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Transformer
Transformer
About Transformer
To investigate the working of transformer
and the number of primary and secondary
coils in a transformer
Can Transformers be step Up or Step
Down A DC Voltage or Current?
Losses in Transformer
Index
Introduction
Theory
Working
Introduction
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of
laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils p 1 &
p2 and s1 & s2 are wound on the same core, but are well insulated
with each other. Note that the both the coils are insulated from
the core, the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to p 1p2, the
primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to s 1 s2, the
secondary coil through an open switch S. thus there can be no
current through the sec. coil so long as the switch is open.
For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the
primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy
loses due to magnetic the iron core is also negligible.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing
the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit. As such transformers are built in
an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and
control circuits, transformer size may be so small that it weight
only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power circuits,
it may weight hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up
transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is
called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for
high and low current circuits.
Theory
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p 1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a
good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, then the induced e.m.f. induced
in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn
of the primary. Thus if E p and Es be the instantaneous values of
the e.m.f.s induced in the primary and the secondary and N p and
Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and
D / dt = rate of change of flux in each
turnoff the coil at this instant, we have
(1)
Ep = -Np d/dt
-----------------
Es = -Ns d/dt
-----------------
And
(2)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing
2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np
(3)
----------------
= E Ep / Rp
E E p = Ip R p
When the resistance of the primary is small, R p Ip can be
neglected so therefore
E Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = N s /
Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
In a step up transformer
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
In a step down transformer
Ip =
t
And
Is
Ep Ip and
Es Is
Or
Es Is
I p / Is
Or
=
In a step up transformer
As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the
same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a
step down transformer steps up the current.
Efficiency:-
Es Is / Ep Ip
Working
Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction of
two coils or Faraday Laws Of Electromagnetic induction. When
current in the primary coil is changed the flux linked to the
secondary coil also changes. Consequently an EMF is induced in
the secondary coil due to Faraday laws of electromagnetic
induction.
The transformer is based on two principles: first, that an electric
current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism), and,
second that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire
induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic
induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes the
magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux
induces
voltage
in
the
secondary
coil.
Electromagnetism
Field Flux
Two magnets of unlike poles will attract each other while
magnets of like poles will repel each other (so it is with electric
charges). Every magnet is surrounded by a force field and is
represented by imaginary lines emanating from the north pole of
a magnet going into the south pole of the same magnet.
Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic induction is a phenomenon that explains how
EMF and current is or can be induced in a coil when a coil and a
magnetic field interact. This phenomenonelectromagnetic
inductionis explained by Faradays laws of electromagnetic
induction. The direction of induced EMF in a coil is explained by
Lenzs law and Flemings right hand rule.
e = N d/dt
Where
e = Induced EMF
N = the number of turns
d = Change in flux
dt = Change in time
Lenzs Law
Lenzs law entails how the direction of an induced EMF in a coil
can be determined. It thus states that the direction of induced
EMF is such that it opposes the change causing it.
In other words, When an E.M.F is induced in a circuit , the current
setup always opposes the motion, or change in current, which
produces it. OR
An induced EMF will cause a current to flow in a close circuit in
such a direction what its magnetic effect will oppose the change
that produced it.
Law
will result to the primary coil burning out due to excessive heat
produced by the current.
USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations
A step up transformer is used for the production of XRays and NEON advertisement.
Losses in Transformer
The different losses in the transformer are as follows,
+ I22R
01
02
1. Hysteresis losses
Hysteretic loss is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is
fed to it. Each time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount
of energy is lost due to hysteresis within the core. For a given core
material, the transformer losses are proportional to the frequency,
and is a function of the peak flux density to which it is subjected.
We can find Hysteresis losses by this formula.
Wh = B1.6maxf.v watt
Magnetostriction
Mechanical Losses
In addition to magnetostriction, the alternating magnetic field
causes fluctuating forces between the primary and secondary
windings. These incite vibrations within nearby metalwork, adding
to the buzzing noise, and consuming a small amount of power.