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ch08 - Mechanics Book
ch08 - Mechanics Book
Solution
From Eq. (8.3):
E
x y
1,900 ksi
(0.5 in.) 1.979 ksi 1.979 ksi
(40 ft)(12 in./ft)
Ans.
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P8.2 A high-strength steel [E = 200 GPa] tube having an outside diameter of 80 mm and a wall
thickness of 3 mm is bent into a circular curve having a 52-m radius of curvature. Determine the
maximum bending stress developed in the tube.
Solution
From Eq. (8.3):
E
x y
200,000 MPa
(80 mm / 2) 153.846 MPa 153.8 MPa
(52 m)(1,000 mm/m)
Ans.
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P8.3 A high-strength steel [E = 200 GPa] band saw blade wraps around a pulley that has a diameter of
450 mm. Determine the maximum bending stress developed in the blade. The blade is 12-mm wide and
1-mm thick.
Solution
The radius of curvature of the band saw blade is:
450 mm 1 mm
225.5 mm
2
2
From Eq. (8.3):
E
200,000 MPa
x y
(0.5 mm) 443.459 MPa 443 MPa
225.5 mm
Ans.
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P8.4 The boards for a concrete form are to be bent into a circular shape having an inside radius of 10 m.
What maximum thickness can be used for the boards if the normal stress is not to exceed 7 MPa?
Assume that the modulus of elasticity for the wood is 12 GPa.
Solution
The radius of curvature of the concrete form is dependent on the board thickness:
t
10,000 mm
2
From Eq. (8.3):
E
12,000 MPa t
x y
7 MPa
t 2
10,000 mm
2
Solve for t:
t
t
2
6,000t 70,000 3.5t
5,996.5t 70,000
t 11.67 mm
Ans.
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P8.5 A beam having a tee-shaped cross section is subjected to equal 12 kN-m bending moments, as
shown in Figure P8.5a. The cross-sectional dimensions of the beam are shown in Figure P8.5b.
Determine:
(a) the centroid location, the moment of inertia about the z axis, and the controlling section modulus
about the z axis.
(b) the bending stress at point H. State whether the normal stress at H is tension or compression.
(c) the maximum bending stress produced in the cross section. State whether the stress is tension or
compression.
FIGURE P8.5a
FIGURE P8.5b
Solution
(a) Centroid location in y direction: (reference axis at bottom of tee shape)
yi
Shape
Area Ai
(from bottom)
yi Ai
2
(mm )
(mm)
(mm3)
top flange
2,500.0
162.5
406,250.0
stem
3,750.0
75.0
281,250.0
2
6,250.0 mm
687,500.0 mm3
y
yi Ai
Ai
687,500.0 mm3
110.0 mm (measured upward from bottom edge of stem)
6,250.0 mm2
Ans.
IC + dA
(mm4)
7,020,833.33
11,625,000.00
18,645,833.33
I z 18,646,000 mm4
Ans.
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Section moduli:
Iz
18,645,833.33 mm 4
S top
286,858.974 mm3
ctop (175 mm 110 mm)
Sbot
I z 18,645,833.33 mm 4
169,507.576 mm3
cbot
110 mm
S 169,500 mm3
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
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P8.6 A beam is subjected to equal 6.5 kip-ft bending moments, as shown in Figure P8.6a. The crosssectional dimensions of the beam are shown in Figure P8.6b. Determine:
(a) the centroid location, the moment of inertia about the z axis, and the controlling section modulus
about the z axis.
(b) the bending stress at point H, which is located 2 in. below the z centroidal axis. State whether the
normal stress at H is tension or compression.
(c) the maximum bending stress produced in the cross section. State whether the stress is tension or
compression.
FIGURE P8.6a
FIGURE P8.6b
Solution
(a) Centroid location in y direction: (reference axis at bottom of shape)
yi
Shape
Area Ai
(from bottom)
yi Ai
(in.2)
(in.)
(in.3)
left side
8.0
4.0
32.0
top flange
4.0
7.5
30.0
right side
8.0
4.0
32.0
20.0 in.2
94.0 in.3
y
yi Ai
Ai
94.0 in.3
4.70 in. (measured upward from bottom edge of section)
20.0 in.2
Ans.
IC + dA
(in.4)
46.587
31.693
46.587
124.867
I z 124.9 in.4
Ans.
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Section moduli:
Iz
124.867 in.4
S top
37.8384 in.3
ctop (8 in. 4.7 in.)
Sbot
I z 124.867 in.4
26.5674 in.3
cbot
4.7 in.
S 26.6 in.3
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
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P8.7 A beam is subjected to equal 470 N-m bending moments, as shown in Figure P8.7a. The crosssectional dimensions of the beam are shown in Figure P8.7b. Determine:
(a) the centroid location, the moment of inertia about the z axis, and the controlling section modulus
about the z axis.
(b) the bending stress at point H. State whether the normal stress at H is tension or compression.
(c) the maximum bending stress produced in the cross section. State whether the stress is tension or
compression.
FIGURE P8.7a
FIGURE P8.7b
Solution
(a) Centroid location in y direction: (reference axis at bottom of U shape)
yi
Shape
Area Ai
(from bottom)
yi Ai
(mm2)
(mm)
(mm3)
left side
400.0
25.0
10,000.0
bottom flange
272.0
4.0
1,088.0
right side
400.0
25.0
10,000.0
1,072.0 mm2
21,088.0 mm3
yi Ai
21,088.0 mm3
y
Ans.
IC + dA
(mm4)
94,689.89
68,253.96
94,689.89
257,633.75
I z 257,600 mm4
Ans.
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Section moduli:
Iz
257,633.75 mm 4
S top
8,494.814 mm3
ctop (50 mm 19.672 mm)
Sbot
Iz
257,633.75 mm 4
13,096.708 mm3
cbot
19.672 mm
S 8, 495 mm3
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
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P8.8 A beam is subjected to equal 17.5 kip-ft bending moments, as shown in Figure P8.8a. The crosssectional dimensions of the beam are shown in Figure P8.8b. Determine:
(a) the centroid location, the moment of inertia about the z axis, and the controlling section modulus
about the z axis.
(b) the bending stress at point H. State whether the normal stress at H is tension or compression.
(c) the bending stress at point K. State whether the normal stress at K is tension or compression.
(d) the maximum bending stress produced in the cross section. State whether the stress is tension or
compression.
FIGURE P8.8a
FIGURE P8.8b
Solution
(a) Centroid location in y direction: (reference axis at bottom of shape)
yi
Shape
Area Ai
(from bottom)
yi Ai
(in.2)
(in.)
(in.3)
top flange
12.0000
13.0000
156.0000
web
20.0000
7.0000
140.0000
bottom flange
20.0000
1.0000
20.0000
2
52.0000 in.
316.0000 in.3
yi Ai
316.0 in.3
y
flange)
Moment of inertia about the z axis:
d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.4)
top flange
4.000
6.923
575.148
web
166.667
0.923
17.041
bottom flange
6.667
-5.077
515.503
Moment of inertia about the z axis (in.4) =
Ans.
IC + dA
(in.4)
579.148
183.708
522.170
1,285.026
Ans.
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Section Moduli
cbot 6.0769 in.
ctop 14 in. 6.0769 in. 7.9231 in.
Sbot
I z 1, 285.026 in.4
211.460 in.3
cbot
6.0769 in.
Stop
I z 1, 285.026 in.4
162.188 in.3
ctop
7.9231 in.
The controlling section modulus is the smaller of the two values; therefore,
S 162.2 in.3
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
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FIGURE P8.9
Solution
Centroid location in y direction: (reference axis at bottom of double-tee shape)
yi
Shape
Area Ai
(from bottom)
yi Ai
2
(mm )
(mm)
(mm3)
top flange
375.0
47.5
17,812.5
left stem
225.0
22.5
5,062.5
right stem
225.0
22.5
5,062.5
2
825.0 mm
27,937.5 mm3
yi Ai 27,937.5 mm3
y
xIz
( 43 N/mm 2 )(204,559.659 mm 4 )
M
y
11.136 mm
789,850.765 N-mm 790 N-m
Ans.
Ans.
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FIGURE P8.10
Solution
Centroid location in y direction: (reference axis at bottom of inverted-tee shape)
yi
Shape
Area Ai
(from bottom)
yi Ai
(in.2)
(in.)
(in.3)
bottom flange
2.0000
0.2500
0.5000
stem
1.1250
2.7500
3.0938
3.1250
3.5938
yi Ai 3.5938 in.3
(measured upward from bottom edge of section)
y
1.150 in.
Ai
3.1250 in.2
Moment of inertia about the z axis:
d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
IC + dA
4
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in. )
(in.4)
bottom flange
0.0417
0.9000
1.6200
1.6617
stem
1.8984
1.6000
2.8800
4.7784
4
Moment of inertia about the z axis (in. ) =
6.4401
(a) Determine bending moment:
At point H, y = 1.150 in. The bending stress at K is x = +4,500 psi; therefore, the bending moment
magnitude can be determined from the flexure formula:
M y
x z
Iz
Mz
xIz
y
Ans.
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FIGURE P8.11
Solution
Moment of inertia about z axis:
(150 mm)(50 mm)3 (138 mm)(42 mm)3
Iz
710,488 mm4
12
12
Maximum internal bending moment Mz:
M c
x z
Iz
M
xIz
c
Ans.
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to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
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FIGURE P8.12
Solution
Centroid location in y direction: (reference axis at bottom of shape)
yi
Shape
Area Ai
(from bottom)
yi Ai
2
(in. )
(in.)
(in.3)
left stem
2.000
2.000
4.000
top flange
2.500
3.750
9.375
right stem
2.000
2.000
4.000
2
6.500 in.
17.375 in.3
yi Ai 17.375 in.3
y
2.673 in.
Ai
6.500 in.2
(measured upward from bottom edge of section)
Moment of inertia about the z axis:
d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.4)
left stem
2.66667
0.67308
0.90607
top flange
0.05208
1.07692
2.89941
right stem
2.66667
0.67308
0.90607
Moment of inertia about the z axis (in.4) =
IC + dA
(in.4)
3.57273
2.95149
3.57273
10.09696
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FIGURE P8.13
Solution
Moment of inertia about the z axis:
d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(mm )
(mm)
(mm4)
top flange
540,000.000
160.000
184,320,000.000
web
32,518,666.667
0.000
0.000
bottom flange
540,000.000
160.000
184,320,000.000
4
Moment of inertia about the z axis (mm ) =
IC + dA
(mm4)
184,860,000.000
32,518,666.667
184,860,000.000
402,238,666.667
(a) At point K, y = 90 mm, and at point H, y = 175 mm. The bending stress at K is x = +35 MPa, and
the bending stress is distributed linearly over the depth of the cross section. Therefore, the bending
stress at H can be found from the ratio:
H
yH
K
yK
H K
yH
175 mm
(35.0 MPa)
68.056 MPa 68.1 MPa (T)
yK
90 mm
Ans.
xIz
c
Ans.
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Solution
Moment of inertia about the z axis:
d = yi y
Shape
IC
4
(mm )
(mm)
left flange
9,720,000
0
web
31,680
0
right flange
9,720,000
0
Moment of inertia about the z axis (mm4) =
dA
(mm4)
0
0
0
IC + dA
(mm4)
9,720,000
31,680
9,720,000
19,471,680
(a) At point K, y = 60 mm, and at point H, y = +90 mm. The bending stress at K is x = +9.0 MPa, and
the bending stress is distributed linearly over the depth of the cross section. Therefore, the bending
stress at H can be found from the ratio:
H
yH
K
yK
H K
yH
90 mm
(9.0 MPa)
13.50 MPa 13.50 MPa (C)
yK
60 mm
Ans.
xIz
c
Ans.
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to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
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Solution
Centroid location in y direction:
Shape
top flange
left web
left bottom flange
right web
right bottom flange
y
yi Ai
Ai
Area Ai
(in.2)
3.000
1.500
2.500
1.500
2.500
11.000
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
3.750
2.000
0.250
2.000
0.250
yi Ai
(in.3)
11.250
3.000
0.625
3.000
0.625
18.500
18.50 in.3
1.6818 in. (measured upward from bottom edge of bottom flange)
11.0 in.2
IC + dA
(in.4)
12.8946
1.2769
5.1773
1.2769
5.1773
25.8030
Iz
25.8030 in.4
4,581.914 psi 4,580 psi (T)
Ans.
Iz
25.8030 in.4
3,324.134 psi 3,320 psi (C)
Ans.
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Solution
FIGURE P8.16
Centroid location in y direction:
Shape
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
0.06250
1.25000
2.43750
1.25000
2.43750
Area Ai
yi Ai
2
(in. )
(in.3)
bottom flange
0.40625
0.02539
left web
0.28125
0.35156
left top flange
0.09375
0.22852
right web
0.28125
0.35156
right top flange
0.09375
0.22852
2
1.15625 in.
1.18555 in.3
yi Ai 1.18555 in.3
y
IC + dA
(in.4)
0.377146
0.132848
0.187079
0.132848
0.187079
1.016999
P8.17 Two vertical forces are applied to a simply supported beam (Figure P8.17a) having the cross
section shown in Figure P8.17b. Determine the maximum tension and compression bending stresses
produced in segment BC of the beam.
FIGURE P8.17a
FIGURE P8.17b
Solution
Centroid location in y direction:
Shape
top flange
stem
yi Ai
Ai
Area Ai
(mm2)
3,000.0
1,440.0
4,440 mm2
yi
(from bottom)
(mm)
167.5
80.0
yi Ai
(mm3)
502,500.0
115,200.0
617,700 mm3
IC + dA
(mm4)
2,472,247.08
8,105,327.25
10,577,574.32
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to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
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The maximum moment occurs between B and C. The moment magnitude is 12 kN-m.
Maximum tension bending stress:
For a positive bending moment, the maximum tension bending stress will occur at the bottom surface of
this cross section. From the flexure formula, the bending stress at the bottom of the tee stem is:
My
(12 kN-m)( 139.1216 mm)(1,000 N/kN)(1,000 mm/m)
Ans.
x
Ans.
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to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
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P8.18 Two vertical forces of P = 240 lb are applied to a simply supported beam (Figure P8.18a) having
the cross section shown in Figure P8.18b. Using a = 30 in., L = 84 in., b = 3.0 in., d = 4.0 in., and t = 0.5
in., calculate the maximum tension and compression bending stresses produced in segment BC of the
beam.
FIGURE P8.18a
FIGURE P8.18b
Solution
Centroid location in y direction:
Shape
left stem
bottom flange
right stem
Area Ai
(in.2)
2.000
1.000
2.000
5.000
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
2.000
0.250
2.000
yi Ai
(in.3)
4.000
0.250
4.000
8.250
yi Ai
8.250 in.3
y
IC + dA
(in.4)
2.91167
1.98083
2.91167
7.80417
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The maximum moment occurs between B and C. The moment magnitude is 7,200 lb-in.
Maximum tension bending stress:
For a negative bending moment, the maximum tension bending stress will occur at the top surface of this
cross section, where y = 2.350 in.:
My
( 7,200 lb-in.)(2.350 in.)
Ans.
x
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FIGURE P8.19a
FIGURE P8.19b
Solution
Section properties
From Appendix B:
Ans.
Ans.
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P8.20 A WT305 41 standard steel shape is used to support the loads shown on the beam in Figure
P8.20a. The dimensions from the top and bottom of the shape to the centroidal axis are shown on the
sketch of the cross section (Figure P8.19b). Consider the entire 10-m length of the beam and determine:
(a) the maximum tension bending stress at any location along the beam, and
(b) the maximum compression bending stress at any location along the beam.
FIGURE P8.20a
FIGURE P8.20b
Solution
Section properties
From Appendix B:
Ans.
Ans.
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to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that
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P8.21 A steel tee shape is used to support the loads shown on the beam in Figure P8.21a. The
dimensions of the shape are shown in Figure P8.21b. Consider the entire 24-ft length of the beam and
determine:
(a) the maximum tension bending stress at any location along the beam, and
(b) the maximum compression bending stress at any location along the beam.
FIGURE P8.21a
FIGURE P8.21b
Solution
Centroid location in y direction:
yi
Area Ai
(from bottom)
(in.2)
(in.)
24.0000
19.2500
13.8750
9.2500
37.875 in.2
Shape
top flange
stem
yi Ai
Ai
590.3438 in.3
15.5866 in.
37.8750 in.2
4.4134 in.
yi Ai
(in.3)
462.0000
128.3438
590.3438 in.3
(from bottom of shape to centroid)
(from top of shape to centroid)
IC + dA
(in.4)
326.5861
952.8484
1,279.4345
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Ans.
Ans.
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P8.22 A flanged wooden shape is used to support the loads shown on the beam in Figure P8.22a. The
dimensions of the shape are shown in Figure P8.22b. Consider the entire 18-ft length of the beam and
determine:
(a) the maximum tension bending stress at any location along the beam, and
(b) the maximum compression bending stress at any location along the beam.
FIGURE P8.22a
FIGURE P8.22b
Solution
Centroid location in y direction:
Shape
Area Ai
(in.2)
20.0
16.0
12.0
48.0 in.2
top flange
web
bottom flange
yi Ai
Ai
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
11.0
6.0
1.0
yi Ai
(in.3)
220.0
96.0
12.0
328.0 in.3
328.0 in.3
6.8333 in. (from bottom of shape to centroid)
48.0 in.2
5.1667 in.
IC + dA
(in.4)
353.889
96.444
412.333
862.667
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Ans.
Ans.
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P8.23 A channel shape is used to support the loads shown on the beam in Figure P8.23a. The
dimensions of the shape are shown in Figure P8.23b. Consider the entire 12-ft length of the beam and
determine:
(a) the maximum tension bending stress at any location along the beam, and
(b) the maximum compression bending stress at any location along the beam.
FIGURE P8.23a
FIGURE P8.23b
Solution
Centroid location in y direction:
Shape
Area Ai
(in.2)
3.000
5.500
3.000
11.500 in.2
left stem
top flange
right stem
yi Ai
Ai
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
3.000
5.750
3.000
49.625 in.3
4.3152 in.
11.500 in.2
1.6848 in.
yi Ai
(in.3)
9.000
31.625
9.000
49.625 in.3
IC + dA
(in.4)
14.1894
11.4369
14.1894
39.8157
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Ans.
Ans.
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P8.24 A W360 72 standard steel shape is used to support the loads shown on the beam in Figure
P8.24a. The shape is oriented so that bending occurs about the weak axis as shown in Figure P8.24b.
Consider the entire 6-m length of the beam and determine:
(a) the maximum tension bending stress at any location along the beam, and
(b) the maximum compression bending stress at any location along the beam.
FIGURE P8.24a
FIGURE P8.24b
Solution
Section properties
From Appendix B:
b f 204 mm
Ans.
Ans.
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Solution
Section properties
4
Iz
D (20 mm)4 7,853.9816 mm4
64
64
Shear-force and bending-moment diagrams
Maximum bending moments
positive M = 91,500 N-mm
negative M = 80,000 N-mm
Since the circular cross section is symmetric
about the z axis, the largest bending stresses
will occur at the location of the largest moment
magnitude either positive or negative. In this
case, the largest bending stresses will occur at
C, where the moment magnitude is 91,500 Nmm.
Bending stresses at maximum moment
(91,500 N-mm)( 20 mm/2)
x
7,853.9816 mm 4
116.5 MPa
Ans.
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Solution
Section properties
64
D4
64
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P8.27 The steel beam in Figure P8.27a/28a has the cross section shown in Figure P8.27b/28b. The
beam length is L= 6.0 m, and the cross-sectional dimensions are d = 350 mm, bf = 205 mm, tf = 14 mm,
and tw = 8 mm. Calculate the largest intensity of distributed load w0 that can be supported by this beam
if the allowable bending stress is 200 MPa.
FIGURE P8.27a/28a
FIGURE P8.27b/28b
Solution
Moment of inertia about the z axis:
Shape
top flange
web
bottom flange
Area Ai
(mm2)
2,870
2,576
2,870
yi
(from bottom)
(mm)
343
175
7
d = yi y
IC
dA
4
(mm )
(mm)
(mm4)
46,876.67
168.00
81,002,880.00
22,257,498.67
0.00
0.00
46,876.67
-168.00
81,002,880.00
Moment of inertia about the z axis (mm4) =
IC + dA
(mm4)
81,049,756.67
22,257,498.67
81,049,756.67
184,357,012.00
Allowable bending moment: Based on the allowable bending stress, the maximum moment that can be
applied to this beam is
I
(200 N/mm2 )(184,357,012 mm 4 )
M allow allow z
210.694 106 N-mm
c
350 mm / 2
Moment in the simply supported beam:
From a FBD of the beam, determine the reaction
force at A:
1
L
M C w0 L Ay L 0
2
2
wL
Ay 0
4
The maximum moment will occur in the center of
the span at B. From the FBD shown, determine
the bending moment M:
w L L w L L
M 0 0 M 0
4 6
4 2
w0 L2
12
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Largest intensity of distributed load w0: Equate the allowable moment with the moment produced at
midspan for this beam.
w0 L2
M allow
12
12M allow 12(210.694 106 N-mm)
Ans.
w0
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P8.28 The steel beam in Figure P8.27a/28a has the cross section shown in Figure P8.27b/28b. The
beam length is L= 22 ft, and the cross-sectional dimensions are d = 16.3 in., bf = 10.0 in., tf = 0.665 in.,
and tw = 0.395 in. Calculate the maximum bending stress in the beam if w0 = 6 kips/ft.
FIGURE P8.27a/28a
FIGURE P8.27b/28b
Solution
Moment of inertia about the z axis:
Shape
top flange
web
bottom flange
Area Ai
(in.2)
6.6500
5.9131
6.6500
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
15.9675
8.1500
0.3325
d = yi y
IC
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.4)
0.2451
7.8175
406.4035
110.4285
0.0000
0.0000
0.2451
-7.8175
406.4035
Moment of inertia about the z axis (in.4) =
IC + dA
(in.4)
406.6486
110.4285
406.6486
923.7256
w0 L2
12
(6 kips/ft)(22 ft) 2
12
242 kip-ft 2,904 kip-in.
Maximum Bending Stress: The maximum bending stress in the beam occurs at midspan:
Mc (2,904 kip-in.)(16.3 in. / 2)
x
Ans.
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Solution
Section properties
From Appendix B:
I z 333 in.4
d 12 in.
Ans.
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Solution
Section properties
From Appendix B:
d 406 mm
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Solution
Shear-force and bending-moment diagrams
Maximum bending moment magnitude
M = 3,000 lb-in.
Minimum required section modulus
M
x
S
M
S
3, 000 lb-in.
0.375 in.3
8, 000 psi
Ans.
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Solution
Shear-force and bending-moment diagrams
Maximum bending moment magnitude
M = 142,615.4 N-mm
Minimum required section modulus
M
x
S
M
S
142,615.4 N-mm
1,358.242 mm3
105 N/mm 2
Ans.
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P8.33 A simply supported wood beam (Figure P8.33a/34a) with a span of L = 15 ft supports a uniformly
distributed load of w0 = 320 lb/ft. The allowable bending stress of the wood is 1,200 psi. If the aspect
ratio of the solid rectangular wood beam is specified as h/b = 2.0 (Figure P8.33b/34b), calculate the
minimum width b that can be used for the beam.
FIGURE P8.33a/34a
FIGURE P8.33b/34b
Solution
Shear-force and bending-moment diagrams
Maximum bending moment magnitude
M = 7,111 lb-ft = 85,332 lb-in.
85,332 lb-in.
71.110 in.3
1, 200 psi
c
h/2
6
The aspect ratio of the solid rectangular wood beam is specified as h/b = 2.0; therefore, the section
modulus can be expressed as:
bh2 b(2.0b)2 4b3
S
0.6667b3
6
6
6
Minimum allowable beam width
0.6667b3 71.110 in.3
b 4.74 in.
Ans.
P8.34 A simply supported wood beam (Figure P8.33a/34a) with a span of L = 5 m supports a uniformly
distributed load of w0. The beam width is b = 140 mm and the beam height is h = 260 mm (Figure
P8.33b/34b). The allowable bending stress of the wood is 9.5 MPa. Calculate the magnitude of the
maximum load w0 that may be carried by the beam.
FIGURE P8.33a/34a
FIGURE P8.33b/34b
Solution
Moment of inertia for rectangular cross section about horizontal centroidal axis
bh3 (140 mm)(260 mm)3
I
205,053,333 mm4
12
12
Maximum allowable moment
Mc
x
I
x I (9.5 N/mm 2 )(205,053,333 mm 4 )
M
Ay
4
w0 L
9
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Ans.
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P8.35 A cantilever timber beam (Figure P8.35a/36a) with a span of L = 3.6 m supports a linearly
distributed load with maximum intensity of w0. The beam width is b = 240 mm and the beam height is h
= 180 mm (Figure P8.35b/36b). The allowable bending stress of the wood is 7.6 MPa. Calculate the
magnitude of the maximum load w0 that may be carried by the beam.
FIGURE P8.35a/36a
FIGURE P8.35b/36b
Solution
Moment of inertia for rectangular cross section about horizontal centroidal axis
bh3 (240 mm)(180 mm)3
I
116,640,000 mm4
12
12
Maximum allowable moment
Mc
x
I
I (7.6 N/mm 2 )(116,640,000 mm 4 )
M x
9,849,600 N-mm 9,849.6 N-m
c
90 mm
Maximum moment magnitude:
The maximum bending moment magnitude in the cantilever beam occurs at support A:
2
w0 L L w0 L
M max
2 3
6
Solve for the distributed load w0:
w0 L2 w0 (3.6 m)2
9,849.6 N-m
6
6
6(9,849.6 N-m)
w0
4,560 N/m 4.56 kN/m
(3.6 m) 2
Ans.
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P8.36 A cantilever timber beam (Figure P8.35a/36a) with a span of L = 15 ft supports a linearly
distributed load with maximum intensity of w0 = 420 lb/ft. The allowable bending stress of the wood is
1,400 psi. If the aspect ratio of the solid rectangular timber is specified as h/b = 0.75 (Figure
P8.35b/36b), determine the minimum width b that can be used for the beam.
FIGURE P8.35a/36a
FIGURE P8.35b/36b
Solution
Maximum moment magnitude:
The maximum bending moment magnitude in the cantilever beam occurs at support A:
2
2
w L L w L (420 lb/ft)(15 ft)
M max 0 0
15,750 lb-ft 189,000 lb-in.
2 3
6
6
Minimum required section modulus
M
M 189,000 lb-in.
x
S
135.0 in.3
S
x
1,400 psi
Section modulus for solid rectangular section
I bh3 /12 bh2
S
c
h/2
6
The aspect ratio of the solid rectangular wood beam is specified as h/b = 0.75; therefore, the section
modulus can be expressed as:
bh2 b(0.75b)2 0.5625b3
S
0.09375b3
6
6
6
Minimum allowable beam width
0.09375b3 135.0 in.3
b 11.2924 in. 11.29 in.
Ans.
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Solution
Shear-force and bending-moment diagrams
Maximum bending moment magnitude
M = 90 kip-ft
Minimum required section modulus
M
x
S
M
S
S 51.5 in.3
W14 34,
S 48.6 in.3
W16 31,
S 47.2 in.3
W18 35,
S 57.6 in.3
Ans.
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Solution
Shear-force and bending-moment diagrams
Maximum bending moment magnitude
M = 206.630 kN-m
Minimum required section modulus
M
x
S
M
S
(206.63 kN-m)(1,000) 2
1, 252 103 mm3
2
165 N/mm
W460 74,
W530 66,
Ans.
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Solution
Shear-force and bending-moment diagrams
Maximum bending moment magnitude
M = 238.57 kN-m
Minimum required section modulus
M
x
S
M
S
(238.57 kN-m)(1,000) 2
1, 446 103 mm3
2
165 N/mm
W460 74,
W530 74,
Ans.
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FIGURE P8.40
Solution
Maximum moment magnitude:
The maximum bending moment magnitude occurs at the base of the cantilever beam:
1
1
M max (15 kN)(3.0 m) (40 kN/m)(3.0 m) (3.0 m)
2
3
6
105.0 kN-m 105.0 10 N-mm
Minimum required section modulus
M
x
S
M (105.0 kN-m)(1,000) 2
S
Ans.
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Solution
Shear-force and bending-moment diagrams
Maximum bending moment magnitude
M = 45.56 kip-ft
Minimum required section modulus
M
x
S
M
S
HSS10 4 3 / 8,
S 20.8 in.3
HSS10 6 3 / 8,
S 27.4 in.3
HSS12 6 3 / 8,
S 35.9 in.3
HSS12 8 3 / 8,
S 43.7 in.3
Ans.
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P8.42 A composite beam is fabricated by bolting two 3 in. wide 12 in. deep timber planks to the sides
of a 0.50 in. 12 in. steel plate (Figure P8.42b). The moduli of elasticity of the timber and the steel are
1,800 ksi and 30,000 ksi, respectively. The simply supported beam spans a distance of 20 ft and carries
two concentrated loads P, which are applied at the quarter points of the span (Figure P8.42a).
(a) Determine the maximum bending stresses produced in the timber planks and the steel plate if P = 3
kips.
(b) Assume that the allowable bending stresses of the timber and the steel are 1,200 psi and 24,000 psi,
respectively. Determine the largest acceptable magnitude for concentrated loads P. (You may neglect
the weight of the beam in your calculations.)
FIGURE P8.42a
FIGURE P8.42b
Solution
Let the timber be denoted as material (1) and the steel plate as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E 30, 000 ksi
n 2
16.6667
E1 1,800 ksi
Transform the steel plate (2) into an equivalent amount of wood (1) by multiplying its width by the
modular ratio: b2, trans = 16.6667(0.50 in.) = 8.3333 in. Thus, for calculation purposes, the 12 in. 0.50
in. steel plate is replaced by a wood board that is 12 in. deep and 8.3333-in. thick.
Moment of inertia about the horizontal centroidal axis
d = yi y
Shape
IC
4
(in. )
(in.)
timber (1)
864
0
transformed steel plate (2)
1,200
0
Moment of inertia about the z axis =
dA
(in.4)
0
0
IC + dA
(in.4)
864
1,200
2,064 in.4
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My
(180 kip-in.)( 6 in.)
Ans.
495.36 kip-in.
I
ny
(16.667)(6 in.)
Note: The negative signs were omitted in the previous two equations because only the moment
magnitude is of interest here.
From these two results, the maximum moment that the beam can support is 412.80 kip-in. The
maximum concentrated load magnitude P that can be supported is found from:
M max (5 ft)P
6.88 kips
5 ft
(5 ft)(12 in./ft)
Ans.
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Solution
Let the particleboard be denoted as material (1) and the fiberglass as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E 30 GPa
n 2
3
E1 10 GPa
Transform the fiberglass faces into an equivalent amount of particleboard by multiplying their width by
the modular ratio: b2, trans = 3(50 mm) = 150 mm. Thus, for calculation purposes, the 50 mm 4 mm
fiberglass faces are replaced by particleboard faces that are 150-mm wide and 4-mm thick.
Moment of inertia about the horizontal centroidal axis
d = yi y
Shape
IC
4
(mm )
(mm)
transformed fiberglass top face
800.00
12.00
particleboard core
33,333.33
0
transformed fiberglass bot face
800.00
12.00
Moment of inertia about the z axis =
dA
(mm4)
86,400.00
0
86,400.00
2.65 MPa
I
207,733.33 mm4
IC + dA
(mm4)
87,200.00
33,333.33
87,200.00
207,733.33 mm4
Ans.
Ans.
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Solution
Let the aluminum be denoted as material (1) and the brass as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E 110 GPa
n 2
1.5714
E1 70 GPa
Transform the brass bars into an equivalent amount of aluminum by multiplying their width by the
modular ratio: ctrans = 1.5714(10 mm) = 15.714 mm. Thus, for calculation purposes, the 10 mm 25
mm brass bars are replaced by aluminum bars that are 15.714-mm wide and 25-mm tall.
Moment of inertia about the horizontal centroidal axis
d = yi y
Shape
IC
4
(mm )
(mm)
top aluminum bar
416.667
15
left brass bar (transformed)
20,460.938
0
right brass bar (transformed)
20,460.938
0
bottom aluminum bar
416.667
15
Moment of inertia about the z axis =
dA
(mm4)
45,000.000
0
0
45,000.000
50.5 MPa
I
131,755.210 mm4
IC + dA
(mm4)
45,416.667
20,460.938
20,460.938
45,416.667
131,755.210 mm4
Ans.
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P8.45 An aluminum [E = 10,000 ksi] bar is bonded to a steel [E = 30,000 ksi] bar to form a composite
beam (Figure P8.45b). The composite beam is subjected to a bending moment of M = +300 lb-ft about
the z axis (Figure P8.45a). Determine:
(a) the maximum bending stresses in the aluminum and steel bars.
(b) the stress in the two materials at the joint where they are bonded together.
FIGURE P8.45a
FIGURE P8.45b
Solution
Denote the aluminum as material (1) and denote the steel as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E 30, 000 ksi
n 2
3
E1 10,000 ksi
Transform the steel bar (2) into an equivalent amount of aluminum (1) by multiplying its width by the
modular ratio: b2, trans = 3(2.00 in.) = 6.00 in. Thus, for calculation purposes, the 2.00 in. 0.75 in. steel
bar is replaced by an aluminum bar that is 6.00-in. wide and 0.75-in. thick.
Centroid location of the transformed section in the vertical direction
Shape
aluminum bar (1)
transformed steel bar (2)
yi Ai
Ai
Width b
(in.)
2.00
6.00
Height h
(in.)
0.50
0.75
Area Ai
(in.2)
1.00
4.50
5.50
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
0.25
0.875
yi Ai
(in.3)
0.2500
3.9375
4.1875
4.1875 in.3
0.7614 in. (measured upward from bottom edge of section)
5.50 in.2
dA
(in.4)
0.2615
0.05811
IC + dA
(in.4)
0.2823
0.2690
0.5514 in.4
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Ans.
Ans.
Ans.
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P8.46 An aluminum [E = 10,000 ksi] bar is bonded to a steel [E = 30,000 ksi] bar to form a composite
beam (Figure P8.46b). The allowable bending stresses for the aluminum and steel bars are 20 ksi and 30
ksi, respectively. Determine the maximum bending moment M that can be applied to the beam.
FIGURE P8.46a
FIGURE P8.46b
Solution
Denote the aluminum as material (1) and denote the steel as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E 30, 000 ksi
n 2
3
E1 10,000 ksi
Transform the steel bar (2) into an equivalent amount of aluminum (1) by multiplying its width by the
modular ratio: b2, trans = 3(2.00 in.) = 6.00 in. Thus, for calculation purposes, the 2.00 in. 0.75 in. steel
bar is replaced by an aluminum bar that is 6.00-in. wide and 0.75-in. thick.
Centroid location of the transformed section in the vertical direction
Shape
aluminum bar (1)
transformed steel bar (2)
yi Ai
Ai
Width b
(in.)
2.00
6.00
Height h
(in.)
0.50
0.75
Area Ai
(in.2)
1.00
4.50
5.50
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
0.25
0.875
yi Ai
(in.3)
0.2500
3.9375
4.1875
4.1875 in.3
0.7614 in. (measured upward from bottom edge of section)
5.50 in.2
dA
(in.4)
0.2615
0.05811
IC + dA
(in.4)
0.2823
0.2690
0.5514 in.4
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FIGURE P8.47
Solution
Denote the timber as material (1) and denote the steel as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E 30, 000 ksi
n 2
16.6667
E1 1,800 ksi
Transform the steel plates into an equivalent amount of timber by multiplying their width by the
modular ratio: b2, trans = 16.6667(8 in.) = 133.3333 in. Thus, for calculation purposes, the 8 in. 0.25 in.
steel plates can be replaced by wood plates that are 133.3333-in. wide and 0.25-in. thick.
Moment of inertia about the horizontal centroidal axis
d = yi y
Shape
IC
4
(in. )
(in.)
transformed steel plate at top
0.1736
8.125
timber (1)
3,413.3333
0
transformed steel plate at bottom
0.1736
8.125
Moment of inertia about the z axis =
dA
(in.4)
2,200.52
0
2,200.52
IC + dA
(in.4)
2,200.694
3,413.333
2,200.694
7,814.72 in.4
(a) Maximum bending moment magnitude based on allowable Southern pine stress
Based on an allowable bending stress of 1,200 psi for the Southern pine timber, the maximum bending
moment magnitude that be applied to the cross section is:
I
My
(1.200 ksi)(7,814.72 in.4 )
(a)
1
M 1
1,172.208 kip-in.
I
y
8 in.
Maximum bending moment magnitude based on allowable steel stress
Based on an allowable bending stress of 24,000 psi for the steel plates, the maximum bending moment
magnitude that be applied to the cross section is:
2I
My
(24 ksi)(7,814.72 in.4 )
(b)
2 n
M
1,364.021 kip-in.
I
ny
(16.6667)(8.25 in.)
Maximum bending moment magnitude
From the values obtained in Eqs. (a) and (b), the maximum bending moment that can be applied to the
cross section is
Ans.
M max 1,172.208 kip-in. 97.7 kip-ft
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P8.48 The simply supported beam shown in Figure P8.48a/49a carries a uniformly distributed load w on
overhang BC. The beam is constructed of a Southern pine [E = 12 GPa] timber that is reinforced on its
upper surface by a steel [E = 200 GPa] plate (Figure P8.48b/49b). The beam spans are L = 4 m and a =
1.25 m. The wood beam has dimensions of bw = 150 mm and dw = 280 mm. The steel plate dimensions
are bs = 230 mm and ts = 6 mm. Assume that the allowable bending stresses of the wood and the steel
are 9 MPa and 165 MPa, respectively. Determine the largest acceptable magnitude for distributed load
w. (You may neglect the weight of the beam in your calculations.)
FIGURE P8.48a/49a
FIGURE P8.48b/49b
Solution
Let the wood be denoted as material (1) and the steel as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E
200 GPa
n 2
16.6667
E1
12 GPa
Transform the steel plate into an equivalent amount of wood by multiplying its width by the modular
ratio: bs,trans = 16.6667(230 mm) = 3,833.333 mm. Thus, for calculation purposes, the 230 mm 6 mm
steel plate is replaced by a wood board that is 3,833.333-mm wide and 6-mm thick.
Centroid location of the transformed section in the vertical direction
Shape
wood beam
transformed steel plate
yi Ai
Ai
Width b
(mm)
150
3,833.333
Height h
(mm)
280
6
Area Ai
(mm2)
42,000
23,000
65,000
yi
(from bottom)
(mm)
140
283
yi Ai
(mm3)
5,880,000
6,509,000
12,389,000
12,389,000 mm3
190.600 mm (measured upward from bottom of cross section)
65,000 mm2
dA
(mm4)
107,535,120
196,368,480
IC + dA
(mm4)
381,935,120
196,437,480
578,372,600 mm4
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Determine maximum w
If the allowable bending stress in the wood is 9 MPa, then the maximum bending moment that may be
supported by the beam is:
My
I (9 N/mm2 )(578,372,600 mm4 )
1
M max 1
27.3104 106 N-mm
I
y
190.6 mm
If the allowable bending stress in the steel is 165 MPa, then the maximum bending moment that may be
supported by the beam is:
My
2I
(165 N/mm2 )(578,372,600 mm 4 )
2 n
M max
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P8.49 The simply supported beam shown in Figure P8.48a/49a carries a uniformly distributed load of w
= 28 kN/m on overhang BC. The beam is constructed of a Southern pine [E = 12 GPa] timber that is
reinforced on its upper surface by a steel [E = 200 GPa] plate (Figure P8.48b/49b). The beam spans are
L = 5.5 m and a = 1.75 m. The wood beam has dimensions of bw = 215 mm and dw = 325 mm. The
steel plate dimensions are bs = 250 mm and ts = 10 mm. (You may neglect the weight of the beam in
your calculations.) At the location of the maximum bending moment for the beam, determine:
(a) the vertical distance from point K to the neutral axis of the composite beam.
(b) the bending stress in the steel at H.
FIGURE P8.48a/49a
FIGURE P8.48b/49b
Solution
Let the wood be denoted as material (1) and the steel as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E
200 GPa
n 2
16.6667
E1
12 GPa
Transform the steel plate into an equivalent amount of wood by multiplying its width by the modular
ratio: bs,trans = 16.6667(250 mm) = 4,166.667 mm. Thus, for calculation purposes, the 250 mm 10 mm
steel plate is replaced by a wood board that is 4,166.667-mm wide and 10-mm thick.
Centroid location of the transformed section in the vertical direction
Shape
wood beam
transformed steel plate
Width b
(mm)
215
4,166.667
Height h
(mm)
325
10
yi
Area Ai
(from bottom)
yi Ai
2
(mm )
(mm)
(mm3)
69,875
162.5
11,354,687.5
41,666.667
330
13,750,000
111,541.667
25,104,687.5
(a) Vertical distance from point K to the neutral axis of the composite beam.
yi Ai 25,104,687.5 mm3
y
225.070 mm 225 mm
Ai
111,541.667 mm2
Ans.
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dA
(mm4)
273,560,967.4
458,762,704.1
IC + dA
(mm4)
888,606,540.3
459,109,926.3
1,347,716,467 mm4
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P8.50 Two steel plates, each 4 in. wide and 0.25 in.
thick, reinforce a wood beam that is 3 in. wide and
8 in. deep. The steel plates are attached to the
vertical sides of the wood beam in a position such
that the composite shape is symmetric about the z
axis, as shown in the sketch of the beam cross
section (Figure P8.50). Determine the maximum
bending stresses produced in both the wood and the
steel if a bending moment of Mz = +50 kip-in is
applied about the z axis. Assume Ewood = 2,000 ksi
and Esteel = 30,000 ksi.
FIGURE P8.50
Solution
Let the wood be denoted as material (1) and the steel plates as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E 30, 000 ksi
n 2
15
E1
2,000 ksi
Transform the steel plates (2) into an equivalent amount of wood (1) by multiplying the plate
thicknesses by the modular ratio: b2, trans = 15(0.25 in.) = 3.75 in. (each). Thus, for calculation purposes,
each 4 in. 0.25 in. steel plate is replaced by a wood board that is 4-in. tall and 3.75-in. wide.
Centroid location: Since the transformed section is doubly symmetric, the centroid location is found
from symmetry.
Moment of inertia about the z centroidal axis
Shape
IC
(in.4)
wood beam (1)
128
two transformed steel plates (2)
40
Moment of inertia about the z axis =
d = yi y
(in.)
0
0
dA
(in.4)
0
0
IC + dA
(in.4)
128
40
168 in.4
Ans.
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P8.51 A glue-laminated timber beam is reinforced by carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) material
bonded to its bottom surface. The cross section of the composite beam is shown in Figure P8.51b. The
elastic modulus of the wood is 1,700 ksi and the elastic modulus of the CFRP is 23,800 ksi. The simply
supported beam spans 24 ft and carries two concentrated loads P, which act at the quarter-points of the
span (Figure P8.51a). The allowable bending stresses of the timber and the CFRP are 2,400 psi and
175,000 psi, respectively. Determine the largest acceptable magnitude for the concentrated loads P.
(You may neglect the weight of the beam in your calculations.)
FIGURE P8.51a
FIGURE P8.51b
Solution
Denoted the timber as material (1) and denote the CFRP as material (2). The modular ratio is:
E
23,800 ksi
n 2
14
E1 1,700 ksi
Transform the CFRP into an equivalent amount of wood by multiplying its width by the modular ratio:
b2, trans = 14(3 in.) = 42 in. Thus, for calculation purposes, the 3 in. 0.125 in. CFRP is replaced by a
wood board that is 42-in. wide and 0.125-in. thick.
Centroid location of the transformed section in the vertical direction
Shape
timber (1)
transformed CFRP (2)
y
yi Ai
Ai
Width b
(in.)
5.5
42.0
Height h
(in.)
12
0.125
Area Ai
(in.2)
66
5.25
71.25
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
6.125
0.0625
yi Ai
(in.3)
404.25
0.3281
404.5781
404.5781 in.3
5.6783 in. (measured upward from bottom edge of section)
71.25 in.2
dA
(in.4)
13.1703
165.5697
IC + dA
(in.4)
805.170
165.577
970.747 in.4
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Determine maximum P
If the allowable bending stress in the timber is 2,400 psi, then the maximum bending moment that may
be supported by the beam is:
I (2.40 ksi)(970.747 in.4 )
My
1
M max 1
361.393 kip-in.
I
y
(12.125 in. 5.6783 in.)
If the allowable bending stress in the CFRP is 175,000 psi, then the maximum bending moment that may
be supported by the beam is:
I (175 ksi)(970.747 in.4 )
My
2 n
M max 2
2,137 kip-in.
I
ny
(14)(5.6783 in.)
Note: The negative signs were omitted in the previous two equations because only the moment
magnitude is of interest here.
From these two results, the maximum moment that the beam can support is 351.393 kip-in. = 30.116
kip-ft. The maximum concentrated load magnitude P that can be supported is found from:
M max (6 ft)P
5.02 kips
6 ft
6 ft
Ans.
FIGURE P8.52
Solution
Section properties
d D 2t 142 mm 2(6.5 mm) 129 mm
D 4 d 4
(142 mm) 4 (129 mm) 4 6,364,867 mm 4
Iz
64
64
Internal forces and moments
F 22 kN 22,000 N
M z (22,000 N)(370 mm) 8,140,000 N-mm
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Stresses
axial
bending
F
22,000 N
Normal stress at H
By inspection, the bending stress at H will be compression; therefore, the normal stress at H is:
H 7.951 MPa 90.802 MPa 98.753 MPa 98.8 MPa (C)
Ans.
Normal stress at K
By inspection, the bending stress at K will be tension; therefore, the normal stress at K is:
K 7.951 MPa 90.802 MPa 82.851 MPa 82.9 MPa (T)
Ans.
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FIGURE P8.53
Solution
Section properties
A (0.375 in.)(1.250 in.) 0.468750 in.2
Iz
axial
bending
F
350 lb
Normal stress at H
By inspection, the bending stress at H will be tension; therefore, the normal stress at H is:
H 746.667 psi 15,680 psi 16,426.667 psi 16,430 psi (T)
Ans.
Normal stress at K
By inspection, the bending stress at K will be compression; therefore, the normal stress at K is:
K 746.667 psi 15,680 psi 14,933.333 psi 14,930 psi (C)
Ans.
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Solution
Section properties
A
I
64
axial
bending
F
2,500 N
I
39,760.782 mm 4
Maximum eccentricity
Since the axial stress is tension, the largest combined stress will occur for the combination of the tension
axial stress plus the tension bending stress. Therefore:
axial bending 40 MPa
3.537 MPa
(2,500 N)(30 mm / 2) e
40 MPa
39,760.782 mm 4
(40 MPa 3.537 MPa)
e
(39,760.782 mm 4 )
(2,500 N)(15 mm)
e 38.662 mm 38.7 mm
Ans.
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FIGURE P8.55
Solution
Section properties
A (0.375 in.)d
I
(0.375 in.)d 3
12
2
Stresses
axial
F
1,100 lb
2,933.3333 lb/in.
A (0.375 in.)d
d
bending
dd
Mc
d
2 2 17,600 lb/in.
1.5 in.
3
2
(0.375 in.)d
I
d
2
12
Maximum eccentricity
Since the axial stress is tension, the largest combined stress will occur for the combination of the tension
axial stress plus the tension bending stress. Therefore:
axial bending 15,000 psi
2
Expand this equation and replace the inequality to derive:
(15,000 psi)d 2 (2,933.3333 lb/in.)d (8,800 lb/in.)d 26,400 lb 0
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30,000 psi
Ans.
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FIGURE P8.56
Solution
Section properties
A (0.75 in.)(d y )
I
(0.75 in.)(d y )3
12
d d y
M (9,000 lb)
(4,500 lb)y
2
2
Stresses
axial
F
9,000 lb
12,000 lb/in.
A (0.75 in.)(d y )
dy
bending
d y
(4,500 lb)y
2 36,000 lb/in.
Mc
y
(0.75 in.)(d y )3
I
(d y ) 2
12
Maximum eccentricity
Since the axial stress is tension, the largest combined stress will occur for the combination of the tension
axial stress plus the tension bending stress. Therefore:
axial bending 30,000 psi
12,000 lb/in. 36,000 lb/in.
y 30,000 psi
dy
(d y ) 2
(12,000 lb/in.)(d y ) (36,000 lb/in.) y (30,000 psi)(d y ) 2
(12,000 lb/in.)d (12,000 lb/in.)y (36,000 lb/in.)y (30,000 psi)d 2 (60,000 psi) d y (30,000 psi) y 2
Substitute d = 3.0 in. and simplify to obtain the following equation:
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60,000 psi
204,000 lb/in. 116,344.3167 lb/in.
60,000 psi
5.3391 in., 1.4609 in.
The first root can be discarded since it would produce a value of y that is greater than d, a result that is
clearly not possible for this situation. Therefore, the maximum permissible depth of cut must be:
Ans.
y 1.461 in.
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FIGURE P8.57
Solution
Section properties
d D 2t 10.750 in. 2(0.365 in.) 10.020 in.
D 4 d 4
(10.750 in.)4 (10.020 in.)4 160.734 in.4
Iz
64
64
Internal forces and moments
F 700 lb 900 lb 1, 600 lb
M (700 lb)(13 ft) (900 lb)(23 ft) 29,800 lb-ft 357, 600 lb-in.
Stresses
axial
bending
F
1, 600 lb
11,958.27 psi
I
160.734 in.4
Ans.
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P8.58 Determine the normal stresses acting at points H and K for the structure shown in Figure P8.58a.
The cross-sectional dimensions of the vertical member are shown in Figure P8.58b.
Solution
Section properties
A (4 in.)(8 in.) 32 in.2
Iz
(4 in.)(8 in.)3
170.6667 in.4
12
axial
bending
F 4,000 lb
Normal stress at H
By inspection, the bending stress at H will be compression; therefore, the normal stress at H is:
H 125 psi 450 psi 575 psi 575 psi (C)
Ans.
Normal stress at K
By inspection, the bending stress at K will be tension; therefore, the normal stress at K is:
K 125 psi 450 psi 325 psi 325 psi (T)
Ans.
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FIGURE P8.59
Solution
Section properties (from Appendix B)
Depth d 17.7 in.
A 10.3 in.2
I z 510 in.4
Stresses
axial
bending
F
P
A 10.3 in.2
M c P(15 in. 17.7 in./2)(17.7 in./2) P(6.15 in.)(8.85 in.) P(54.4275 in.2 )
z
Iz
510 in.4
510 in.4
510 in.4
10.3 in.2
510 in.4
P(0.097087 in.2 0.106721 in.2 )
(0.203808 in.2 ) P
The normal stress on the upper surface of the W-shape must be limited to 18 ksi; therefore,
(0.203808 in.2 ) P 18 ksi
18 ksi
P
88.3 kips
0.203808 in.2
Ans.
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FIGURE P8.60
Solution
Section properties (from Appendix B)
Depth d 300 mm
axial
bending
F
P
48.7 106 mm 4
P(6.9832 104 mm 2 )
150 N/mm 2
168,629 N 168.6 kN
8.8953 10 4 mm 2
Ans.
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FIGURE P8.61
Solution
Section properties
A (60 mm)(10 mm) 600 mm 2
axial
bending
F
1, 200 N
42.00 MPa
I
5,000 mm 4
Normal stress at H
By inspection, the bending stress at H will be compression; therefore, the normal stress at H is:
H 2.00 MPa 42.00 MPa 40.00 MPa 40.0 MPa (C)
Ans.
Normal stress at K
By inspection, the bending stress at K will be tension; therefore, the normal stress at K is:
K 2.00 MPa 42.00 MPa 44.00 MPa 44.0 MPa (T)
Ans.
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Solution
Section properties
A (3.00 in.)(0.375 in.) 1.1250 in.
I
FIGURE P8.62
Internal forces and moments
F 1,300 lb
0.375 in.
M (1,300 lb) y
(1,300 lb) y 243.75 lb-in.
2
Stresses
axial
F
1,300 lb
1,155.5556 psi
A 1.1250 in.2
bending
Mc
0.375 in.
Maximum eccentricity
Since the axial stress is tension, the largest combined stress will occur for the combination of the tension
axial stress plus the tension bending stress. Therefore:
axial bending 24,000 psi
(243.75 lb-in.) y 45.7031 lb-in.2
24,000 psi
0.013184 in.4
15.2348 lb-in.2 (243.75 lb-in.) y 45.7031 lb-in.2 316.4160 lb-in.2
1,155.5556 psi
243.75 lb-in.
243.75 lb-in.
1.048 in.
Ans.
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P8.63 A load of P = 2,400 lb is applied parallel to the longitudinal axis of a rectangular structural tube
as shown in Figure P8.63a. The cross-sectional dimensions of the structural tube are given in Figure
P8.63b. If a = 20 in. and b = 2 in., calculate the normal stresses produced at points H and K.
FIGURE P8.63a
FIGURE P8.63b
Solution
Section properties
A (4 in.)(6 in.) (3.75 in.)(5.75 in.) 2.4375 in.2
6 in.
M z (2,400 lb)
2 in. 12,000 lb-in.
2
Stresses
axial
bending
F
2,400 lb
Normal stress at H
By inspection, the bending stress at H will be tension; therefore, the normal stress at H is:
H 984.615 psi 2,859.2305 psi 3,843.841 psi 3,840 psi (T)
Ans.
Normal stress at K
By inspection, the bending stress at K will be compression; therefore, the normal stress at K is:
K 984.615 psi 2,859.2305 psi 1,874.611 psi 1,875 psi (C)
Ans.
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P8.64 The tee shape shown in Figure P8.64b is used as a short post to support a load of P = 4,600 lb.
The load P is applied at a distance of 5 in. from the surface of the flange, as shown in Figure P8.64a.
Determine the normal stresses at points H and K, which are located on section aa.
Solution
Centroid location in x direction:
Shape
flange
stem
width b
(in.)
12
2
height h
(in.)
2
10
xi Ai
164 in.3
x
3.7273 in.
Ai
44 in.2
8.2727 in.
Area Ai
(in.2)
24
20
44 in.2
xi
(from left)
(in.)
1
7
xi Ai
(in.3)
24
140
164 in.3
IC + dA
(in.4)
186.5160
380.8790
567.3940
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Stresses
F 4,600 lb
104.545 psi
A
44 in.2
M x (40,145.455 lb-in.)( 3.7273 in.)
H ,bending z
263.720 psi
Iz
567.3940 in.4
axial
K ,bending
585.329 psi
Iz
567.3940 in.4
Normal stress at H
H 104.545 psi 263.720 psi 368.265 psi 368 psi (C)
Ans.
Normal stress at K
K 104.545 psi 585.329 psi 480.784 psi 481 psi (T)
Ans.
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P8.65 The tee shape shown in Figure P8.65b is used as a short post to support a load of P. The load P is
applied at a distance of 5 in. from the surface of the flange, as shown in Figure P8.65a. The tension and
compression normal stresses in the post must be limited to 1,000 psi and 800 psi, respectively.
Determine the maximum magnitude of load P that satisfies both the tension and compression stress
limits.
Solution
Centroid location in x direction:
Shape
flange
stem
width b
(in.)
12
2
height h
(in.)
2
10
xi Ai
164 in.3
x
3.7273 in.
Ai
44 in.2
8.2727 in.
Area Ai
(in.2)
24
20
44 in.2
xi
(from left)
(in.)
1
7
xi Ai
(in.3)
24
140
164 in.3
IC + dA
(in.4)
186.5160
380.8790
567.3940
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Stresses
F
P
(0.022727 in.2 ) P
A
44 in.2
M x (8.7273 in.)P( 3.7273 in.)
H ,bending z
(0.057331 in.2 ) P
Iz
567.3940 in.4
axial
K ,bending
(0.127246 in.2 ) P
Iz
567.3940 in.4
Pmax 9,570 lb
Ans.
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P8.66 The tee shape shown in Figure P8.66b is used as a post that supports a load of P = 25 kN, which
is applied 400 mm from the flange of the tee shape, as shown in Figure P8.66a. Determine the
magnitudes and locations of the maximum tension and compression normal stresses within the vertical
portion BC of the post.
FIGURE P8.66a
Solution
Centroid location in x direction:
Shape
stem
flange
width b
(mm)
20
120
height h
(mm)
130
20
xi Ai
101.0 mm
Ai
5,000 mm2
49.0 mm
Area Ai
(mm2)
2,600
2,400
5,000
xi
(from left)
(mm)
65
140
xi Ai
(mm3)
169,000
336,000
505,000
at location B
Ans.
at location C
Ans.
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P8.67 The steel pipe shown in Figure P8.67 has an outside diameter of
195 mm, a wall thickness of 10 mm, an elastic modulus of E = 200 GPa,
and a coefficient of thermal expansion of = 11.7 106 /C. Using a =
300 mm, b = 900 mm, and = 70, calculate the normal strains at H and K
after a load of P = 40 kN has been applied and the temperature of the pipe
has been increased by 25C.
Solution
Section properties
d D 2t 195 mm 2(10 mm) 175 mm
D 4 d 4
(195 mm) 4 (175 mm) 4 24,936,883 mm 4
I
64
64
FIGURE P8.67
axial
bending
F
37,587.7 N
92.2301 MPa
I
24,936,883 mm 4
Ans.
Ans.
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FIGURE P8.68
Solution
Section properties
A (30 mm)2 900 mm2
(30 mm)4
67,500 mm4
12
axial
bending
F
P
A 900 mm 2
M c (80 mm)P(30 mm/2)
P
(17.7778 10 3 mm 2 )P
4
I
67,500 mm
56.25 mm 2
2
2
900 mm
56.25 mm
52.94118 mm2
Normal strain on the inner surface
The normal strain on the inner surface was measured as 995 Use this value and the previous
expression for in Hookes Law to solve for P:
P
(70,000 N/mm 2 )(955 106 mm/mm)
2
52.94118 mm
P 3,539.118 N 3.54 kN
Ans.
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P8.69 A short length of a rolled-steel [E = 29 103 ksi] column supports a rigid plate on which two
loads P and Q are applied as shown in Figure P8.69a/70a. The column cross section (Figure
P8.69b/70b) has a depth of d = 8.0 in., an area of A = 5.40 in.2, and a moment of inertia of Iz = 57.5 in.4.
Normal strains are measured with strain gages H and K, which are attached on the centerline of the outer
faces of the flanges. Load P is known to be 35 kips, and the strain in gage H is measured as H = +120
106 in./in. Using a = 6 in., determine:
(a) the magnitude of load Q.
(b) the expected strain reading for gage K.
FIGURE P8.69a/70a
FIGURE P8.69b/70b
Solution
(a) Magnitude of load Q
The axial normal stress caused at H by both P and Q will be compression. By inspection, the bending
stress at H caused by load Q will be compression, and the bending stress at H caused by load P will be
tension. The normal stress at gage H can be expressed by:
Q
P
Q(6 in.)(8 in. / 2) P(6 in.)(8 in. / 2)
H
2
2
5.40 in. 5.40 in.
57.5 in.4
57.5 in.4
Q
Q(24 in.2 )
P
P (24 in.2 )
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
Q
Q(24 in.2 ) 35 kips (35 kips)(24 in.2 )
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
Q
Q(24 in.2 )
8.1272 ksi
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
Normal strain at H
The normal strain at H was measured as 120 106 in./in. Use this value and the previous expression
for in Hookes Law to solve for Q:
H E H
Q
Q(24 in.2 )
1
24 in.2
Q
Ans.
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2
2
5.40 in. 5.40 in.
57.5 in.4
57.5 in.4
7.7122 kips 35 kips (7.7122 kip)(6 in.)(8 in. / 2) (35 kips)(6 in.)(8 in. / 2)
5.40 in.2
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
57.5 in.4
1.4282 ksi 6.4815 ksi 3.2190 ksi 14.6087 ksi
19.2993 ksi
Use Hookes Law to calculate the expected strain reading at gage K.
K E K
K
E
19.2993 ksi
665.5 106 in./in. 665
29,000 ksi
Ans.
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P8.70 A short length of a rolled-steel [E = 29 103 ksi] column supports a rigid plate on which two
loads P and Q are applied as shown in Figure P8.69a/70a. The column cross section (Figure
P8.69b/70b) has a depth of d = 8.0 in., an area of A = 5.40 in.2, and a moment of inertia of Iz = 57.5 in.4.
Normal strains are measured with strain gages H and K, which are attached on the centerline of the outer
faces of the flanges. The strains measured in the two gages are H = 530 106 in./in. and K = 310
106 in./in. Using a = 6.0 in., determine the magnitudes of loads P and Q.
FIGURE P8.69a/70a
FIGURE P8.69b/70b
Solution
The axial normal stress caused at H by both P and Q will be compression. By inspection, the bending
stress at H caused by load Q will be compression, and the bending stress at H caused by load P will be
tension. The normal stress at gage H can be expressed by:
P
Q
P(6 in.)(8 in. / 2) Q(6 in.)(8 in. / 2)
H
2
2
5.40 in. 5.40 in.
57.5 in.4
57.5 in.4
P
P(24 in.2 )
Q
Q(24 in.2 )
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
(a)
(0.2322061 in.2 ) P (0.6025765 in.2 )Q
The axial normal stress caused at K by both P and Q will be compression. By inspection, the bending
stress at K caused by load Q will be tension, and the bending stress at K caused by load P will be
compression.
Q
P
Q(6 in.)(8 in. / 2) P(6 in.)(8 in. / 2)
K
2
2
5.40 in. 5.40 in.
57.5 in.4
57.5 in.4
Q
Q(24 in.2 )
P
P(24 in.2 )
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
5.40 in.2
57.5 in.4
(b)
( 0.6025765 in.2 ) P (0.2322061 in.2 )Q
Normal stresses from measured strains
The normal strains at H and K were measured as H = 530 106 in./in. and K = 310 106 in./in.
From these values, the stresses at H and K can be calculated from Hookes Law:
H E H (29,000 ksi)( 530 106 in./in.) 15.3700 ksi
(c)
(d)
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Solve Eqs. (c) and (d) simultaneously to obtain the values for P and Q:
Load P
15.3700 0.6025765
8.9900
0.2322061
0.6025765
0.2322061
( 15.3700)(0.2322061) ( 8.9900)( 0.60257565)
0.6025765
(0.2322061) 2 ( 0.6025765) 2
0.2322061
8.9861629
29.0645 kips 29.1 kips
0.3091788
Ans.
Load Q
0.2322061
Q
15.3700
0.6025765 8.9900
(0.2322061)( 8.9900) ( 0.60257565)( 15.3700)
0.2322061 0.6025765
(0.2322061) 2 ( 0.6025765) 2
0.6025765 0.2322061
11.3491206
36.7074 kips 36.7 kips
0.3091788
Ans.
FIGURE P8.71
Solution
Section properties
(90 mm)(55 mm)3 (80 mm)(45 mm)3
Iy
640,312.5 mm 4
12
12
3
(55 mm)(90 mm) (45 mm)(80 mm)3
Iz
1, 421, 250.0 mm 4
12
12
Moment components
M y (2,100 N-m)sin 30 1, 050 N-m
640,312.5 mm 4
1, 421, 250.0 mm 4
45.0952 MPa 57.5827 MPa
Ans.
640,312.5 mm 4
1, 421, 250.0 mm 4
45.0952 MPa 57.5827 MPa
Ans.
1.2815
M z I y ( 1,818.65 N-m)(640,312.5 mm 4 )
52.03
Ans.
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FIGURE P8.72
Solution
Section properties
Centroid location in y direction:
Shape
top flange
stem
Width b
(in.)
7.00
0.75
Height h
(in.)
1.25
7.75
yi Ai
95.80469 in.3
y
6.5789 in.
Ai
14.5625 in.2
2.4211 in.
Area Ai
(in.2)
8.7500
5.8125
14.5625
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
8.375
3.875
yi Ai
(in.3)
73.28125
22.52344
95.80469
IC + dA
(in.4)
29.3666
71.5884
100.9550
36.0016 in.4
12
12
Moment components
M y (22 kip-ft) cos 55 12.6187 kip-ft 151.4242 kip-in.
M z (22 kip-ft)sin 55 18.0213 kip-ft 216.2561 kip-in.
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36.0016 in.4
100.9550 in.4
14.7211 ksi 5.1862 ksi
Ans.
36.0016 in.4
100.9550 in.4
1.5773 ksi 14.0927 ksi
Ans.
1.9635
MzIy
( 216.2561 kip-in.)(36.0016 in.4 )
63.01
Ans.
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Solution
Section properties
(4 in.)(6 in.)3 (3.25 in.)(5.25 in.)3
Iy
32.8096 in.4
12
12
3
(6 in.)(4 in.) (5.25 in.)(3.25 in.)3
Iz
16.9814 in.4
12
12
Moment components
M y (75 kip-in.) cos 20 70.4769 kip-in.
32.8096 in.4
16.9814 in.4
6.4442 ksi 3.0211 ksi
Ans.
32.8096 in.4
16.9814 in.4
6.4442 ksi 3.0211 ksi
Ans.
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32.8096 in.4
16.9814 in.4
6.4442 ksi 3.0211 ksi
Ans.
The maximum compression normal stress occurs at the (y, z) coordinates y = 2.0 in. and z = 3.0 in.:
M z M y
x y z
Iy
Iz
(70.4769 kip-in.)( 3.0 in.) (25.6515 kip-in.)(2.0 in.)
32.8096 in.4
16.9814 in.4
6.4442 ksi 3.0211 ksi
Ans.
1.4220
M z I y (25.6515 kip-in.)(32.8096 in.4 )
54.88
Ans.
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FIGURE P8.74/75
Solution
Section properties
Moment of inertia about the z axis:
d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(mm )
(mm)
(mm4)
top flange
59,062.5
97.5
29,944,687.5
web
4,860,000
0
0
bottom flange
59,062.5
97.5
29,944,687.5
Moment of inertia about the z axis (mm4) =
IC + dA
(mm4)
30,003,750
4,860,000
30,003,750
64,867,500
23,167,500 mm4
12
12
Moment components
M y (12 kN-m)sin 35 6.8829 kN-m 6.8829 106 N-mm
M z (12 kN-m) cos 35 9.8298 kN-m 9.8298 106 N-mm
23,167,500 mm 4
64, 867,500 mm 4
31.1948 MPa 15.9114 MPa
47.1062 MPa 47.1 MPa (C)
Ans.
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23,167,500 mm 4
64,867,500 mm 4
31.1948 MPa 15.9114 MPa
Ans.
1.9605
M z I y (9.8298 kN-m)(23,167,500 mm4 )
62.98
Ans.
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FIGURE P8.74/75
Solution
Section properties
Moment of inertia about the z axis:
d = yi y
Shape
IC
dA
4
(mm )
(mm)
(mm4)
top flange
59,062.5
97.5
29,944,687.5
web
4,860,000
0
0
bottom flange
59,062.5
97.5
29,944,687.5
Moment of inertia about the z axis (mm4) =
IC + dA
(mm4)
30,003,750
4,860,000
30,003,750
64,867,500
23,167,500 mm4
12
12
Moment components
M y M sin 35
M z M cos35
165 MPa
Iy
Iz
23,167,500 mm4
64,867,500 mm4
Ans.
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FIGURE P8.76/77
Solution
Section properties
Centroid location in y direction:
Shape
Width b
(in.)
0.375
2.625
upright leg
bottom leg
y
yi Ai
Ai
Height h
(in.)
4.000
0.375
Area Ai
(in.2)
1.5000
0.9844
2.4844
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
2.00
0.1875
yi Ai
(in.3)
3.00
0.18457
3.18457
3.18457 in.3
1.2818 in.(from bottom of shape to centroid)
2.4844 in.2
2.7182 in.
zi
(from right edge)
(in.)
0.1875
1.6875
Area Ai
(in.2)
upright leg
1.5000
bottom leg
0.9844
2.4844
zi Ai 1.94243 in.3
z
0.7818 in.
Ai
2.4844 in.2
2.2182 in.
z i Ai
(in.3)
0.2813
1.6612
1.94243
IC + dA
(in.4)
2.7737
1.1903
3.9640
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IC + dA
(in.4)
0.5474
1.3727
1.9201
Area Ai
yc zc Ai
2
(in. )
(in.4)
1.5000
0.6402
0.9844
0.9757
Product of inertia (in.4) =
Iyz
(in.4)
0.6402
0.9757
1.6159
(20 kip-in.)
(1.9201 in.4 )(3.9640 in.4 ) ( 1.6159 in.4 ) 2
5
4.5619 in.
(20 kip-in.)
8
5.0001 in.
18.2469 ksi 18.25 ksi (C)
Ans.
(20 kip-in.)
(1.9201 in.4 )(3.9640 in.4 ) ( 1.6159 in.4 ) 2
5
1.8432 in.
(20 kip-in.)
8
5.0001 in.
7.3728 ksi 7.37 ksi (C)
Ans.
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0.8416
M z I y M y I yz
(20 kip-in.)(1.9201 in.4 )
40.08
Ans.
(20 kip-in.)
4
4
4 2
(1.9201
in.
)(3.9640
in.
)
1.6159
in.
)
5
3.7245 in.
(20 kip-in.)
8
5.0001 in.
14.8977 ksi 14.90 ksi (T)
Therefore, the maximum compression bending stress is:
x 18.25 ksi (C)
Ans.
Ans.
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FIGURE P8.76/77
Solution
Section properties
Centroid location in y direction:
Shape
Width b
(in.)
0.375
2.625
upright leg
bottom leg
y
yi Ai
Ai
Height h
(in.)
4.000
0.375
Area Ai
(in.2)
1.5000
0.9844
2.4844
yi
(from bottom)
(in.)
2.00
0.1875
yi Ai
(in.3)
3.00
0.18457
3.18457
3.18457 in.3
1.2818 in.(from bottom of shape to centroid)
2.4844 in.2
2.7182 in.
zi
(from right edge)
(in.)
0.1875
1.6875
Area Ai
(in.2)
upright leg
1.5000
bottom leg
0.9844
2.4844
zi Ai 1.94243 in.3
z
0.7818 in.
Ai
2.4844 in.2
2.2182 in.
z i Ai
(in.3)
0.2813
1.6612
1.94243
IC + dA
(in.4)
2.7737
1.1903
3.9640
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IC + dA
(in.4)
0.5474
1.3727
1.9201
Area Ai
yc zc Ai
2
(in. )
(in.4)
1.5000
0.6402
0.9844
0.9757
Product of inertia (in.4) =
Iyz
(in.4)
0.6402
0.9757
1.6159
0.8416
M z I y M y I yz
(20 kip-in.)(1.9201 in.4 )
40.08
I y I z I yz
4.5619 in.5
M z (0.9124 in.3 )M z
8
5.0001 in.
Therefore, based on an allowable bending stress of 24 ksi at H, the maximum magnitude of Mz is:
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(a)
To compute the normal stress at the corner of the angle, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 1.2818 in. and z =
0.7818 in.
I y y I yz z
(1.9201 in.4 )( 1.2818 in.) (1.6159 in.4 )( 0.7818 in.)
x
Mz
Mz
2
(1.9201 in.4 )(3.9640 in.4 ) ( 1.6159 in.4 ) 2
I y I z I yz
3.7245 in.5
M z (0.7449 in.3 ) M z
8
5.0001 in.
Therefore, based on the bending stress at the corner of the angle, the maximum magnitude of Mz is:
(0.7449 in.3 )M z 24 ksi
M z 32.2197 kip-in.
(b)
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FIGURE P8.78
Solution
Moment of inertia about the z axis:
d = yi y
Shape
IC
Area Ai
dA
4
2
(mm )
(mm)
(mm )
(mm4)
top flange
130,208.3
112.5
2,500
31,640,625.0
web
10,666,666.7
0
3,200
0
bottom flange
130,208.3
112.5
2,500
31,640,625.0
Moment of inertia about the z axis (mm4) =
IC + dA
(mm4)
31,770,883.3
10,666,666.7
31,770,883.3
74,208,333.3
Area Ai
yc zc Ai
Iyz
(mm2)
(mm4)
(mm4)
2,500
11,812,500
11,812,500
3,200
0
0
2,500
11,812,500
11,812,500
Product of inertia (mm4) = 23,625,000
Moment components
M y (40 kN-m)sin15 10.3528 kN-m 10.3528 106 N-mm
M z (40 kN-m) cos15 38.6370 kN-m 38.6370 106 N-mm
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z
(13,054,933.3 mm 4 )(74,208,333.3 mm 4 ) ( 23,625,000 mm 4 ) 2
3
3
(0.63271 N/mm ) y (0.35197 N/mm )z
To compute the normal stress at H, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 125 mm and z = 92 mm:
x (0.63271 N/mm3 )(125 mm) (0.35197 N/mm3 )( 92 mm)
Ans.
Ans.
29.09
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Ans.
To compute bending stresses at the lower point, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 125 mm and z = 8 mm:
x (0.63271 N/mm3 )( 125 mm) (0.35197 N/mm3 )( 8 mm)
Ans.
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Solution
Section properties
Centroid location in y direction:
Shape
Width b
(mm)
150
19
horizontal leg
vertical leg
yi Ai
Ai
Height h
(mm)
19
181
Area Ai
(mm2)
2,850
3,439
6,289
854,154.5 mm3
135.82 mm
6,289 mm 2
64.18 mm
yi
(from bottom)
(mm)
190.50
90.50
yi Ai
(mm3)
542,925.0
311,229.5
854,154.5
Area Ai
(mm2)
2,850
3,439
6,289
zi
(from right edge)
(mm)
75.0
9.5
zi Ai
39.18 mm
Ai
6,289 mm 2
110.82 mm
z i Ai
(mm3)
213,750.0
32,670.5
246,420.5
(from right edge of shape to centroid)
(from left edge of shape to centroid)
IC + dA
(mm4)
8,607,825.65
16,451,260.58
25,059,086.23
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IC + dA
(mm4)
8,999,938.87
3,133,447.36
12,133,386.23
Area Ai
yc zc Ai
Iyz
2
4
(mm )
(mm )
(mm4)
2,850
5,582,117.16
5,582,117.16
3,439
4,625,790.65
4,625,790.65
4
Product of inertia (mm ) = 10,207,907.81
Since the angle shape has no axis of symmetry, Eq. (8.21) or Eq. (8.22) must be used to determine the
bending stresses. Equation (8.21) will be used here.
M z I y M y I yz y M y I z M z I yz z
x
I y I z I yz2
I y I z I yz2
z
4
4
4 2
(12,133,386.23 mm )(25,059,086.23 mm ) (10, 207,907.81 mm )
(0.84997 N/mm3 ) y (0.71509 N/mm 3 )z
To compute the normal stress at H, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 45.18 mm and z = 110.82 mm:
x ( 0.84997 N/mm3 )(45.18 mm) (0.71509 N/mm3 )(110.82 mm)
Ans.
Ans.
(14 kN-m)(12,133,386.23 mm 4 )
0.84131
40.07
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Ans.
Ans.
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FIGURE P8.80/81
Solution
Moment of inertia about the z axis:
d = yi y
Shape
IC
Area Ai
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.2)
(in.4)
top flange
0.0260
2.75
1.25
9.4531
web
3.6458
0
1.75
0
bottom flange
0.0260
2.75
1.25
9.4531
Moment of inertia about the z axis (in.4) =
IC + dA
(in.4)
9.4792
3.6458
9.4792
22.6042
IC + dA
(in.4)
2.0956
0.0179
2.0956
4.2091
Area Ai
yc zc Ai
2
(in. )
(in.4)
1.25
3.6953
1.75
0
1.25
3.6953
Product of inertia (in.4) =
Iyz
(in.4)
3.6953
0
3.6953
7.3906
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M I
z y
M y I yz y
I yIz I
2
yz
I M z I yz z
y z
I y I z I yz2
4
4
4 2
4
4
4 2
(4.2091 in. )(22.6042 in. ) (7.3906 in. )
(4.2091 in. )(22.6042 in. ) (7.3906 in. )
(5.92065 kips/in.3 ) y (10.39584 kips/in.3 )z
To compute the normal stress at H, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 3 in. and z = 2.325 in.:
x (5.92065 kips/in.3 )(3 in.) (10.39584 kips/in.3 )(2.325 in.)
Ans.
Ans.
60.34
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Ans.
To compute bending stresses at the lower point, use (y, z) coordinates of y = 3 in. and z = 0.175 in.:
x (5.92065 kips/in.3 )( 3 in.) (10.39584 kips/in.3 )(0.175 in.)
Ans.
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FIGURE P8.80/81
Solution
Moment of inertia about the z axis:
d = yi y
Shape
IC
Area Ai
dA
4
(in. )
(in.)
(in.2)
(in.4)
top flange
0.0260
2.75
1.25
9.4531
web
3.6458
0
1.75
0
bottom flange
0.0260
2.75
1.25
9.4531
Moment of inertia about the z axis (in.4) =
IC + dA
(in.4)
9.4792
3.6458
9.4792
22.6042
IC + dA
(in.4)
2.0956
0.0179
2.0956
4.2091
Area Ai
yc zc Ai
2
(in. )
(in.4)
1.25
3.6953
1.75
0
1.25
3.6953
Product of inertia (in.4) =
Iyz
(in.4)
3.6953
0
3.6953
7.3906
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M I
z y
M y I yz y
I yIz I
2
yz
I M z I yz z
y z
I y I z I yz2
M z (4.2091 in.4 )
M z (7.3906 in.4 )
y
4
4
4 2
4
4
4 2
(4.2091 in. )(22.6042 in. ) (7.3906 in. )
(4.2091 in. )(22.6042 in. ) (7.3906 in. )
(0.103871 in.4 ) M z y (0.182383 in.4 )M z z
M z (0.103871 in.4 ) y (0.182383 in.4 )z
1.7559
M z I y M y I yz M z (4.2091 in.4 )
60.34
Mz
24 ksi
69.86287 kip-in. 5.82 kip-ft
0.343530 in.3
Ans.
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Solution
From Figure 8.18
r 0.125 in.
0.10
d 1.25 in.
D 1.50 in.
1.20
d 1.25 in.
K 1.69
10.2400 ksi
I
0.122070 in.4
Maximum bending stress:
max K nom 1.69(10.2400 ksi) 17.3056 ksi 17.31 ksi
Ans.
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Solution
From Figure 8.18
r
8 mm
0.16
d 50 mm
D 75 mm
1.50
d 50 mm
K 1.57
120 MPa
nom max
76.4331 MPa
K
1.57
Moment of inertia at minimum depth section:
(25 mm)(50 mm)3
I
260,416.67 mm4
12
Maximum bending moment:
I (76.4331 N/mm2 )(260,416.67 mm 4 )
M max nom
796,178.3 N-mm 796 N-m
y
50 mm/2
Ans.
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Solution
From Figure 8.17
r 10 mm
0.20
d 50 mm
D 75 mm
1.50
d 50 mm
K 1.76
90 MPa
nom max
51.1364 MPa
K
1.76
Minimum bar thickness b:
M y M (d /2) 6M
nom
I
bd 3 /12 bd 2
6M
6(300 N-m)(1,000 mm/m)
b
14.08 mm
2
nom d
(51.1364 N/mm 2 )(50 mm) 2
Ans.
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Solution
From Figure 8.17
r 0.125 in.
0.125
d 1.00 in.
D 1.50 in.
1.50
d 1.00 in.
K 2.05
165 ksi
allow Y
66 ksi
FS
2.5
Thus, the maximum allowable bending moment can be determined from:
My
allow K
I
I (66 ksi)(0.020833 in.4 )
M max allow
1.3415 kip-in. 111.8 lb-ft
Ky
(2.05)(1.00 in./2)
Ans.
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Solution
From Figure 8.20
r 0.125 in.
0.083
d 1.50 in.
D 2.00 in.
1.33
d 1.50 in.
K 1.78
64
Ans.
6,701.28 lb-in.
4
4
I
midspan
OK
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Solution
From Figure 8.20
r
5 mm
0.20
d 25 mm
D 40 mm
1.60
d 25 mm
K 1.48
64
331 MPa
allow yield
110.33 MPa
FS
3.0
My
allow K
I
I (110.33 N/mm 2 )(19,174.76 mm 4 )
M max allow
114,357.58 N-mm
Ky
(1.48)(25 mm/2)
Bending moment at x = 150 mm:
P
P
M x (150 mm) P(75 mm)
2
2
Maximum load P:
P(75 mm) 114,357.58 N-mm
P 1,524.77 N 1,525 N
Ans.
190,596.25 N-mm
4
4
I
midspan
64
M y (190,596.25 N-mm)(40 mm/2)
OK
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Solution
For 1020 cold-rolled steel:
Y 62,000 psi
From Figure 8.20
r 0.0625 in.
0.10
d
0.625 in.
D 1.000 in.
1.6
d 0.625 in.
K 1.74
64
62,000 psi
FS Y
1.708
max 36,297.7 psi
Ans.
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Solution
From Figure 8.20
r
3 mm
0.15
d 20 mm
D 30 mm
1.5
d 20 mm
K 1.58
64
427 MPa
allow Y
284.6667 MPa
FS
1.5
My
allow K
I
I (284.6667 N/mm 2 )(7,853.98 mm 4 )
M max allow
141,504.2261 N-mm
Ky
(1.58)(20 mm/2)
Bending moment at x = 90 mm:
M Px P(90 mm)
Maximum load P:
P(90 mm) 141,504.2261 N-mm
P 1,572.3 N 1,572 N
Ans.
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Solution
From Figure 8.19
r
4 mm
0.118
d 34 mm
D 50 mm
1.471
d 34 mm
K 1.96
64
331 MPa
allow Y
220.6667 MPa
FS
1.5
My
allow K
I
allow I (220.6667 N/mm 2 )(65,597.24 mm4 )
M max
Ky
(1.96)(34 mm/2)
Ans.
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