Yanal Alkuddsi

Ph.D Student
Dept. of Genetics and Plant Breeding
University of Agricultural Sciences
Dharwad, Karnataka, India, 580005
 INTRODUCTION
TAXONOMY:
• Family: Malvaceae
• Tribe:Gossypia
• Genus:Gossipium
• 4 cultivated species :
1. G. hirsutum
2. G. arboreum
3. G. barbadense
4. G. herbaceum
Major Producers of
Cotton
• United States
• Russia
• China
• India
Characteristics of
Cotton
 Advantages
•Inexpensive
•Soft and absorbent
•Does not pill
•Blends well
•Can be treated
 Disadvantages
•Wrinkles easily
•Shrinks
•Not resilient
•Burns easily
•Absorbent
 Genetics of Cotton :

•Diploid species (2n=26) are found on all

continents, and a few are of some agricultural
importance.
•The( A )genome is restricted in diploids to two
species (G. arboreum, and G. herbaceum) of the
Old World.
•The (D )genome is restricted in diploids to some
species of the New World, such as G. thurberi.
 Cotton as a Crop
• Major fiber crop .
• Four species of the genus Gossypium are known
as cotton, which is grown primarily for the seed
hairs that are made into textiles.
• Cotton is predominant as a textile fiber because
the mature dry hairs twist in such a way that fine,
strong threads can be spun from them. Other
products, such as cottonseed oil, cake, and cotton
linters are byproducts of fiber production.
 Plant breeding
• Conventional
breeding:

1. Yield and adaptation

2. Fibre quality
3. Disease resistance
4. Host plant resistance
 BIOTECHNOLOGY:

• Transgenic
varieties(RR,INGARD).

• New traits.

• Marker assisted breeding.

Syrian science harvests naturally coloured cotton:

•Scientists in Syria have produced naturally coloured

cotton by causing random changes in the genetic
material of cotton seeds.
•Naturally coloured cotton varieties have been
developed before but have not been used in Syria, a
leading cotton producer, because they are not suited to
local soils and climatic conditions.
• .naturally coloured cotton does not fade
with washing the way conventionally dyed
cotton does .
.The new varieties were produced by
exposing cotton seeds to chemicals that
cause random, unpredictable changes, or
mutations, in their genetic material. Some of
the mutations produced undesirable traits
and the plants were destroyed, but others
had beneficial effects, such as natural colour
and stronger fibres.
 Mutations
Definition

A Mutation: occurs when a DNA

gene is damaged or changed in
such a way as to alter the genetic
message carried by that gene.
 Role of mutation breeding
in cotton improvement
The role of induced mutations in cotton
improvement has been critically reviewed
by Singh et al.(1994)and Waghmare et
al.2000.Induced mutations have played
significant role in developing breeding
material with:
 1-EARLINESS

Earliness has been achieved with the use of

both physical and chemical mutagens.Early
maturing mutants have been obtained in
upland cotton with gamma irradiation.An
early maturing and high yielding mutant of
Egyptian cotton Ashmouni was obtained by
treatment of seed with sodium azide.
 2-Dwarfness and Compactness
• Dwarf and compact plant types have been
developed through induced mutations .
• Zero branch type mutants were obtained in
Egyptian cotton.
• Early and compact mutants were obtained by
amixture of thermal neutrons and gamma rays
• Short and compact mutants were obtained by
injecting ethylene imine –EI- into the base of
ovary.
 Case study 1

Cytogenetic Study of Gamma Irradiated Lines of

Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.)

M. Sheidai1

Department of Biology

Islamic Republic of Iran

 OBJECTIVE
•cytogenetic characteristics of gamma
irradiated lines of Shirpan cultivar in
order to study the effects of gamma
irradiation on meiotic cells compared to
that of control line.
•also if possible correlate any
particular cytogenetic features with
morphological and agronomic
characteristics .
 Materials and Methods
Experimental Lines:

seeds of Shirpan cultivar were treated with

150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 gray (Gy) of
gamma rays using Cobalt 60.60

Plants were raised from M1 to M4 by selfing

and selection was performed based on
important agronomic characters like
earliness, lint quality and yield.
yield
The experimental lines studied, are
presented in Table (1), the names with
C15 and C35 indicate treatment with
150 and 350 Gy. The plants were
cultivated in 3 rows of 10 m length with
20 cm interplant distance, in the
experimental field of Varamin Cotton
Research Center of Iran, according to a
completely randomized design (CRD)
with 3 replications.
 Table 1. Genotypes and their cytogenetical characteristics. Characters number as
in Table2

Genot Cytogenetic characters

ype
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1.0 0.0 3.3 1.6 8.3 16. 9.0 0.3 11. 19. 30. 1.0 0.0 1.5 26. 15. 0.0
C15-1
0 0 3 7 3 67 0 3 83 00 83 0 0 0 67 00 0
1.0 2.0 14. 16. 13. 15. 9.8 0.5 13. 17. 31. 4.0 0.0 0.0 10. 10. 0.0
C15-2
0 0 16 81 46 70 0 0 50 80 30 0 0 0 00 00 0
0.0 1.0 13. 6.3 29. 17. 8.7 0.2 15. 19. 34. 2.0 0.0 0.0 24. 3.0 0.0
C15-3
0 0 49 5 91 00 8 2 00 00 00 0 0 0 35 0 0
0.0 0.0 3.2 30. 25. 17. 8.3 0.1 16. 19. 36. 1.0 0.0 1.5 32. 6.0 0.0
C15-4
0 0 6 77 69 58 2 1 39 83 22 0 0 0 31 0 0
0.0 1.0 4.8 16. 19. 18. 7.5 0.1 12. 20. 33. 1.0 0.0 1.0 13. 1.0 0.0
C15-5
0 0 1 35 86 35 3 2 13 93 07 0 0 0 13 0 0
2.0 5.0 25. 18. 4.9 19. 6.3 0.1 16. 21. 37. 1.0 0.0 2.0 14. 3.0 1.0
C15-8
0 0 83 33 0 44 8 9 06 25 32 0 0 0 43 0 0
0.0 0.0 2.9 3.9 20. 14. 11. 0.1 15. 15. 31. 3.0 0.0 0.0 20. 4.5 0.0
C35-9
0 0 4 2 00 83 00 7 39 85 23 0 0 0 00 0 0
C35- 0.0 6.0 7.4 14. 23. 17. 8.5 0.2 14. 17. 31. 9.0 1.0 2.0 16. 0.0 0.0
10 0 0 1 81 78 16 8 6 06 39 44 0 0 0 67 0 0
C35- 0.0 2.0 12. 9.3 50. 15. 10. 0.3 10. 17. 28. 8.0 0.0 2.5 8.1 1.0 0.0
11 0 0 00 3 00 10 55 5 25 90 15 0 0 0 0 0 0
Contr 0.0 0.0 8.4 19. 7.0 19. 6.0 0.0 13. 21. 35. 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.0
ol 0 0 5 72 9 91 9 0 55 64 18 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Cytogenetic Studies:

•For cytogenetical studies, 50 flower buds

were used randomly from 10 randomly
selected plants of each line making the total
collection 50×10×10=5000. The flower buds
were fixed in ethanol (70%) and glacial acetic
acid (3:1) for about 24 h. The flower buds
were then preserved in 75% ethanol at 4°C
until used. Squash technique was employed
for meiotic preparation using 2%
acetocarmine as the stain [20,23]. Meiotic
analyses were performed using 50-100
metaphase-I & II cells, 500 anaphase-I & II
cells and 500 telophase-I & II cells.
...In total, 26 meiotic characteristics were used
in cytogenetic analysis (Table 1). Chiasma
frequency and distribution as well as
association of chromosomes were determined
using 50 pollen mother cells (PMCs).
Chromosome segregation during anaphase and
telophase was studied in about 500 PMCs
. Pollen stainability as a measure of fertility was
checked by staining the pollen grains with 2%
acetocarmine and 50% glycerin for 1/2 h.
Round/completely stained pollen grains were
considered fertile and unstained/ shrunken
grains as infertile.
 Table 2. Cytogenetical characters studied:

1- Metaphase-I cells showing abnormality (%)

2- Anaphase-I cells showing abnormality (%)

3- Telophase-I cells showing abnormality (%)

4- Metaphase-II cells showing abnormality (%)

5- Anaphase-II cells showing abnormality (%)

6- Telophase-II cells showing abnormality (%)

7- Cells with unequal segregation

8- Cells with cytomixis

9- Cells with stickiness

10- Cells with disorganized chromosomes

11- Cells with laggard chromosomes

12- Chromosomes with two chiasmata

13- Chromosomes with one chiasma

14- Chromosomes with no chiasma

15- Intercalary chiasma/cell

16- Terminal chiasma/cell

17- Total chiasma/cell

18- Cells with two univalents

19- Cells with two trivalents

20- Cells with one quadrivalent

21- Cells with two quadrivalents

22- Cells with three quadrivalents

23- Adjacent quadrivalent

24- Alternate quadrivalent

25- Ring bivalents

26- Rod bivalents

 Results and Discussion
• The cytogenetic features of the cotton lines
investigated are depicted in Table 2, Figures
1-3. Details of meiotic characters including
chiasma frequency and distribution as well
as association of chromosomes are
presented in Table 1, while frequency of
alternate and adjacent quadrivalents are
given in Figure 2. The percentage of
metaphase, anaphase and telophase cells
showing meiotic abnormality are given in
Figure 3.
• The following meiotic characteristics was
considered abnormal: chromosome
stickiness in metaphase and anaphase,
disorganized chromosome i.e.
chromosome/s not aligned with the others
on the equator, laggard chromosomes in
anaphase-I and II, micronuclei in
telophase-I and II, unequal segregation of
chromosomes during anaphase and
occurrence of cytomixis. Details of
meiotic abnormalities are presented in
Table (1)and figure(3)
CASE STUDY 2

Comparative Characteristics and

gene action in three petal-spotted
mutants of Gossypium hirsutum

s.l.AHUJ A and L.S.DHAYAL

central institute for cotton Research,Regional

Station,sirsa,Haryana 1 25055,india
 INTRODUCTION

 G.hirsutum typically lacks apetal spot.Petal-spotted

Spontaneous mutants of the species were identified
from the populations of three genotypes.CSH-
2501 ,AKH-0308 and AKH-961 8.
MAT E R IAL S AND ME T HO D S
The five petals of G.hirsutu have an area of
anthocyanin pigmentation at the base, called a
petal spot.

Germplasm lines of CSH-2501,AKH-0308 and AKH-

9618 were grown at central institute for Cotton research
(CICR),Regional Station ,Sirsa,India,in the kharif season
of 2003,population of 45,58 and 63
plants,respectively,of these strains were raised .
The variants (CSH-2501 Pet, AKH-0308Pet and AKH-
961 8Pet)were selfed, and the seeds were sown in off-
season in glass house at CICR .

The three variants CSH-2501 Pet, AKH-0308Pet

and AKH-961 8Pet were crossed in 2004 crop
season with cultivar RS-201 3which has no petal spot.
 R es ults and dis c us s ion
Intensity of a nthocyanin pigmentation of the petal-spot
mutants increased with growth/age of the flower.
These mutants have higher fibre strength, longer fibre, and
many features similarto those of the parent strains (table
1 ).
All F1 plants in the three crosses were petal-spotted (table
2), indicating complete dominance of the petal-spot trait.