Sample Report

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II
TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
DEDICATION
This piece of work is dedicated to my family especially to my mother Mama
Nange Josephine who is of blessed memory for bringing me into this world RIP.
WRITTEN BY NDIFON KENNETH A.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work successfully saw the light of day due to the ceaseless efforts and
valuable contributions of some persons. In this light I say thanks to:
Prof Tanyi Emmanuel, Dean, Faculty of Engineering and Technology and Head
of department Electrical and Electronic Engineering. For your unequivocal,
unflinching support in making industrial attachment for me a dream comes true. I
remain ever grateful to you and your staff and pray the Almighty to continue
showering His wisdom and favour on you all. Mr Ahmadou Bivoung, Director
Edea Hydro Power plant. For the warmth, enthusiastic and fatherly reception you
gave me upon arrival and throughout my stay in the plant. This kind gesture of
yours really brought light in me and gave me hope of a successful internship in
the hydro power plant. Mr Ahmadou Ndotti, Head of Maintenance Division .
For the fatherly love you showed us through out internship period in your
division, To my supervisor Mr Tuekam Gabriel head of Automatic and
Auxiliaries Department I think you for your effective follow up and comfort
you gave me through out my internship and for this work to see the lamp light.
Mr. Tchakouteu Celestine, head of service for low current equipment and
laboratory in Automation and auxillaries department who has been my eye opener
for automatic systems control with his endless effort trying to let me understand
every work we did in plant . Mr Wefonge James For his fatherly care and he
effectively follow up in the plant .Mr Mundi Eugene who provided me with
shelter through out my stay in Edea only God can fully reward you .Dr Mborong
who from time to time created time to visit us in Edea . Gratitude also goes to all
my lecturers to name a few Dr. Tsafack Pierre my programme coordinator, Mr
Fotso Raul, Mr Obenufunde. Mr Nguajep Seurge . To my brother and friend
Mr Chongwain Gilbert who has contributed enormously for this piece of work
to come to reality.
To my parents, family members, brothers and sisters, friends and wellwishers.For the timely, unflinching all round support you gave me.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION ........................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................iv
GENERAL INTRODUCTION.......1
CHAPTER ONE
PRESENTATION OF AES SONEL
1)GENERALITIES ABOUT AES SONEL........3
IDENTIFICATION FORM OF AES SONEL........................................................3
1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND..3
1.2 ) MISSION OF AES SONEL............................................................................4
1.3.1) PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY............................................4
1.3.2) TRANSMISSION.........................................................................................5
1.3.3) DISTRIBUTION...........................................................................................5
1.5) . HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT EDEA .............................................8
1.5.1) LOCATION OF THE PLANT.....................................................................8
1.5.2) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PLANT.....................................9
1.5.3) ORGANISATION OF THE PLANT........................................................10
1.5.4) OPERATION OF THE PLANT.................................................................14
1.5.5) OBJECTIVE OF THE PLANT...................................................................17
1.6) PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY PRODUCTION IN
THEPLANT..........................................................................................................19
CHAPTER TWO
DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMATION AND AUXILARIES
2.1) INTRODUCTION..................................................................................20
2.2) ROLE OF THE DEPARTMENT................................................................20
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
2.3) TYPES OF AUXILIARIES.......................................................................20

2.3.1) DC AUXILIARIES : ..............................................................................20
2.3.2) AC AUXILIAIRES : ...............................................................................21
2.4) AUTOMATES (PLCs) .................................................................................21
2.5 SOME OF THE JOBS THE INTERN PARTICIPATED ........................ 22
CHAPTER THREE
STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF
VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II TURBO-ALTERNATORS
3.1) ABSTRACT. .............................................................................................27
3.2) INTRODUCTION...................................................................................27
3.3) DESSRIPTION OF EDEA II EXCITATION SYSTEMS:.........................28
3.4) FUNCTIONS OF GOOD A GENERATOR EXCITATION SYSTEMS.29
3.5) EXCITATION SYSTEMS ........................................................................30
3.6) TYPES OF EXCITATION SYSTEMS. ...................................................30
3.6 .1) STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEMS ...................................................31
3.6 .1.2) DRAWBACKS OF STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM31
3.6.2) DC EXCITATION SYSTEM. ................................................................31
3.6.2.1) IT DRAWBACKS OF DC EXCITATION SYSTEM ........................32
3.6.3) AC EXCITATION SYSTEMS 33
3.6.3.1) DRAWBACKS OF AC EXCITATION SYSTEM..33
3.6.4) BRUSHLESS AC EXCITATION SYSTEMS ..33
3.7 WHY SHOULD BRUSHLESS AC EXCITATION SYSTEM BE CHOSEN
FOR EDEA II?.....................................................................................................35
I. ADVANTAGES ..35
II. RESULTS36
III .FACTS36
IV GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:............................................................40
4) DE-EXCITATION AND OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION OF
GENERATOR EXCITATION SYSTEM .........................................................40
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
4.1) REQUIREMENTS OF DE-EXCITATION.................................................41

4.2)CLASSIFICATION OF DE-EXCITATION SYSTEM ..41
4.3 PRINCIPLE OF DC DE-EXCITATION................................................... 42
4.3 DE-EXCITATION RESISTANCE............................................................42
4.4 DESIGN OF DE-EXCITATION ...............................................................43
5. AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR. .................................................43
5.1) REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR.44
5.1) CHOSING A VOLTAGE REGULATOR FOR EDEA II TURBOALTERNATORS ................................................................................................45
5.2 REASONS WHY RT2DB EXCUTATION-REGULATION SYSTEM IS
CHOSEN FOR EDEA II.......................................................................................45
5.3) RT2DB EXCITATION AND VOLTAGE REGULATION SYSTEM FOR
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS ...................................................................45
5.3.1ADVANTAGES...........................................................45
6) DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF RT2DB EXCITATION AND VOLTAGE
REGULATION SYSTEM ...46
6.1) POWER STAGE ......46
6.2)CONFIGURATION OF THE ELECTRONICS 47
6.3) AUTOMATIC CHANNEL ...........................................................................48
6.4) HAND CHANNEL ....................................................................................49
6.4.1) CHANNEL SWITCH OVER AND FOLLOW-UP CONTROL.49
6.5) OPERATION ...............................................................................................50
6.6)INSTRUMENTATION AND OPERATION ......51
6.7) DE-EXCITATION AND OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION 51
6.8)MECHANICAL FEATURES ......................................................................51
6.9) OPTIONAL FRAME ASSEMBLY............................................................ 52
6.10) GENERAL TECHNICAL DATA OF THE RT2DB DIGITAL
EXCITATION SYSTEM ...................................................................................55
CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................56
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
General Introduction
Electric power systems are real-time energy delivery systems. Real time means
that power is generated, transported, and supplied the moment you turn on a
switch. An electric power system starts with generation, by which electrical
energy is produced in the power plant and then transformed to high-voltage
electrical energy that is more suitable for efficient long-distance transportation.
The power plants transform other sources of energy in the process of producing
electrical energy. For example, heat, mechanical, hydraulic, chemical, solar,
wind, geothermal, nuclear, and other energy sources are used in the production of
electrical energy. High-voltage (HV) power lines in the transmission portion of
the electric power system efficiently transport electrical energy over long
distances to the consumption locations. Finally, substations transform this High
Voltage electrical energy into lower-voltage energy that is transmitted over
distribution power lines that are more suitable for the distribution of electrical
energy to its destination, where it is again transformed for residential,
commercial, and industrial consumption.
In Cameroon, electrical energy is supplied by the company AES Sonel which
depends mostly on water (hydro) for energy production.
Hydro sector in Cameroon produces 87% of all power production. The remaining
13% is produced by thermal and gaz plants built to boost up energy production in
the country. These plants go operational mostly during the dry season when the
water level is low. In Edea where this report is written energy is produced from
water. The 276MW Edea Hydroelectric projects, located on the Sanaga River is
the second largest in Cameroon. The energy production process is summarised
below: Water is held at a height and is forced to flow through a penstock to
turbines. As the water hits the turbines, they are set in to motion. The turbines are
mechanically coupled to generators through a shaft which can either be vertical or
horizontal. The hydraulic energy of the water is converted in to kinetic energy by
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
the turbines. This kinetic energy sets the shaft in to motion which in turn sets the
generators in to motion. As the generator rotates by virtue of this kinetic energy,
magnetic field lines are cut; flux varies, producing current hence voltage. This
voltage is then stepped up and send to the public sector and the ALUCAM
Company.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
CHAPTER ONE
PRESENTATION OF AES SONEL
1) GENERALITIES ABOUT AES SONEL
1.1) IDENTIFICATION FORM OF AES SONEL
FULL NAME
Socit Nationale dElectricit du Cameroun
ACRONYM
AES SONEL
LOGO
ADDRESS
P.O. BOX : 4077 Douala

TEL : (237) 33 42 83 09 (Grouped line)
CALL CENTRE: 77 11 77 11; 99 11 99 11; 33 42 33
33
LEGAL STATUS
DATE OF CREATION
Parastatal
18th July 2001
CAPITAL
COMMERCIAL
REGISTERED NUMBER
43.903.690.000 FCFA
4624
ACTIVITIES
Production,
Transmission,
Distribution
and
Commercialization of electrical energy in Cameroon
and to some neighbouring countries
GENERAL MANAGER
Jean David Bile
1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Everything started in 1929 by Companie Coloniale de Distribution dEnergie
Electrique (CCDEE) which ensured the supply of electrical energy to Yaounde,
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
Douala and Nkongsamba. This gave birth to Energie Electrique du Cameroun

(ENELCAM) in 1948 which had as objective to distribute electrical energy it
produced.
On October 22nd 1962 POWERCAM was created which was in charge of
transmitting and distributing electrical energy to the Anglophone part of
Cameroon. On 15th July 1965, Electricit du Cameroun (EDC) was created which
ensured the distribution of electrical energy in the eastern part of Cameroon
except Edea which was taken care of by ENELCAM.
18th May, 1974 marked the fusion of ENELCAM and EDC to give rise to SONEL
(SOCIETE NATIONAL DELECTRICITE), and then in 1975 POWERCAM was
absorbed in order to harmonize the production, transmission and distribution of
electrical energy in Cameroon.
AES SONEL came as a result of the privatization of SONEL on 18 th July, 2001
by AES-SIROCCO LIMITED, a subsidiary of AES-CORPORATION based at
Arlington in the United States of America (USA), for an amount of 23 billion
FCFA in order to possess 56% of the capital of which 51% is for AES
corporation and 5% for the AES SONEL staff and 44% for the Cameroon state.
1.2 ) MISSION OF AES SONEL
AES SONEL has as mission to produce, transmit, distribute and commercialize

electrical energy to be consumed by Cameroon .They aspired to supply the
neighbouring countries like Tchat in a nearby feature.
1.3.1) PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
AES SONEL uses two forms of electrical energy production in Cameroon:

Hydroelectric production, Thermal and Gas production. It has two types of
interconnected networks; Northern Interconnected Network (NIN) and Southern
Interconnected Network (SIN).
AES SONEL has a production capacity of about 918 MW divided as follows:
a.
b.
c.
Southern Interconnected Network

Hydroelectric plants: 648 MW
Thermal plants : 171.3 MW
Northern Interconnected Network
Hydroelectric plants: 72 MW
Thermal plants : 24.15 MW
Isolated Thermal plants
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
- Installed in regions that are not covered by interconnected networks: 10.4

MW.The active power each hydroelectric power plant produces is shown in
the table below.
PLANTS
ACTIVE POWER (MW)
Songloulou
384
Edea
276
Lagdo
72
Songloulou and Edea hydroelectric power plants are built on river Sanaga while
Lagdo hydroelectric power plant is built on river Benoue.
1.3.2) TRANSMISSION
For electrical energy transmission, AES SONEL, mostly uses overhead

transmission. That notwithstanding underground transmission is also used, but
mostly for short distances. The voltages that AES SONEL uses for high voltage
(HV) transmissions are 225KV, 90KV and 110KV.
1.3.3) DISTRIBUTION
The distribution of electrical energy is done using the following voltages:
Medium Voltage (MV): 30KV, 15KV and 10KV
Low Voltage (LV): 380V (phase to phase)/220V (phase to neutral)
1.1) SAFETY POLICIES AND CORE VALUES OF AES SONEL
The slogan of AES SONEL is Safety is my No 1 priority. It has two safety
policies; Environmental policy and sanitary policy.
The five core values are;
- SAFETY: We will always put safety firstfor our people, contractors and
those in the communities we serve.
- INTEGRITY: Our people are honest, trust worthy and dependable.
Integrity is at the core of all we dohow we conduct ourselves, how we
perform our jobs and how we interact with one another and all of our stake
holders. Our people can be trusted to meet our commitment and to perform.
- COMMITMENT: We have commitment to our stake holders. We want
our businesses on the whole to make a possible contribution to society.
- EXCELLENCE: We want to be best in all that we do. We will perform at
world-class levels and provide high quality and reliable services to our
customers.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
- FUN: We want our people to enjoy our work, to appreciate the fun of being
part of a successful team that is making a difference. We work because
work is fun, fulfilling and exciting. And when it stops being that way, we
will change what or how we do things.
TEN SAFETY RULES
1) When in a car, fasten your seat belt.
2) When on a motorbike, wear a crash helmet.
3) Any work on a low voltage facility, which has not been locked out (short
circuited), must be done while wearing insulated gloves and using insulated
tools eye protection.
4) No one shall be authorized to directly or indirectly go close to a High
Voltage (HV) or Medium Voltage (MV) without visible grounding and
short circuit devices except for authorized AES SONEL locked up
operators or qualified persons directly under their supervision.
5) Any work outside safe platform with a risk of falling from a height of over
1.8m must be carried out with a shock absorber device or a protection in
case of fall (from 01/01/2009).
6) Nobody shall be around or lifting equipment during mechanized lifting of
handling.
7) Hazardous material shall not be discharged into the environment.
8) Entry into a confined space must always be preceded by a risk assessment
and a written authorization from a unit head.
9) Any one working around flowing water must wear a life jacket with rope
tight to a fixed point or boat.
10. For any diving operation, there must be a rope to maintain permanent
communication between the diver and the surface rescue team. Each
worker including interns in AES SONEL must have Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) which comprises of:
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
- A security helmet
- Safety shoes
- overalls
Fig1 Safety wears for head, feet and body

- Gloves: The choice of gloves depends on the type of work we want to do.
Shown below are some types of gloves used by AES SONEL technicians.
a) A pair of handling gloves and a pair of MV gloves (from left to right)
respectively.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
- Eye glasses
Fig 1.1 Safety wears for hands and eyes

1.5) . HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT EDEA
The Edea hydroelectric power plant is part of the production plants in Cameroon
and the oldest in the country. The plant has an installed active power of 276MW.
In order to produce this power, the plant needs a water flow rate of 1200m3/s.
1.5.1) LOCATION OF THE PLANT
The plant is based in the Sanaga maritime division of the Littoral region. It is
built onriver Sanaga and has a dam that permits it tooperate its 14 units. The dam
here is not a storage dam because all the water that it houses is used immediately.
River Sanaga is the longest river in Cameroon with a length of 918km. It was
chosen because it has a very high flow rate due to its high slope basin
(13500km3).
River Sanaga can not be sailed before Edea. It takes its source from the Adamawa
plateau beside Meiganga at an altitude of 1200m. In Edea, its altitude at edea is
30m.
Flow rate: During the dry season, the flow rate in Edea is 200m3/s while during
the rainy season the flow rate can rise up to 7000m3/s.
The Sanaga has three branches in Edea:
- Left bank at 5km upstream from Edea, here we have bras de la garre
- Right bank before the dam, we have the derivation du bras mort
- Le bras central on which the dam is built.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
The bras de la garre and the bras mort are blocked by submersible decks.
The picture below is the top view of the edea power plant.
Fig 1.2 Top view of the Edea hydro power plant.

1.5.2) HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE PLANT
The civil engineering aspect of the power plant was carried out in one session, but
the installation of complete machine sets (units) ready for energy production took
place in three phases.
Phase one saw the setting up of three machines (units 1-3) purposely
for public sector consumption between the years 1949-1953 each
with a total active power output of 11.1MW. This unit were recently
replaced by modern systems that incorporate the SCADA for
automatic control and also elevates the rated active power output to
16.4MW.
Some two years later, following a partnership agreement that was
signed between ALUCAM and SONEL, six machines (units 4-9)
with rated active power output of 20MW each were installed
between the years 1955- 1958 to mark the second phase. The output
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
from these machines is purposely dedicated to drive the wheels of

this company.
The third phase of installation aimed to reinforce the public sector
and the near-by company ALUCAM took place in two stages. Stage
one executed between the years 1967-1970 saw the erection of two
machines (units 10 and 11) each having a rated active power output
of 21.4MW. The outputs from these two units are adapted to either
feed the public sector of ALUCAM in an Exclusive- OR logic
manner. The second stage carried out between the years 1971-1975
marked the installation of the last machines of the power plant (units
12-14) each with rated active power output of 21.4MW purely for
public sector reinforcement.
These three phases of machine installation have been baptised with the names
Edea I, Edea II and Edea III respectively.
1.5.3) ORGANISATION OF THE PLANT
The Edea hydroelectric power plant is divided into three main divisions.
- Division of Technical and Administrative support
- Exploitation and control division
Maintenance division
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
The
chart
below
shows
the
organisation
of
the
plant.
Plant manager
Administrative
support
HSE Service
Division of Technical
and Administrative
support
Engineering and
reporting
Exploitation Division
Department of
maintenance of turbalternator generators
and HV-MV
equipment
Study Service
Administration and
accountancy
Maintenance Division
Exploitation team A
Provision and store

Service
Exploitation team B
Accounting and
Budget
Exploitation team C
Department of
maintenance of
auxiliaries,
automatiion,
regulation, workshop,
LV equipment
FUNCTIONS OF THE VARIOUS DIVISIONS

HSE SERVICE
The HSE service is charged with the following responsibilities:
To carry on regular checks to ensure that workers and following the safety
procedures.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
To sensitise workers and visitors on the different risk they can get exposed
to the plant.
The supply of all security wears (helmets, safety boots etc) passes through
this office before it is channelled to the appropriate individuals.
To educate visitors and workers on what a single, double or triple siren
signal mean respectively. In case of emergency that will be signalled by
three siren sounds in succession, everybody must abandon whatever they
were doing and head straight for the muster point.
Fig 1.3 Muster point
DIVISION OF TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT

This division comprises of eighteen (18) workers. It has as role to provide
technical and administrative support to agents working in all the other
divisions of the plant. It is subdivided into two; Technical support and
Administrative support.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
TECHNICAL SUPPORT
The main functions of this department are:
- Support the other divisions in activities like purchase equipment for them.
- Follow up the indication of performance such as auto availability of
machines, labour and finance.
- Civil engineering: maintenance of civil engineering installations
- Take care of vegetation that grows on the dykes.
- Maintenance of air conditioners: In relay rooms and offices.
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT
The administrative support is in charge of the following tasks:
o The supply chain
The supply chain is concerned with the purchase of materials needed in the plant
such as furniture, spare parts and even new machines.
There are two types of purchases; Direct and Indirect purchases
DIVISION OF MAINTENANCE
The division of maintenance as its name implies is in charge of keeping the
machines in perfect states. There are two types of maintenance:
Preventive maintenance: Preventive maintenance which is sometimes called
scheduled maintenance, is a maintenance carried out at regular intervals. This is
the type of maintenance that is done in order to prevent a fault from occurring.
Corrective maintenance: It is a reactive strategy which is usually unplanned and is
carried out after a failure has occurred. The intention is to restore an item to a
state that it can perform its required function.
The division is subdivided into two departments;
1. Department of automation and auxiliaries
2. Department of Turbo-alternators.
1. AUTOMATION AND AUXILIARIES
Automation is a process by which a system is meant to function without human
assistance. And Auxiliaries are equipment that aid in energy production but are
not directly linked to the turboalternators. There are two types of auxiliaries
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
supply sources: ac and dc auxiliaries .This department is also divided into two
services:
The electrical service that takes care of low current electrical equipments Such
as excitation systems.
The mechanical service that also takes care of mechanical equipments such as
compressors.
2. DEPARTMENT OFTURBO-ALTERNATOR
This department is in charge of the turbo-alternators and high voltage equipment
.it subdivided into two services: the electrical service that takes care of electrical
equipment such as power transformers (10/90KV).And the mechanical service
that takes care of mechanical equipment of the alternator such as the turbine and
the shaft
DIVISION OF EXPLOITATION
This division is made up of seventeen (17) workers. They perform the following
tasks:
-
Decide when to start a machine.

Watch over the equipment
Adjust the equipments parameters such as stator voltages
Carry out the lotto operation (lock out/tag out)
Control the supply of energy as demand requires
They are in contact with the Grid dispatch
They are in charge of giving report of the plant
The division of exploitation has a supervisor and a team of four.

1) A team of four comprises of:
- A head of shift
- Two machine controllers
- An intervention operator
1.5.4) OPERATION OF THE PLANT
Being a hydroelectric power plant, the primary source of energy is water. The
dam in Edea is not a storage dam because all the water that gets into the dam is
used immediately. During the dry season, the flow rate of the river Sanaga drops
right down to 200m3/s compared to 7000m3/s in the rainy season. For nominal
production, the flow rate of water required is 1200m3/s. To solve the problem of
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
drastic drop during the dry season, storage dams have been put in place to remedy
the situation of water shortage. These dams include;
Bamendjin
Mbakaou
Map
Fig 1.4 Process of water flow

As mentioned earlier, Edea power plant is divided into three production stations;
Edea I, Edea II and Edea III. The units produce 10.3KV. Each of these stations
has alternators of the same characteristics.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
EDEA I: The characteristics of the units are:

Six (6) blade propeller turbine
Rated head : 24m
Rated output: 16.4MW
Maximum discharge rate: 74.6m3/s
Rated speed: 187.5rpm
The 10.3 KV produced by these alternators is stepped up to 90KV and sent to the
substation
- EDEA II: Alternators characteristics:
Six (6) blade propeller turbine
Rated head : 24m
Rated output: 20MW
The 10.3 KV produced by these alternators is sent to ALUCAM
untransformed.
Fig 1.5 ALUCAM 10.3KV evacuation lines
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
- EDEA III: Alternators characteristics:
Six (6) adjustable blade turbine

Rated head : 24m
Rated output: 21.4MW
The 10.3 KV produced by unit 10 is sent to ALUCAM untransformed
while that produced by the other units is stepped up to 90KV and sent to
the substation. In case unit 10 is faulty and is stopped, unit 11 does the
work of unit 10.
The plant has the following feeders/supply means to supply its consumers:
Eight10.3KV feeders that goes to ALUCAM. Six from Edea II, the
exchange line connected to the transformer (90KV/10.3KV) of generator
10 and the outputs of either generator 10 or 11 .
A 15KV feeder that links the plant and ALUCAM. This feeder is the
emergency Feeder. This is normally open. It is used when either the plant
or ALUCAM is in total black out.
Four 90KV dispatch from the Edea III switch yard: Two goes to
Mangombe (mangombe I and II), one to ALUCAM and the other goes to
Yaounde.
Two15KV supplies that alternatively supply the town of Edea.
A 15KV/30KV substation that supply Kribi.
1.5.5) OBJECTIVE OF THE PLANT

The plant has as primary objective to supply ALUCAM/SOCATRAL and the
public sector.
Edea hydroelectric power plant is one of the sources of electrical energy supply to
the SIN.
Below is the single line diagram of the SIN.
Page 22
aba 1
5,3 MW
kV
Bassa 2
LFO 3,5 MW
90kV
Logbaba 2
HFO 12 MW
30 kV
Bassa 3
LFO 4 MW
BAMENDA
90kV
25
Mvar
TFO
N1
15 kV
BASSA
15kV
TFO
N2
15 kV
10kV
15 kV
KOUMASSI
90kV
6x24,5 MVA
15 kV
90kV
25
Mvar
LOGBABA
225kV
PTU
BAMENDA
20 MW
MAKEPE
orizon 2013
90kV
90kV
EDEA 2
3X20 MVA
90kV
ALUCAM
NGODI
BAKOKO.
90kV
MANGOMBE
EDEA 1
90kV
225kV
225kV
10kV
DIBAMBA
HFO 86 MW
90kV
EDEA 3
90kV
15 kV
15 kV
5X24,5 MVA
15 kV
BRGM
90kV
NJOCK-KONG
10kV
SONGLOULOU
8X57MVA
25
Mvar
15 kV
MBALMAYO
KONDENGUI
90kV
15 kV
90kV
OYO 1 HFO
18 MW
15 kV
EBOLOWA
PTU MBALMAYO
10 MW
15 kV
90kV
NGOUSSO
25
Mvar
225kV
11kV
KRIBI
13X21MVA
30 kV
90kV
30 kV
NSIMALEN
15 kV
AHAL
PTU
60
PTU EBOLOWA
10 MW
15 kV
90kV
OYO 2 LFO
9,6 MW
90kV
OYOMABANG
KRIBI
30 kV

TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
(1.6 ) PRINCIPLE OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY PRODUCTION IN THEPLANT

The plant has a reservoir that can hold water up to 34m above sea level. The used
water head is 24m. The accumulation of water in this reservoir forms the primary
source of energy. The inlet to the penstock is covered with a trash rack. An intake
gate is readily available for the closing of the penstock when need arises. Water
from the reservoir goes into the penstock. The penstock has a circumference of
5m. From the penstock, the water passes through the spiral case, the wicket gate,
impacts the turbine blades and sets the turbine into rotation. The rotating turbine
produces mechanical energy. A shaft mechanically links the turbine to the
alternator. The rotating shaft translates motion from the turbine to the rotor of the
alternator and those of the exciters. The rotor of the alternator is excited with a
direct current called the field current to produce a constant magnetic field in the
rotor. The rotation of the rotor induces a voltage on the stator windings of the
alternator thus electrical energy is produced.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
CHAPTER TWO
DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMATION AND AUXILARIES
2.1) INTRODUCTION
This department of automation and auxiliaries as earlier mention is found in the
maintenance division and is in charge of control, protect and maintain all the
automatic and auxiliary equipments.
2.2) ROLE OF THE DEPARTMENT
- It carryout two types of maintenance: preventive and curative
maintenance.
Preventive maintenance is done on long term and on short term .long term
annually and short term such as monthly and weekly routines for auxiliary
equipment.
- Curative maintenance is intervention in case of malfunctioning of automatic or
auxiliary equipment.
- Request for materials needed for auxiliary maintenance.
- In charge of industrial automation and regulation.
- In charge of relay stations. Each generator unit is made up of a relay station
- In charge of alternator excitation and de-excitation systems, monitoring system.
- Responsible for all low voltage equipment in the plant such as Computers,
converters, illumination systems, electronic equipment.
2.3) TYPES OF AUXILIARIES
There are two types of auxiliaries supply sources: a.c. and dc.
(2.3.1 ) DC AUXILIARIES :
When ac to dc is performed, we have batteries to store the dc energy. We

have 6V, 300Ah batteries that are connected in series to obtain 120Vdc.And
24v DC.
Role of these auxiliaries:
- Power the PCR (Poste de Commande du Rseaux) Grid dispatch
- Telecommunication systems
- Electronic components of the factory
- Electric protection systems
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
2.3.2) AC AUXILIAIRES :
- Two auxiliary transformers TA and TB of 90KV/15KV.
- 15KV/220V ; BTA, BTB and BTC
These supply, control and protect the following equipment;
Oil pumping stations
Wicket gate pumping station
Generator oil regulation pumping station
Drainage pit command system
Compressors
Spill way
Lighting system
Cranes
Machine tools found in the mechanical and electrical workshop.
2.4) AUTOMATES (PLCs)
These are components that manage an industrial process without human
assistance.
The various types of automate we have are;
- Voltage regulators: It makes sure that the voltage at the output of the
generator is equal to its rated voltage no matter the disturbance on the
network. The components we can find here are;
A mother board which has a SIM card( for a SARN 3 voltage
regulator)
A supply source
Three thyristors with circuits to command their gates
Fault fuses to protect the thyristors
TSX21 Telemechanique (programming language PL7)
PMA (It is used when we have a problem with the numeric
system)manual
Elements for input and outputs
PID (Proportional Integral Differentiator)
Circuit breakers
Current transformers
Sockets for testing
Power transformers (400/380 V)
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
Relays
Power contactors
Siren
sensors
Shunts
protective relays
Control relays Regulators
Speed governors: It maintains the frequency of the alternator constant.
These have the following components;
Tachometer controller. A speed detector is on the shaft that measures
the frequency of the alternator
Unit processor (Digital controller)
Two petitioners (turbine wheel and wicket gate)
Regulator of the water level upstream
Generator monitoring system
2.5 SOME OF THE JOBS THE INTERN PARTICIPATED

The intern was integrated in this department and as the days go by, the intern
assisted in so many operations as accounted below: The very first activity carried
out was the cleaning and putting in place all the machines of the mechanical
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
workshop.
This
activity
of
equipment
arrangement
is
Fig 2.1 Mechanical workshop

The second job that the intern participated in was on the intervention on the
drainage well pump automatic control system, after the pump stop functioning
when verifications where made it was discovered that the circuit breaker of the
automatic system was faulty and it was replaced.The picture of the pump
automatic control system is found below and the box at the upper left end of the
automatic control system casing is circuit breaker .
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
Fig 2.2 Pump automatic control system.

As the units stay on in production, there is bound to vibration inside the power
plant and consequently dust particles are raised. In the voltage cellules, these dust
particles tend to settle on the conductors that are placed following standardised
distances apart and with respect to the mass. If this process continues and no
cleaning is carried out, it is possible that a phase conductor links the neutral
through these particles. So the high voltage team has as tradition to clean all the
high voltage cellules of the plant once a year sequentially. The very first cleaning
routine that the intern was involved in, was the one carried out on the 10.3KV cell
of generator 7. While there, the intern had the chance to see and touch instrument
transformers, high current rating fuses, line and ground isolator switches and
circuit breaker as well as the opportunity to carry out resistance tests on the
terminals of the circuit breaker using a device called the mega ohm meter to
determine if the device was still functional. The resistance test is carried out at
1000/volt, hence the best resistance values are in the order of Giga and Mega;
kilo ohm resistance values are not acceptable. Following ohm/volt theory above,
it is safe to conclude that for this 10KV voltage cell, the minimum acceptable
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
resistance value is 10M. Anything less than this threshold value implies the
circuit breaker needs to be replaced.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
Fig 2. 3,2.4,2.5,2.6 and 2.7 respectively: Isolator, instrument transformers, fuses

and mega ohm meter
The two Edea town lines powered from the 15KV bus bar was isolated in
order to clean its cellule and to carry out the resistance test on the circuit
breakers to see if it was still functional. The intern was a part of the team
that was charged with this cleaning routine and learned and witnessed the
procedures that leads to the isolation of a line. In order to isolate the town,
the exploitation team began by opening the circuit breaker that connects the
town to the bus bar. Secondly, they pulled down the line isolators to isolate
our area of work from the bus bar and then the ground isolators whose
function is to link all the three supply lines in short circuit to the main earth
of the installation as the first security measure. To add a second safety
measure, the operator uses the virtual voltage detector to test if the isolated
lines still have any charges flowing through them using the active bus bar
as reference. If this test proves negative, the team proceeds to put the
ground jumpers which again links the three conductors to the ground in
short circuit and with this final step completed, the maintenance is cleared
to work.
The new excitation system of unit 10 that uses the programmable logic
controller(PIC) to control the excitation and automatic voltage regulator
process witnessed an excitation voltage failure due to loss of the part of
PLC indicated by the automate. An auxiliary team set out to solve this
problem and the intern was incorporated into the team. After three days of
countless attempts to restore the memory of this system without success,
the team finally decided to bypass it with the aid of a relay whose only
constrain was that all the excitation control will be carried out locally the
relay, which it was later on replaced.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
Fig 2.8 Memory of the PLC microcomputer excitation device

The intern with one the technician were assigned to install level sensors at the
turbo-alternator unit five to detect the opening and closing of wicket gates that
varies the flow of water into the turbine.The picture below is the arm of the
wicket gate and the equipment attached to it with the black cable is the level
sensor that was installed.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
Fig 2.9 Wicket gate.

The intern also participated with auxiliary team putting on and off some the
groups ( turbo-alternator units) , maintaining the relays, low voltage circuit
breakers, contactors ,signalling systems kilow-wattmeters and connection of the
batteries for dc auxiliaries.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
CHAPTER THREE
STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF
VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II TURBO-ALTERNATORS
3.1) ABSTRACT .
An integral part of generator is excitation systems and new technology of
excitation system has been developed utilizing a power source. The most
important portion of electric power system is synchronous generator due to it
is the source of electrical energy transformation is possible only when generator
excitations exists .the generator excitations systems work when generators
excitation operate a dc charge to the generator heads to energize the magnetic
field around them to enable the electricity that should be generated .There are
brushless and brush-type exciters and generators are build in exciters or charge
can be established from any external source. This chapter present the control
and configuration of a synchronous generator excitation system as a current
mainstream technology which is widely designed for feeding of turbo-generator
excitation winding with auto-regulated DC in generator operation, normal
control and emergency modes. In this chapter we shall discuss appended on the
old excitation system of Edea 2 and the various excitation system models of
synchronous generators and emphasis on drawbacks, different, de-excitation
systems ,possibilities to regulate generator excitation and also append short
descriptions of functions ,compositions, structure and working principle of
generator excitation system and chose the best excitation sytem and automatic
voltage regulator to be implemented in Edea 2 because the present excitation
systems in Edea 2 are old and as a result present frequent faults that makes
them less reliable .This Edea 2 automatic voltage regulator is bad so it does not
have an automatic voltage regulation system, it has but a manual voltage
regulated system which is unreliable and tedious to handle .
3.2) INTRODUCTION
Synchronous generation excitation system is a part of the electrical energy

production system. The excitation system excites the alternator which enables it
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
to generate electrical energy. As a result high priority is assigned to the reliability

and availability of excitation equipment when choosing an excitation system and
automatic voltage regulator to maintain a constant voltage at generator
terminal for satisfactory main supply.
3.3) DESSRIPTION OF EDEA II EXCITATION SYSTEMS:
The edea 2 excitation system consist of a pilot exciter, the main exciter .The pilot
exciter is connected to the potentiometer and the output of the potentiometer
is connected to the main exciter which is a DC generator ,the field of the main
synchronous generator is fed from this dc generator, called the main exciter
since the field of the synchronous generator is in the rotor, the required dc field
current is supplied to it through slip rings and brushes with the help of a
contactor called the principal excitation contactor. The DC generator is driven
from the same turbine shaft as generator itself. The voltage regulation hear is
done manually through the potentiometer by varying its resistance hence the
excitation current which produces a constant magnetic field in the rotor ,the
rotation of the rotor induces a voltage on the stator windings of the alternator
corresponding to the output voltage. This type of DC excitation system has a
slow response: normally for 10MVA synchronous generator, the exciter power
rating should be 20 to35KW for which we required a huge DC generator. For this
reason, DC excitation systems are gradually disappearing mainly because they
are unreliable.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
Figure 3 : Excitation system of Edea II alternators
Page 36

TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
3.4) FUNCTIONS OF GOOD A GENERATOR EXCITATION SYSTEMS.

The function of generator excitation system contributes stable operation of
power system which is included in three mainstream steps.
1. First is maintaining the voltage of generator to another control points
reference value.
2. Second is control the reasonable distribution of reactive power of parallel
operation unit.
3. It improves the stability of power system.
The first step ensures the safety of operating equipment of power system.
Ensure the economical operation of generator and the equipment for
improvement of capability of maintenance generator voltage consistent
with that for improvement of power system stability in many aspects.
Second step is the drop /voltage drop compensation, drop expressed as
percentage of rated generator voltage when the reactive current of
generator changes to Rated value from zero under such conditions that
voltage-drop compensation unit is switch on, the drop of voltage is
calculated as follows, (D%)=[(Ugo-Ug/Ug]x100%
Where
Ugovoltage at no load.
Ug. Load Voltage.
3.5) EXCITATION SYSTEMS
The basic function of an excitation system is to provide necessary direct current
to the field winding of the synchronous generator. The excitation system must
be able to automatically adjust the field current and maintain the required
terminal voltage. The dc field current is obtained from a separate source called
the Exciter. The excitation systems have taken many forms over the years their
evolution and we are going to discuss the various types of excitation systems.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
3.6) TYPES OF EXCITATION SYSTEMS.

The following are the different types
I. STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEMS
of
excitation
systems:
II . DC EXCITATION SYSTEMS
III.AC EXCITATION SYSYTEMS
IV.BRUSHLESS AC EXCITATION SYSYTEMS
3.6 .1) STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEMS
Static excitation system, a portion of the AC from each phase of synchronous
generator output is fed back to the field windings, as excitations, through a
system of transformers, rectifiers, and actors. An external source of DC is
necessary for initial excitation of the field windings. On engine driven
generators, the initial excitation may be obtained from the storage batteries
used to start the engine
( 3.6 .1.2) DRAWBACKS OF STATIC EXCITATION SYSTEM
Difficult to maintain in areas of high vibrations.
Less reliable.
Greatly disappearing from the market.
Slow response
(3.6.2) DC EXCITATION SYSTEM.
DC generator, called exciter since the field of the synchronous generator is in the
rotor, the required field current is supplied to it through slip rings and brushes.
The DC generator is driven from the same turbine shaft as generator itself. One
form of a simple DC Excitation system is shown in figure 1: we required a
hurge DC generator to excite a large synchronous generator. For this reasoned
dc excitation systems are gradually disappearing.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
( 3.6.2.1) IT DRAWBACKS OF DC EXCITATION SYSTEM
* There is carbon dust contamination at the end of dc generator.

* The brushes wear out due to the electric arc occurring between the brushes
and the commutate
*The brushes consumed electric energy as it produces sparks
* It increase replacement of parts such as brushes
* DC excitation system has slow responds
* Readily not available
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
Expensive .To improves the slow response we required a larger dc

generator which makes it more expensive.
3.6.3) AC EXCITATION SYSTEMS .
In AC excitation system, the DC generator is replaced by an alternator of
sufficient rating, so that it can supply the required field current to the field of the
main synchronous generator. In this scheme, three phase alternator voltage is
rectified and the necessary DC supplied is obtained .Generally, two sets of slip
rings, one to feed the rotating field of the alternator and the other to supply the
field of the synchronous generator are required.
The basic block of AC excitation systems are showed in figure in 2.
3.6.3.1) DRAWBACKS OF AC EXCITATION SYSTEM

Difficult to maintain.
Expensive.
Unreliable.
3.6.4) BRUSHLESS AC EXCITATION SYSTEMS
Old type AC excitation system has been replaced by brushless AC excitation

system wherein, inverted alternator (with field at the stator and armature at the
rotor) is used as exciter. A full wave rectifier converts the exciter AC voltage to
DC voltage. The armature of the exciter, the full wave rectifier and the field of
the synchronous generator form the rotating components. The rotating
components are mounted on a common shaft. This kind of brushless AC
excitation system is shown in Fig. 3.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
Figure 3:
In this arrangement, the exciter consists of an inverted three phase
alternator which has its three phase armature on the rotor and its field on the
stator. Its AC armature voltage is rectified in diodes mounted on the rotating
shaft and then fed directly into the field of the main synchronous generator.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
3.7 WHY SHOULD BRUSHLESS AC EXCITATION SYSTEM BE CHOSEN

FOR EDEA II?.
After studing the four excitation system enumereted above BRUSHLESS AC
EXCTATION SYSTEM has been seen as the best excitation system and should be
chosen for edea ii because of the folowing reasons:
I. ADVANTAGES
* It has Sufficient speed of respnse.
* It has an adequate power capacity in the low range for large alternators
* No carbon dust contamination
* No wear (no electrical no mechanical contacts)
* No consumable parts (brushes)
* No circuit breaker and no field breaker incase of static exciter.
II. RESULTS
Reduced maintenance(from each 3\4months to 5\6 years).
Reduced outage time.
Improve the system by reducing the replaced parts .
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
III .FACTS
_Made in Switzerland.
_Over 200 delivered brushless exciters.
_Over 45 years of experience
_operating world wide
_For generator from 5 to 250MW.
IV GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS:
Rotor external diameter in mm(330 to 1900mm).
Mounting.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
*Horizontal or vertical is possible .

SPEED:
*1800---88 rpm.The fact that the old rotor is rated 187.5rpm implis that
this rotor can convinienly be fitted into the system.
Retrofits
*Modification / re-use of existing parts.
Any Brand
This rotorsfields and excitersfields are produced by ABB company but are not
limited only to ABB motor and generators.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
BRUSHLESS EXCITATION ROTOR.
Figure 7,8 are brushless excitation rotors.

Customization:
*Internal fixation (adjustted diameter,old or new exciter shalfcan be coupled)
*Connection to rotor,through the shalf ,external are rigid and flexible.
*Sealed and taped end -winding .
*longer operational life.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
INSULATION.
*Vacuum impregnated (VPI Micadure compact) winding.
* CLASS F
*Selected over tested diodes .
*Electrical :forward voltage drop ,endurance.
*Mechenical :Acceleration, storage temperaturewel taken of.
*Easy to replace.
BRUSHLESS EXCITATION STATOR.
Figure 9:
*Customization .
*External housing:
*Re-use or design a new housing.
*Sealing .
*Splitted stator frame.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
CLASS F.
*Enamelled copper wire.
* Vacuum impregnated.
*Servce friendly .
* Individual poles.
4) DE-EXCITATION AND OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION OF GENERATOR

EXCITATION SYSTEM
The safe and reliable de-excitation of synchronous generator not only concerns
to self-safety of excitation system, but also has a direct concern on the safe
operation of whole power system. When generator stops normally: invert deexcitation. When generator stops due to accident: de-excitation due to accident
stop when there are faults inside generator, the relay protection activates to cut
off main circuit breaker. In this case, quick de-excitation is required to be carried
out; when electrical accident happens in generator, the de-excitation system
quickly cuts off excitation circuit of generator and consumes the energy of
magnetic field stored in excitation winding rapidly in de-excitation circuit.
4.1) REQUIREMENTS OF DE-EXCITATION
The requirements of de-excitation are involved:

The Time for De-excitation shall be as short as possible.
The inverse voltage of De-excitation should not exceed the specified multiple.
The circuit and structure of de-excitation device shall be simple and reliable.
The field circuit breaker shall have sufficient capacity to break the current of
generator rotor .
The de-excitation system shall have enough capacity.
4.2)CLASSIFICATION OF DE-EXCITATION SYSTEM
I. Classification as per breaker function:
Energy-consumed de-excitation: the field circuit breaker consumes energy of

magnetic field.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
Energy-transferred de-excitation: the field circuit breaker doesnt consume

energy of magnetic field.
II. Classification as per breaker position:
De-excitation of DC field circuit breaker: the field circuit breaker is installed

at DC side.
De-excitation of AC field circuit breaker: the field circuit breaker is installed
at AC side.
III . De-excitation of crowbar: use crowbar rather than field circuit breaker
IV Classification as per type of de-excitation resistance:
De-excitation of zinc oxide nonlinear resistance

De-excitation of silicon carbide nonlinear resistance
De-excitation of linear resistance.
4.3 PRINCIPLE OF DC DE-EXCITATION
Principle for de-excitation of DC breaker: trip DC breaker at the time of deexcitation. Electric arc is produced at the break of DC breaker. The arc voltage
plus SCR output voltage of rectifier equals to rotor induction against
potential. The induction against potential is added to both ends of deexcitation resistance at the same time. When UR(regulated voltage) is more
than the break-over voltage of de-excitation resistance, the de-excitation
resistance circuit is conductive, which consumes energy of magnetic field for
the purpose of de-excitation .
UR=UK-USCR.
In De-excitation conditions of DC breaker: It is necessary to ensure that the
sum of arc voltage at switch break and voltage
output by rectifier exceeds the break-over voltage of de-excitation resistance
when carrying out de-excitation in all operating conditions of generator.
Advantage:
External logic cooperation is not required for de-excitation, ensuring simple
operation.
Disadvantage:
high requirement for arc voltage at break of DC breaker, resulting to
difficult breaker manufacturing.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
4.3 DE-EXCITATION RESISTANCE
The resistance for de-excitation can be linear resistance, nonlinear zinc

oxide resistance or nonlinear silicon carbide resistance. For de-excitation
of turbo generator, the solid generator rotor has strong damping effect.
Although the current in excitation winding is rapidly reduced to zero, fast
voltage attenuation of generator cannot be realized as the current in
damping winding cannot be reduced quickly. And the current in
damping winding is uncontrollable. Therefore, most generator units with
strong damping effect use linear resistance for de-excitation and ones with
weak damping effect use nonlinear resistance for de-excitation. For deexcitation of hydro generator, the generator rotor is not solid and its
damping effect is also not strong. Besides, the generator voltage will raise a
lot in failure conditions. Therefore, it is recommended to use nonlinear
resistance for de-excitation, so as to effectively prevent accident
expansion. The nonlinear resistance is classified into zinc oxide and silicon
carbide. Edea II groupes uses de-excitation resistance mode.
de-excitation resistace mode for edea II

4.4 DESIGN OF DE-EXCITATION
According to the stipulation of excitation national standard, the designed

multiple of de-excitation voltage shall not exceed 5 times of rated excitation
voltage and is usually 3-5 times .According to the stipulation of excitation
national standard, the design multiple of overvoltage shall not exceed 7
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
times of rated excitation voltage and is usually 5-7 times. Problems taken into
considerations for design of excitation system
1. Calculation of de-excitation capacity
2. Selection of de-excitation valve plate
3. Residual voltage and chargeability of de-excitation resistance
4. Average energy and current of nonlinear resistance.
5. AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR.

A voltage regulator is defined as a device for varying the voltage of a circuit or
for automatically maintaining it at or near a prescribed value. From this, it would
appear that the term automatic voltage regulator covers the apparatus used
in the methods of obtaining a constant voltage. By the control of the output
voltage of a generator. One can only express the performance in terms of
the whole equipment as this is determined by the characteristics of the
generator exciter. When referring to the performance which is used by the
term automatic voltage regulators will imply the whole equipment and not
just that part which controls the field current. In alternating voltage the
frequency is also under control, and it may be necessary to use some type
of frequency stabilizer for varying of frequency with different load and input
conditions. A constant voltage at the generator output is essential for
satistfactory main supply. The terminal output can be affected by various
disturbing factors such as speed ,load, power factor,and temperature rise,so
that special regulating equipment is required to keep the voltage constant ,even
when the affected by these disturbing factors . How ever both active and
reactive power demands are never steady and they continually change with
rising or falling trends.The water input in to the hydro-generators must be
continously regulated to match the active demand,failing which the machine
speed will vary with consequent change in frequency which may be highly
undesirable.The voltage regulator may also manually controlled like that of edea
2 .The manual voltage regulaor may not always be feasible due to varius factors
and accuracy,which can be obtained,depending on the instruments and giving
much better performance so far as stability.
5.1) REQUIREMENTS FOR AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR
Voltage regulators for synchronous generators must satisfy the following
conditions:
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
(1) Regulation to counter disturbances must take place as rapidly as possible

(high-speed regulators).
(2) There should, as far as possible, be no derivation from the set voltage
in stationary installations.
(3) In the event of the generator terminals being shortcircuited the excitation must be controlled, so that the generator relay can
act satisfactorily to prevent any continuous feed into the short circuit.
(4) The revolving field must be protected against overload by a limit device
in the regulator.
(5) The rated voltage must be easily adjustable on the regulator
(6) Proper sharing of reactive load must be assured where several generators are
connected in parallel.
The design of the regulator most depend on;
(1) The characteristics of the driving source since changes in speed cause
variations of voltage
(2) The maximum and minimum load on the generator
(3) In the case of alternating current, the power factor of the load, since this,
in conjunction with (2), will determine the range of field current required
(4) The characteristics of the excit
5.1) CHOSING A VOLTAGE REGULATOR FOR EDEA II TURBO-ALTERNATORS
In this section, the automatic voltage regulator is chosen which uses

electronic control circuit and a programable logic controller technology. In the
specification for an automatic voltage regulator of a good type it is
necessary to bring in the characteristics of the machine which we have
taken into consideration and the requirements before chosing RT2DB excitation
auto- voltage regulation system produced by siemens for synchronous
generators to be impelmented in edea II .
5.2 REASONS WHY RT2DB EXCUTATION-REGULATION SYSTEM IS CHOSEN
FOR EDEA II
1)It meet the requirement of the edeaII turbo-alternator charecteristic

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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
(1) To have better system voltage regulation,

(2) To improve stability and
(3) To reduce over-voltage on loss of load.
5.3) RT2DB EXCITATION AND VOLTAGE REGULATION SYSTEM FOR
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
5.3.1ADVANTAGES
* Fully digital.
* Parameter settings done by software.
* Self monitoring routines.
*Maintenance free.
*High reliability.
*Excellent dynamic performance.
*Strong construction.
Several communication protocols available.
6) DETAIL DESCRIPTION OF RT2DB EXCITATION AND VOLTAGE
REGULATION SYSTEM
The RT2DB excitation system was developed for excitation and voltage
regulation of synchronous generators equipped with rotating exciters (brushless
or DC exciters).
In the case of brushless exciters it will result in a maintenance free power
generation system. The system can be used in new projects or as an excellent
alternative for refurbishment of old regulators such those of this edea II. The
RT2DB excitation system can take the necessary energy either from the
terminals of thegenerator being excited,through a three-phase dry type
excitation transformer in this case or from a permanent magnet exciter (PMG)
The voltage regulation is achieved by actuating on the field winding of the
exciter machine. For the field flashing auxiliary energy is taken from the auxiliary
power supply (DC or AC). The voltage and current regulation, the setpoint
generation, the actual value measuring, the control of the field flashing and
shutdown processes, as well as the excitation system monitoring are fully digital.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
These functions are carried out by a 32 bit processor module, which is plugged in
a three-phase fully controlled converter of the series Simoreg DC Master.
6.1) POWER STAGE
The current rectification is carried out by the self cooled Simoreg DC Master
unit. The thyristors are protected by monitored ultra-fast fuses. The Simoreg
converter is designed taking into account the most severe overload conditions of
the generator. In the cases where the excitation system takes its supply voltage
from the generator terminals it may be necessary to sustain the excitation
current during a short circuit on the generator terminals in order to guarantee
the actuation of protection relays or protection selectivity. For that reason the
RT2DB excitation system can also include a special circuitry for sustaining
thestator current of the generator at a certain level in the case of near short
circuit.
Fig. 11: The Simoreg DC Master converter unit.

6.2)CONFIGURATION OF THE ELECTRONICS
The voltage regulation, the control and the monitoring functions of the
excitation system are carried out by the processor module T400plugged in
the Simoregconverter. The thyristorgating and monitoring are
implemented by theconverter itself. Thepower supply for the electronics
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
is taken in a redundant way fromthe excitation transformer and from the

station battery.
Fig. 12: The generator voltage regulation is carried out by the T400
technological board,
which is plugged in the Simoreg unit.
There are two regulating channels: AUTOMATIC (automatic voltage regulator)
and HAND (field current regulation). Both regulating channels (AUTOMATICand
HAND) act on the same power stage. The bumpless channel change-over is
carried out by software.
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TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
Fig. 13 : By means of the Drive Monitor parametering software it is also

possible to record oscillograms of analogical signals.
6.3) AUTOMATIC CHANNEL
The automatic channel corresponds to the automatic voltage regulator

(AVR), which compares the generator voltage actual value with the
reference value (voltage setpoint) adjusted by the power plant operator.
The actual values of the active and reactive power are measured directly
on the generator
terminals through 3 potential transformers with secondary voltages of
110, 115 or 120V as well as 2 current transformers with with secondary
current of 1 or 5 A.
The generator voltage setpoint is digitally generated and can be adjusted
in the range
90% to 110% of the rated generator voltage During the operation of the
synchronous
generator attention must be paid to its capability diagram. For this reason
there following limiters act on the AVR:
1. Quick acting excitation current limiter (field forcing limiter)
2. Overexcitation limiter
3. Underexcitation limiter
4. Volt/Herz limiter
5. Stator current limiter
The AVR possesses an underordinated excitation current regulator. This
configuration ensures the system an excellent dynamic behavior and
simultaneously allows limiting the excitation current at its maximum
values regulator . This configuration ensures
the system an excellent dynamic behavior and simultaneously allows
limiting the excitation current at its maximum values. A power factor (or
reactive power) regulator is also included. This additional regulator allows
the generator to operate at
any desired power factor regarding its capability diagram. The setpoint
value is digitally generated by the T400 module.
6.4) HAND CHANNEL
from zero to 110 This control channel corresponds to the excitation

current regulator. It is extremely useful when performing tests on the
Page 55

TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
generator. In addition the hand channel works as a stand-by regulator

allowing continuing of the operation even at failures in the AVR. The
setpoint of the excitation current ranges from about 10% up to 110% of
the rated excitation current of the exciter. By taking an independent
power supply for the excitation system the setpoint range stretches %
6.4.1) CHANNEL SWITCH OVER AND FOLLOW-UP CONTROL.
A bumpless channel change-over from AVR to excitation current regulator and

vice-versa can occur at any time. This is possible thanks to the follow-up routine,
which ensures that the selected control channel follows up the settings of the
other channel. This way both channels outputs always the same firing angle for
the thyristors, what guarantees a bumpless channel change-over at any time.
Certain failures involving the AVR cause an automatic change-oveto the hand
channel. A trip signal is released if failures occur in the hand channel being
selected the hand channe
l
Fig. 14: The regulation and control software is user friendly, what makes the
programming and understanding very easy.
6.5) OPERATION
The excitation cubicle is delivered with provisions both for local control (from
the cubicle door) and for remote control (from a central control room). In the
standard version of this cubicle the local operation is carried out by means of
push buttons on the cubicle door. Alarms and status indications are made by LED
signalizations. A man-machine interface (MMI) is optionally available to make
the operation of the system easier. This optional device is equipped with
keyboard and display (LCD). Through this device commands can be entered and
Page 56

TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
actual system parameters (excitation current and voltage, generator active and
reactive power, generator voltage, setpoints etc) can be read out.
Fig. 15: In order to make die operation easier a man-machine interface can be
additionally ordered. The figure shows one of the available models (OP17).
There are two standardized types of MMI: a simple one (OP1S) and a more
comfortable one, which can display alarm messages of the excitation system in
clear text with indication of the time in which the alarm occurred. The RT2DB
cubicle can be connected to the superordinatedcontrol system by means of
normal cabling because all of the input and output signals are available on
terminal strips as potential-free contacts.
6.6)INSTRUMENTATION AND OPERATION
In the standard version of the system the following instruments are

installed on the cubicle door: reset push-button, signaling LEDs to indicate
operational statuses and grouped alarms and push-buttons to enter
commands for the local operation. In the case the optional MMI is
ordered neither push-buttons nor signaling LEDs are supplied.
6.7) DE-EXCITATION AND OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION
At normal conditions de-excitation is carried out by forcing the thyristor bridge

to operate as inverter. The field polarity inversion causes thus a very quick
reduction of the excitation current towards zero. About 5 s after introducing
inverter operation the controller opens the field contactor. Since the excitation
current at this time will have already reached zero, the main contacts of the field
contactor open at no load condition, what increases the lifetime of the device.
Additionally the RT2DB excitation cubicle is also equipped with a linear field
discharge resistor. It is used to dissipate the stored energy of the exciter field
Page 57

TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
winding in emergency situations, where inverter operation cannot be ensured

any more. The RT2DB excitation system has a suppressor device in to its DC
output, in order to protect the thyristors and the field winding against induced
overvoltages.
6.8)MECHANICAL FEATURES
The excitation cubicle has the following approximate dimensions: Width:

600mm
Depth: 800 mm
Height: 2200 mm
The cubicle has only front door. Cables inlet and outlet are made
from the bottom.
The cubicle is constructed with 1.9 mdick steel sheets.
The supporting frames are made of 2.5 mm dick steel sheets.
The cubicle wiring uses self extinguishing copper conductors insulated for
750V. All conductors haven identification rings at both ends. Each one of
the devices ha identification tags with the device symbol according to the
electrical diagrams. Each device can be easily accessed.
6.9) OPTIONAL FRAME ASSEMBLY
As an economical alternative all the low voltage parts of the RT2DB

excitation system can be supplied assembled on a steel sheet (frame)
sized 800 x 1200 mm (see Fig. 8). This way the system can be installed in a
clientsexisting cubicle saving thus the costs o an additional cubicle.
monitoring the fully controlled three phase rectifier bridge. for controlling Fig.
16: The Simoreg DC Master converter includes the electronics and
Page 58

TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
Fig. 17: As an economical solution the RT2DB excitation system can also be
supplied on a steel sheet to be housed in a clients existing cubicle
Page 59

TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
Page 60

TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
6. 8) General technical data of the RT2DB digital excitation system
CONCLUSION
In this report the intern has descript general description of AES sonel,edea
hydro plant ,activities carried out. And propose and excitation system and
automatic voltage regulator which can be used for edea II alternators. In
industry, it is good to find a typical constant control system. If the excitation
automatic voltage regulator is implemented The system cost of maintenance
will be decreased and system reliability and design flexibility will increased.
This AVR is well suited to the high energy production requirements. If this
excitation-automatic voltage regulator is produced in the nation, it can give the
benefit for the technical support and economy. So the industrial product of
Page 61

TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
this project can feed the benefit for the nation to boost the energy sector in
cameroon.some of the courses taught in school were much more visible in the
company such as power system components, circuit analysis electrical machine
control ,power electronics, analog electronics, feedback systems though some
of the apparatus from the company were head and touch for the first time it was
a good experience because the things taught and those the intern actually saw
and touch for first time , work with most of them bridged the gap between the
practical and theory that he has received from school.
Page 62

TURBO-ALTERNATORS.
REFERENCES
Excitation and voltage regulation system Schematic diagram for edea ii alternators .
Excitation and De-excitation systems by ABB
Automatic voltage control from google
Mech 350 rotating machinery (generator) ,electric power comtrol by Steam W blume.
RT2DB excitation auto- voltage regulation system produced by siemens .
General technical data sheet of the RT2DB digital excitation system produced by siemens
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STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

WRITTEN BY NDIFON KENNETH A.

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

WRITTEN BY NDIFON KENNETH A.

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

2.3) TYPES OF AUXILIARIES.......................................................................20

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

4.1) REQUIREMENTS OF DE-EXCITATION.................................................41

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

WRITTEN BY NDIFON KENNETH A.

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

Socit Nationale dElectricit du Cameroun

P.O. BOX : 4077 Douala

Jean David Bile

1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

Douala and Nkongsamba. This gave birth to Energie Electrique du Cameroun

AES SONEL has as mission to produce, transmit, distribute and commercialize

AES SONEL uses two forms of electrical energy production in Cameroon:

Southern Interconnected Network

WRITTEN BY NDIFON KENNETH A.

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

- Installed in regions that are not covered by interconnected networks: 10.4

For electrical energy transmission, AES SONEL, mostly uses overhead

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

WRITTEN BY NDIFON KENNETH A.

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

Fig1 Safety wears for head, feet and body

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

Fig 1.1 Safety wears for hands and eyes

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

Fig 1.2 Top view of the Edea hydro power plant.

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

from these machines is purposely dedicated to drive the wheels of

WRITTEN BY NDIFON KENNETH A.

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

Provision and store

FUNCTIONS OF THE VARIOUS DIVISIONS

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

Fig 1.3 Muster point

DIVISION OF TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT

WRITTEN BY NDIFON KENNETH A.

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

Decide when to start a machine.

The division of exploitation has a supervisor and a team of four.

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

Fig 1.4 Process of water flow

WRITTEN BY NDIFON KENNETH A.

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

EDEA I: The characteristics of the units are:

Fig 1.5 ALUCAM 10.3KV evacuation lines

WRITTEN BY NDIFON KENNETH A.

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

- EDEA III: Alternators characteristics:

Six (6) adjustable blade turbine

1.5.5) OBJECTIVE OF THE PLANT

WRITTEN BY NDIFON KENNETH A.

WRITTEN BY NDIFON KENNETH A.

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II

STUDY AND RENOVATION OF EXCITATION AND REGULATION OF VOLTAGE SYSTEM OF EDEA II