications, horizontal beach
wells are typically coupled so that the intake pump
station is installed above the well caisson. The well intake
pump station can be designed with submersible pumps
to minimize noise. However, for medium and larger size
wells, most frequently vertical turbine pumps are used
because these pumps usually have higher energy efficiency
and require less power. A more detailed description
of horizontal collector well design and construction is
presented elsewhere (4).
Infiltration Galleries
Infiltration galleries are riverbank or seashore filtration
systems that are typically implementedwhen conventional
horizontal or vertical intake wells cannot be used because
of unfavorable hydrogeologic conditions. For example, they
are suitable for intakes where the permeability of the
underground soil formation is relatively low, or for river or
seashore filtration, where the thickness of the beach or the
onshore sediments is insufficient to develop conventional
intake wells.
Infiltration galleries consist of an excavation trench
which is filled with filtration media of size and depth
similar to that of the granular media filters used