Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hydraulic Design Calculations-Head Loss in Plants
Hydraulic Design Calculations-Head Loss in Plants
Hydraulic Design Calculations-Head Loss in Plants
KAHAMA-SHINYANGA
WATER SUPPLY PROJECT
HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS
OF
INTAKE, PUMPING STATIONS, RISING MAINS,
TREATMENT STRUCTURES AT THE IHELELE WTP
AND
MABALE RESERVOIR
October 2005
Head loss in Raw Water Pump Station
Head loss in Raw Water Rising Main
Static Head
Total pump head
NPSH
Required NPSH (NPSHr)
Available NPSH(NPSHr)
Bottom level of Suction Well
Installation level of Pumps
Pump Choice
Height of Pump Station
2.0
Hydraulic Mixing Tank, Mechanical Flocculation Tanks and
2.1 Hydraulic Mixing Tank
2.1.1
Design Criteria
2.1.2
Design Layout
2.1.3
Hydraulic detention time
2.1.4
G-Value
2.2.0
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.2.4
Flocculation Tanks
Design Criteria
Design Layout
Hydraulic detention times
Flocculation Mixer
2.3.0
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
Sedimentation Tanks
Design Criteria
Calculations
Design layout
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
4.2.7
4.2.8
4.2.9
Sedimentation Tanks.
October 2005
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Air Blowers
Air-scour flow
Air pressure requirements
Head loss in Air pipe fittings
Required Air Pressure of Air Blowers
Choice of Air Blower
Head Loss between Structures
Head Loss in Flocculation Tanks
Head Loss in Sedimentation Tanks
Perforated wall
Outlet troughs
Head loss through Sand Filters
Head loss from Sedimentation Tanks to Filters
Head loss from Sand Filters to Clear Water Tank
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
Balancing Tank
Design Basis
Balancing Tank design
Balancing Tank Volume
Supernatant Pumps
Sludge & Storage
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.2.4
8.2.5
9.0
9.1
9.2
October 2005
DESIGN BASIS
The project was constructed in two phases. The phase I design demand for 2016 was 80,000m3/d,
excluding 5% losses. The second phase design demand for year 2024 is 107,700m3/d, excluding
5%losses.
Most structures were designed for phase II, except the Mechanical Flocculation Tanks,
Sedimentation Tanks and Rapid Sand Filters which were designed for phase I only.
The installation of pumps was phased with extra set of pump to be installed in Phase II, both in the
raw Water Pump Station and Clear Water Pump Station.
1
Design Basis
The design flows are:Phase I:
80,000m3 x 1.05
Phase II
107,700x1.05
= 84,000m3/d =3,500m3/h
=113,085m3/d
=0.972m3/s
=1.309m3/s
October 2005
K1:
K1 = 102/(102 +22)=0.6
K2: Possible clogging coefficient
: contraction coefficient
10mm in diameter
2mm
0.5
0.7
1.4.1
1.4.2
October 2005
From the LWL of 1+1132.70 in the lake the level may drop 10cm to 1132.60 if the grids are
partly clogged. The bottom slab level at the intake mouth is +1131.25 and 0.02x5m= 0.10m
higher at the start of the Channel, where a 20cm increment in the slab level occurs. The
bottom level at the Channel inlet is therefore +1131.25 +0.30=+1131.55 and the water depth
at this point minimum +1132.60-1131.55=1.05m if the grids are partly clogged and a head
loss of 10cm is created.
The following formula applies for the gradient i (or water surface level in an open channel):
I 0.5 =Vn/R0.67 where;
flow velocity
v= Q/A= 1.309/1.8x 1.05=0.69m/s
friction factor
n=0.02 from Mannings Number M=1/n=k0.1666/25,8, where
k=roughness.With a k =0.3mm, n=0.02
hydraulic radius
i= 0.027312=0.0000439
The drop in water level is therefore h= 0.0000439 x 90m=0.00395m or approximately 0.4cm.
When the water flows into the Suction Well the velocity goes from approximately 0.69 m/s to
nil and a velocity head of approximately 2cm is lost.
The total loss is therefore estimated to be 2.4cm, say 3cm.
1.4.3
1.5.1
0.2
0.3
0.21
0.18
1.13m/s
1.13m/s
1.13m/s
1.13m/s
2/2g
0.065
0.065
0.065
0.72
October 2005
Local head loss hL
1.5.3
1.5.4
Static Head
The lowest measured lake level at Mwanza South Port was in August 2005 at +1132.15.
This was 47cm lower than the lowest recorded level from February 1994 of +1132.62.
In August 2004, the level on site was recorded at +1133.18. It can be assumed that this level
would also be the lowest recorded at the site as it will follow the relative recordings at
Mwanza South Port. Further more, we would like to add a safety depth of 0.48m below this
recorded low. We therefore assume the Lowest Water Level of +1133.18-0.48 =
+1132.70m.
In phase II, the lowest water level in the raw water suction well:
+1132.70-H1=1132.70-0.23 =1132.47m
The Water Level in the Mixing Tanks is 1149.73m
Static Head is;
Hstatic=+1149.73-1132.47=17.26m or approximately 17.3m (Phase II)
October 2005
1.5.5. Total Pump Head
Head loss in pump house:
NPSH
1.6.1
1.6.2
=Hg-Hz-v12/2g-Hsu
Where:
Hg:
approximately 9.0m Atmosphere pressure on located pump elevation of about
+1140m
Hz:=
Hsu:
0.43m
=3.47m/s
So:
October 2005
1.7
1.8
1.9
Pump Choice
Chosen pumps: Omega 350-360A from KSB
Three (3) pumps are chosen to meet the requirements for phase I, with two (2) duty and one
(1) standby. In Phase II, four (4) pumps are chosen, with three (3) duty one (1) standby.
1.10
October 2005
The required height between the bottom of crane and the bottom of beam is 1014mm The
minimum distance from hoist hook to the bottom of crane is 837mm.
Assuming pumps and motors will be carried into pump house by a car, which is 1.30m
above the platform in height. The length of hoist rope is about 1.2times of pump width.
Therefore:
The length of hoist rope: = 1.2 x 1290 = 1548mm. The pump house height from indoor floor
is:1315+1548+1014+837+1300+500 (spare height)
6.6m.
2.0
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
400s-1
Hydraulic detention time:
60s
Design Layout
As shown in the drawings, the raw water enters into a mixing tank by a DN900 pipeline. The
single mixing tank has three (3) compartments. The middle one is for distribution. The water
causes turbulence, with two weirs on each side. Water falls in to the side compartments. The
height of the waterfall is controlled by the elevation of weirs and slide gates can shut the
weirs individually. The dimension of the middle compartment is 1.20x 4.60m, with water
depth of 5.23m. The dimension of the side compartment is 0.65 x 4.60m, with water depth of
4.28m.
There are two dosing points on the inlet pipe DN900 for lime, chlorine respectively. The
aluminum sulphate and polyelectrolyte dosing point is set before waterfall, just being parallel
with weirs.
2.1.3
1.20x4.60x5.23= 28.87m3
0.65x4.60x4.28=12.79m3
10
October 2005
2.1.4
Total volume:
28.87+12.79x2=54.45m3
T=54.45/0.972=56.0S
G-values
Calculation of the value of G:
G=p/V= gQh/V=gh/Vt
The difference of water level between the middle compartment and the first flocculation tank
is 1.00m.
P:
h:
:
Diffused energy
total head loss
Kinetic viscosity
P=gQh
1.0m
=v
[kW]
[m]
[Pa s]
[m2/s]
V:
g:
T:
:
[m3]
[m/s2]
[s]
[kg/m3]
volume
V=QT
gravitation acceleration
9.81
Hydraulic detention time 56.0
density of water
1,000
So:
G= (9.81 *1.0)/(1.0105*56.0*10-6)=416s-1
There are four (4) waterfalls weirs, each of which is 1.5m in width.
q = 1.84x H1.5 (for rectangular, sharp edged overflow), where:
q:
H:
[m3/m/s]
[m]
Trying 0.20m
q = 1.84 x0.20 1.5 =0.1646m3/m/s
when the width is 1.5m,
The quantity of water: Q= 1.5 x 0.165= 0.247m3/s
Each weir: Q= 0.972/4 =0.243m3/s
So the water depth above weir is 0.20m.
The sum of waterfall and the friction caused by water flow opening between mixing tank and
flocculation tank is taken as 0.80m.
The total head consumed in mixing tank is 0.20 +0.80=1.00m
2.2
Flocculation Tanks.
2.2.1
Design criteria
There are 2 lines of flocculation tanks, each of which comprises 3 tanks.
11
October 2005
The main parameters:
The first tank: mechanical flocculation, the value og G of 40s-1, with a detention time of 180s
The second tank: mechanical flocculation, the value of G of 40s-1, with a detention time of
360s
The third tank: no mixer, with detention time 360s
2.2.2
Design layout
The main parameters:
The first tank:
2.2.4
Flocculation Mixer
The mixing equipment is vertical axial mixer. The first two tanks are furnished with mixers
but the last one. Water flows upwards and downwards in sequence through the three tanks.
Design Criteria for Mixer
The material of the paddle is 8mm steel board. The paddle should be 0.4m below the water
surface and 0.3~0.5m above the bottom of the tank. The distance between the edge of the
paddle and the wall of the tank should be no more than 0.25m.
The total area of paddles in any one tank should be 10%~20% (at most 25%) of the section
area of flow. The width of the paddle is 0.1~0.3m and the ratio of the width to the length of
the paddle should be 1/15~1/10.
To avoid short circuit, fixed baffles should be installed on the tank wall.
Employed Formula
12
October 2005
(1)
(2)
:
D0:
y
l
r2
r1
w
k
Mixer Power
N0=N0'
N=No/(kW)
N0
(4)
Impeller Power
efficiency coefficient
G-value
G=(102N0/W)
102x10-6 Kg.s/m2
single tank volume (m3)
Paddle Size
The distance between the edge of the outer paddle and the tank wall is adopted as 0.25m.
Therefore, the diameter of the mixer is 4.6-2x0.25=4.10m.
The length of the paddle is 2m and the width is 0.14m. The paddle is classified by three
grades, totally 12 paddles.
13
October 2005
The ratio of the total area of paddles to the sectional flow area:
12x0.14x2.0/ 4.6x 4.23= 17.3%
(2)
(3)
G-Value
G1=102N01/W1=((102x 0.58)/(102x10-6 x 89.50))=80.23s-1 (ok)
(20oC water temperature, =102x10-6kg.s/m2)
The Second Flocculation Tank
The distance between the edge of the outer paddle and the Tank wall is adopted as 0.25m.
Therefore, the diameter of the impeller is 6.5-2x0.25 =6.00m.
The length of the paddle is 2m and the width is 0.14m. The paddle is classified by four
grades, totally 16 paddles.
The ratio of the total area of paddles to the sectional flow area:
16 x 0.14x2.0/6.5 x 4.22=16.3%
(2)
14
October 2005
Linear velocity of the centre point of the impeller is 0.345m/s.
Rotational Speed:
n2=601/Do=2.26r/min.
w2=0.226rad/s
(b/l=0.14/2.0=0.07<1), so =1.10
k=/2g=1.10 x1000/2x9.81=56
Paddle Power N'2 :
N'2-1 = yklw3/408(r24-r14)(kW)=4x56x2.0x0.2263/408x (3.004-2.864)=0.178Kw
N'2-2 = yklw3/408(r24-r14)(kW)=4x56x2.0x0.2263/408x (2.294-2.154)=0.077Kw
N'2-3 = yklw3/408(r24-r14)(kW)=4x56x2.0x0.2263/408x (1.584-1.444)=0.024Kw
N'2-4 = yklw3/408(r24-r14)(kW)=4x56x2.0x0.2263/408x (0.874-0.734)=0.004Kw
Total effective Power:
N02= N'2-1+ N'2-2+ N'2-3+ N'2-4=0.283Kw
Motor Power:
N2 =N01/=0.283/0.5=0.566Kw
(3)
G-Value
(20oC water temperature, =102x10-6kg.s/m2)
G2=102N01/W1=((102x 0.283)/(102x10-6 x 178.30))=39.89s-1 (ok)
2.3
Sedimentation Tanks.
2.3.1
Design Criteria
There are two lines of sedimentation tanks, each of which has two sedimentation tanks, 4 in
total. The water flow in each tank is 3,500/4 = 875m3/h =0.243m3/s
2.3.2
Calculations
Flow in each tank:
Q=875.0m3/h
Surface loading criteria:
s=1.2m3/m2/hr (Client req.)
Area required for each tank: A=875.0/1.2=729.2m2
Chosen width:
B=13.5m
Required length:
L=729.213.50=54.0m
The length adopted in design:
La=58.0m
The area adopted in design: Aa=58.0x13.5=783.0m2
So;
The surface loading adopted: sa=875.0/13.5/58.0=1.12m3/m2/hr<1.2m3/m2/hr, ok
15
October 2005
Required detention time T:
3<T<4hours
d=TxQ/A=3x875.0/783.0=3.35m
=875.0/13.5/3.4=19.06m/h=5.3mm/s
Wetted perimeter :
Effective flow-through area :
Hydraulic radius R:
Froude number
2.3.3
=13.5 +3.4x2=20.3m
=13.5x3.4=45.9m2
R=/=2.26m
Fr=2/(Rxg)= (5.3 x 10-3)2/2.26/9.81=1.27x10-6
Design Layout
The effective depth of settling tank is 3.4m. The sludge depth above the main sludge trench
is 0.80m. The total depth of the tank is 4.20m. A perforated wall is in the forepart of each
tank for distribution of water. The distance between the tank wall and the perforated wall is
2.00m. After the suspended solids goes down, water overflows into the outlet trough to the
downstream treatment structures.
3.0
3.1
Design Criteria
Design flow: Q= 84,000m3/d, equivalent to 3,500m3/h =0.972m3/s
There are two lines of filters, 6 compartments of each line, and 12 in total. The flow capacity
of each Filter is 291.7m3/h.
Flow rate during backwash of one filter:
6.0m3/m2/h
=6.0m/h
Backwash flow:
35m3/m2/h
=35m/h
Air-scour flow:
60m3/m2/h
=60m/h
3.2
Design Layout
Filter area during backwash of one filter At
At
=Q/V =3500/6.0
Chosen 12 in total;
Each filter Af = 583/(12-1)
=583m2
=53m2
So:
16
October 2005
Chosen 8600mm(length) x 3100mm (width), which gives an effective filter area of each filter
of 53.32m2. There are two cells in filter box.
Flow rate during backwash of one filter b:
b
=3500/53.32/(12-1)
= 5.47m3/m2/h 5.5m/h
Other miscellaneous items: thickness of filter media of 0.90m, grain size 0.90mm (effective
diameter), supporting layer of 0.80m, high-resistance distribution system for air scour and
water backwash. The central gullet acts as distribution for air-scour and backwash water
inlet as well as for backwash out. Interior width is 1.0m.
3.3.
0.972/2=0.486m3/s
1.2m
0.85m
0.486/1.20/0.85=0.48m/s
400mm
0.80+0.40=1.2m
DN400 butterfly
0.972/12/3.14/0.42x4=0.64m/s
1.31
h=1.31 x 2/2g=1.31 x 0.642/2/9.81=0.03 as
17
October 2005
The design dimension of Clear Water Tank is chosen as 40m (length) x 20m (width) x 4.0m
(depth). Where design backwash volume is about 650m3, and design contact tank is about
2200m3. The design effective volume of the Clear Water Tank is about 2850m3>1750m3 Ok
Height of weirs;
The weir for controlling the outlet level of filters has a width of 11.3m
q
=1.84 x h1.5 (for rectangular, sharp edged overflow) Where:
q: quantity of water per meter width 1.309/11.3
h: water depth above weir
=0.116 [m3/m/s]
[m]
Trying h= 0.15m
q
=1.84 x 0.151.5
=0.12m3/m/s
So the water depth above weir is taken as 0.15m
The weir for controlling the backwash supply volume
The width of which is 7.70m
q =1.84 x h1.5 (for rectangular, sharp edged overflow)
Where:
q: quantity of water per meter width 1.309/7.70
=0.17[m3/m/s]
h: water depth above weir
[m]
Trying h= 0.21m
q
= 1.84 x 0.211.5
=0.177m3/m/s
When the width is 7.70m,
The quantity of water: Q
=7.70 x 0.177= 1.363m3/s>1.309m3/s
So the water depth above weir is approximately 0.17m
The third weir for overflow has a width of 5.4m.
OK
Where:
q:
quantity of water per meter width
1.309/5.40= 0.242[m3/m/s]
Trying h= 0.26m
q
=1.84 x 0.261.5
0.244m3/m/s
When the width is 5.40m,
The quantity of water: Q
=5.40x0.244=1.317m3/s>1.309m3/s, OK
So the water depth above weir is approximately 0.26m.
4.
4.1
Design Basis
The effective filtration area:
Water backwash flow:
18
October 2005
Air-scour rate:
4.2
Backwash Pumps
4.2.1
Backwash Flow
qw
qa
35x 53.32=1866.2m3/hr
=0.518m3/s
1866.2/2
=933.1m3/hr
+1146.90m
+1145.00m
+1141.80m
=q1/=27.44/(3.14 x 0.082/4)/3600=1.52m/s
Space of orifices: 140mm (length of pipe laterals of 3.02m) , there are 44 orifices in a pipe
lateral, in parallel on each side.
Number of orifices in one filter:
68 x 44=2992
Diameter of orifices:
8mm
The total area of orifices
o=(3.14 x 0.0082/4) x 2992=0.15m2
Ratio of area of orifice to area of bed served K:
K=0.15/53.32=0.28%
Flow rate of orifice:
o=0.518/0.15=3.45m/s
The pipe thickness of DN80 =6.5mm
Ratio of orifice diameter to pipe thickness: d/=8/6.5=1.23
The coefficient of flow: =0.76
So the headloss of water distribution:
19
October 2005
Horifice=1/2g(qw/10K)2=1/2x 9.81 x (9.72/10 x 0.76 x 0.28)2=1.06m
Area of waterbuck gullet/area of pipe laterals= 0.83 x 1/68 x (/4 x0.082)=2.43
(satisfying the requirement of 1.5~3)
h1 = Horifice =1.06m
4.2.4
Where:
Hs
thickness of supporting layers
Head loss of filter media:
0.8m
4.2.5
2.65
1.0
0.9m
20
October 2005
H4= hf +hl= 0.0015+0.059
4.2.6
=0.061m
4.2.7
Quantity
1
2
1
1
Local Head
loss (m)
0.092
0.018
0.083
0.017
1
1
1
0.027
0.019
0.070
1
1
1
2
1
1
0.089
0.217
0.046
0.130
0.239
0.514
4
5
1
1
1
1
0.692
0.086
0.257
0.051
0.055
0.036
21
October 2005
DN 600 x 700 reducer
DN 700 outlet end
Total local head loss h6
4.2.8
1.833
1.347
0.171
0.092
0.10
1.00
1
1
0.017
0.092
2.85
4.2.9
Choice of Pumps
Omega 300-300A from KSB Shangai Pump Co., Ltd
Q= 933m3/hr, H= 13m, N = 75kW , =81%, 2duty, 1 standby
4.3.0
Air Blowers
4.3.1
Air-Scour flow
Air scour rate; qa =60m3/m2/hr= 60m/hr
60x53.32=3199m3/hr=0.89m3/s
Air pipe laterals: DN50, spacing of 250mm, 34 x 2=68 pipes in total, cross-sectional area of
pipe laterals of 0.133m2
Flow rate :
= 0.89/0.133=6.69m/s
Orifice diameter of 5mm, staggered spacing of 140mm, 22x 68= 1496 orifices in total, total
cross-section area:= 0.0294m2
Orifice flow rate:
4.3.2
o= 0.89/0.0294m/s
OK
:
p:
1.00, at 20oC
1.00, at 0.1 MPa
=448.14 Pa
22
October 2005
4.3.3
= (2/2g)x 10
Local head loss
(Pa)
Coefficient of local head loss
velocity in air pipe
(m/s)
density of air
(kg/m3)
T:
air temperature
20 (oC)
The detail calculation can be seen in the following table.
Items
Flow
2 x x 10/2g Coefficient
velocity(m/s)
(m3/s)
DN 250 x 300m
18.103
281.773
0.05
increaser
DN 300 butterfly
12.571
135.886
0.30
valve
DN 300 Expansion
12.571
135.886
0.21
junction
DN 300 butterfly
12.571
135.886
0.30
valve
90o DN 300 bend
12.571
135.886
0.78
DN 300 tee (in line)
12.571
135.886
0.10
90o DN 300 bend
12.571
135.886
0.78
DN300 tee (dividing)
12.571
135.886
0.90
DN 300 butterfly
12.571
135.886
0.30
valve
DN300 expansion
12.571
135.886
0.21
junction
DN300 outlet end
12.571
135.886
1.00
Total head loss
Quantity
1
Local head
loss(Pa)
14.089
40.766
57.072
40.766
1
5
7
1
1
105.991
67.943
741.938
122.297
40.766
28.536
135.886
1396.049
=1146.90-1144.72=2.18m
23
October 2005
HT
4.3.5
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.2.1
Perforated Walls.
The number of openings in the perforated wall is 6 (in height) x ( in width). The dimension of
an openings is 100mm x 150mm.
So, Total openings area on the perforated wall:
Ratio of perforation area to the area of the wall:
Velocity of flow through the perforations:
According to orifice outlet formula:
Where:
=2gh
=2gh
So
h= fx 2/2/g
A= 6x27x0.10x0.15=2.43m2
2.43/13.5/3.6
=0.05
=Q/=0.243/2.43=0.10M/S
=0.62
g=9.81(m/s)
h
(m)
f=(1/)2
=(/)2/2/g
=(0.10/0.62)2/2/9.81
=0.005m
24
October 2005
5.2.2
=fx2/2/g
=(/)2/2g
=(0.60/0.62)2/(2x9.81)
=0.05m
The waterfall hf is taken as 0.07m after water flow through the openings.
Weir loading rate:
0.243/63/2x3600x24=166.6m3/m/d<245m3/m/d,
The overflow trough is 300mm in width.
Flow capacity per meter width:
0.243/6/0.3
Critical depth
OK (design manual)
=0.135m3/s/m
5.3
=ho+hf+hb-he
=0.05+0.07+0.21-0.123
=0.207m
=0.21m
25
October 2005
5.4
=Q/=0.243/3.14/0.62x 4
=0.87m3/s 2/2/9.8=0.038m
There are one (1) butterfly valve, one (1) increaser, two (2) bends of DN600 x 90o
Head loss coefficient of Inlet end of pipe:
0.5
Butterfly Valve:
0.3
Increaser of DN600x DN 800:
0.25
Bend of DN600 x 90o
1.0
Local head loss:
h1=(0.5+0.30+0.25+2x1.0)x 0.038m=0.12m
Head loss of friction: h2=10.67x q1.852Xd4.87)
=0.03m
Where:
q: flow capacity;
D:pipe diameter;
L:length of pipe;
C: coefficient;
0.243(m3/s)
DN600(m)
22 (m)
taken as 120
Two pipelines DN600 is joined by one (1) tee DN800 followed by DN800 pipe, one (1) tee for
combining. The length of the DN800 is 20m, value of C 120.
Flow rate:
0.3
0.08
0.5
0.486 (m3/s)
DN800(m)
20(m)
taken as 120
In phase II, the outer pipes from the Sedimentation Tanks in Phase I will connect with outlet
pipes from the future Sedimentation Tanks. The pipelines of DN800 and DN 600 will be
joined in one (1) DN 900 tee followed by DN900, and then the two (2) DN 900 pipes from
two different lines are joined by one (1) DN1200 tee. The flow is combined for dosing lime
before divided for two lines filters.
Choose the longer pipeline for hydraulic calculation, there is one (1) butterfly, one (1) DN900
tee for combining, one (1) DN1200 tee for combining, one (1) DN1200 x 900 tee for dividing,
26
October 2005
one (1) DN1200 x 900 increaser, one (1) DN1200 x 900 reducer, three (3) bends
DN900x90o. The length of pipe DN900 is 140m, value of C of 120. The DN900 pipelines are
taken as common pipes of the two phases.
107,700 x 1.05= 113,085m3/d = 4,712m3/h = 1.309m3/s
Flow of each side of sedimentations:
Flow rate in DN900 pipeline:
Flow rate in DN1200 tee
2/2/9.8
1.309/2
=0.655m3/s
=Q/=0.655/3.14/0.92x 4 =1.03m/s
= Q/=0.655/3.14/1.22x 4 =1.16m/s
=0.054m
1.0
0.3
0.6
0.7
0
0.25
0.1
1.07
= h1+h2+h3+h4+h7+h8
0.12+0.03+0.04+0.02+0.27+0.16=0.64
12m
30m
80,000/2x 1.05m3/d
=42,000m3/d=0.486m3/s
27
October 2005
=Q/=0.486/3.14/0.72x4=1.26m/s
Flow rate:
2/2/9.8=0.081m
Flow capacity of DN1000:
80,000x 1.05m3/d
=84,000m3/d=0.972m3/s
2
Flow rate:
= Q/=0.972/3.14/1.0 x4=1.24m/s 2/2/9.8=0.078
Head loss coefficient of outlet end of pipe:
Tee of DN1000 for combining:
Bend of 90o: DN700
Bend of 90o DN1000
Local head loss:
1.0
0.5
1.07
1.07
The friction head loss of DN700: h2=10.67 x q1.852x L/(C1.852 x D1.852) =0.03m, where:
q: flow capacity,
0.486(m3/s)
D: Pipe Diameter, DN700 (m)
L: length of pipe,
12(m)
C: Coefficient,
taken as 120
The friction head loss of DN1000:
h3 =10.67x q1.852Xl/(C1.852x D4.87)=0.04m, where:
q: flow capacity,
0.972(m3/s)
D: Pipe Diameter, DN1000 (m)
L: length of pipe,
30 (m)
C: Coefficient,
taken as 120
The total head; loss: ht
= 0.37+0.03+0.04=0.44m.
6.0
Balancing Tank
6.1
Design basis
The effective filtration area:
Af= 53.32m2
qw=35m/hr
35x53.32=1866.2m3/h
7min.(Conservative)
Even through the backwash suction tank is designed for 15minutes, a filter wash usually will
take only 5-7minutes when air scour is used.
6.2
6.2.1
28
October 2005
Tank Volume V:
(1866.2x 7x 2 ) =435m3
2.5m
Required Area A:
A=435/2.5=174m2
Chosen width:
B=10.0m
Required length:
L=174/10.0=17.4
Supernatant Pumps.
The backwash waste shall settle for a period. The supernatant water will be pumped to a
pond. The bottom sludge will be pumped to the Sludge Drying Beds.
When Phase I is completed, a total of 12 filters are constructed. Each filter shall be
backwashed once a day, i.e. the time available between backwashes is
24hr/12=2hr=120minutes.
When Phase II is completed, a total of 18 filters are constructed. Each filter shall be
backwashed once a day, i.e the time available between backwashes is:
24hr/18=1.33hr=80min.
Each compartment of the Balancing Tank is filled and then later emptied. The waste in one
compartment must be pumped out before the third backwash water is started.
In phase II, the waste in one compartment can stay for 80x2=160 min.
Assumed 100minutes for settling gives one (1) hour for pumping out.
Assumed 5% can be pumped out as sludge waste, the rest 95% is pumped to the pond as
supernatant water.
Waste volume in one compartment
V1=435/2=218m3
The flow of supernatant pump is 218 x95%/1hr=207m3/h
The flow of sludge pump is 218x5%/1hr
=10.9m3/h
For phase II, three(3) supernatant pumps are installed, two(2) pumps in parallel, each with a
capacity of 110m3/h, two (2) duty, one (1) standby.
6.2.3
Sludge Pumps
One (1) sludge pump for each compartment with a capacity of 12m3/hr shall be installed; a
third spare pump can be kept in store, for both tanks.
29
October 2005
For Phase I, only two (2) supernatant pumps are required, one(1) duty, one(1) standby. It
can be assumed that one (1) pump alone gives a flow of 20% higher than in parallel
operation, i.e q= 110x1.2 = 132m3/h.
Therefore the design can meet the requirement of both phases.
Assuming both the supernatant pump and sludge pump is started at the same time, the
compartment is emptied in:
te=218/(132+12)=1.5hours
The available time for settlings is therefore ts=4-1.5=2.5hours
Therefore;
Supernatant pumps: 110m3/h in parallel operation in phase II
Sludge pumps: 12m3/h
7.0
7.1
Design Basis
The design flow for Phase I works, year 2016 is:
Q
Checking of future space and solution tanks required for Phase II works.
Q= 107,700 x 1.05=113,085m3/d=4712m3/h
In the Chemical Dosing Building, there are equipment for dosing of alum, polyelectrolyte and
lime.
The dosing rates are chosen conservatively. Jar Tests and Commissioning Tests will be later
confirmed these.
Alum
Purity (as Al2O3)
17%
Average dose rate at 17% purity
30mg/l
Maximum dose rate
50mg/l
Dosed solution strength at 17% purity 10%
Polyelectrolyte (alternative to alum)
Average dose rate at 100% strength
Maximum dose rate
Dosed solution strength at
0.5mg/l
1.2mg/l
0.1%
90%
25mg/l
35mg/l
30
October 2005
Dose solution strength at 100% purity
7.2
7.2.1
Design basis
3%
Va=175/10%=1,750kg/h=4,200kg/d=42m3/d
Phase II:
Va=Vax(4,712/3,500)=42x1.35=56.7m3/d
Vp=4.2kg/h/0.1%=4200kg/h=100.8ton/d=100.8m3/d
Vp=Vpx(4,712/3,500)=100.8x1.35=136.08m3/d
31
October 2005
V1=136.08m3/6=22.68m3
The dimension of each tank is chosen 2.8m (in width) x 2.8m(in length)
Considering dregs in the bottom, 3.5m is chosen as the depth of the alum solution tanks.
Four metering pumps are adopted with three(3) duty one(1) standby for Phase I. Therefore
each metering pump has a capacity of 4200kg/h/3=1400L/h
In Phase II, another metering pump can be added for operation.
7.2.3
32
October 2005
8
8.1
8.2
Storage Requirements
The maximum dosage of pre-chlorination
Phase I:
3500m3/hx5mg/l=17.50kg/h
3500m3/hx2.5mg/l=8.75kg/h
8.2.2
Choice of Chlorinators
Three(3) cabinet type of chlorinators re chosen, each with a capacity of 20kg/h. Two duty
and one standby of 20kg/h, where the standby units is for both chlorinators.
Model: ALLDOS from Germany
Other miscellaneous items are vacuum regulators, strainers, automatic switch, pressure
meters, leakage alarm and gas masks. All these items together with the Chlorine cylinders
and chlorinators make up of a complete system.
8.2.3
Chlorine cylinders
The chlorine storage id designed for sixty (60) days at year 2016 water demand. The
maximum dosage is for 10 days and average dosage for 50days.
Take the average dosage as 1/3 of the maximum dosage.
The average dosage: 630x1/3=210kg/d
33
October 2005
So the total storage of chlorine: 630x10+210x50=1680017tons
One Cylinder capacity is 1000kg.
A number of eighteen (18) is chosen to make up a set of nine (9) cylinders in two (2) lines.
8.2.4
8.2.5
9.0
9.1
Design Basis
The design flow is:
Phase I:
80,000m3/day=3333.3m3/h=0.926m3/s
Phase II:
107700m3/day=4487.5m3/h=1.247m3/s
The lowest water level of the Clear Water Tanks is 1141.80m, the highest is 1145.00m
The lowest water level of Mabale Reservoir is 1467.80m, the highest is 1473.00m
9.2
9.2.1
Static heads
The maximum static head=+1473.00-1141.8=331.20m
The minimum static head =+1467.80-1145.00=322.80m
34
October 2005
9.2.2
Total headloss of the system (from the Clear Water Tank to Mabale Reservoir)
The distance from the Clear Water Tank to Mabale Reservoir is approximately 6300m.
The friction head loss:
Adopt Colebrook White formula and k=0.1mm
In Phase I, the friction head loss is 2.6m/km at Q = 0.926m3/s(80,000m3/d). The local head
loss is taken as12% of friction head loss.
The head loss in the rising main: Hf= 2.6x6.3x (1+12%) =18.35m
In Phase II, friction head loss is 4.7m/km at Q=1.247m3/s (107700m3/d). The local head
losses are taken as 12% of the friction head loss.
Total head loss in the rising main: Hf=4.7x6.3x (1+12%) =33.16m
9.2.3
Hf= 1x6.3x1.12=7.06m
The range of the dynamic pump head is 330.4m~338.8m.(The range of the pump per stage
head is 110.1~112.9m).According to the performance diagram of the WL350/3 pump, the
range of the pump flow is 1930m3/h~2000m3/h. The NPSH required is 9m; each stage pump
requirement is 740kW, so the total pump is 2220Kw.
Therefore the WL350/3 KSB pumps are suitable for the project.
9.3
35
October 2005
The total head loss from the clear water tank to the Clear Water Pump Station:
The design flow: 107,700m3/d= 4487.5m3/h=1.247m3/s
The friction head loss:
Adopt Colebrook White formula and k=0.1mm
The friction head loss is 1.0m/km at Q=1.247m3/s
The length of the DN1200 pipe from the CWT to the CWPS is 24m.
The maximum of one (1) pump flow is 2000m3/h (0.556m3/s).
The friction head loss:
Adopt Colebrook White formula
Where:
k=0.1mm
Friction head loss is 3.6m/km at Q=0.556m3/s. The length of the DN700 pipe from the total
inlet pipe to the pump inlet is 4.5m
No.
Flow(m3/s)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1.247
1.247
0.556
0.556
0.556
0.556
0.556
Pipe
Size(mm)
DN1200
DN1200
DN700
DN700
DN700
DN700
DN700
Velocity(m/s)
Item
Quantity
1.10
1.10
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
4.43
Outlet
DN1200Xdn1200 T-Joint
Reducing Elbow
Elbow 22.5 degree
Butterfly
Flexible Joint
DN700xDN400 eccentricity
Reduce pipe
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
36
October 2005
Available NPSH (pumps installed 1140 above sea level)
NPSHa=9.0-v2/2g-P-hs-hf
Where:
P=vapor pressure at 35oC
hs=Suction height (static)
hf=dynamic friction loss at inlet
In this installation, the suction height is negative( i.e the pump has positive suction).
Therefore,
P35oC=0.2m
NPSHa=9.0-v2/2g-0.2+(0.60+0.70)-0.60=9.30m
NPSHa>NPSHr(for all cases) OK.
10.0
10.1
Design Basis
The design flow for Phase I works, year 2016 is:
Q=80,000m3x 1.05=84,000m3/d=3500m3/h
There are no long-term data for raw water quality. The water quality parameters are chosen
consecutively.
Water quality tests and Commissioning tests will later confirm these.
The design parameters of raw and chemical dosage are listed as follows:Maximum turbidity:
135NTU
Average turbidity:
30NTU
Alum
Purity (as Al2O3)
Average dose rate at 17% purity
Maximum dose rate at 17% purity
175
30mg/l
50mg/l
Lime
Average dose rate at 100% purity
25mg/l
Maximum dose rate
35mg/l
The required turbidity value of the treated water is less than 1NTU
Assumed average drying time of sludge:
minimum 10days at average load
37
October 2005
Maximum dry solids loading rate:
Maximum volumetric loading rate:
10.2
6.0kg/m2/day
0.3m3/m2/day
Quantity of Sludge
84,000(m3/day)
(NTU)
2.0
(mg/L)
(mg/L)
10.2.3 Retention time for maximum sludge quantity in the Sedimentation Tanks.
Sludge depth in each Sedimentation Tank is 0.8m
Settling area in each Sedimentation Tank is 58m (in length) * 13.5m (in width)= 783m2
The volume of each tank for sludge is 0.80*783=626.4m3
There are four (4) Sedimentation Tanks
The sum of volume for sludge is 626.4*4=2497.6m32500m3
38
October 2005
The retention time of sludge in the Sedimentation Tanks is therefore 2500/1000=2.5 days
A set of two tanks will be discharged everyday.
10.2.4 Maximum Quantity of Sludge from the Balancing Tanks.
From the Sedimentation Tanks, a 1000m3/day is discharged to the Drying Beds. In the Sand
Filters, the turbidity is reduced from about 3~5NTU to less than 1NTU. The quantity of
sludge is therefore (5-1)/(135-5)0.03 or approximately 3%, say a maximum of 5%. The
quantity of sludge from sludge pumps in the Balancing Tank is therefore
Vf=0.05*1000=50m3/day.
The total sludge quantity to the Drying Beds every day is: 1000+50=1050m3/day
Assuming a sludge depth in the drying beds is 0.6m, the required area is 1050/0.6=1750m2
A total area of each bed is chosen as 1800m2
The area is enough for one maximum day discharge.
10.2.5 Average quantity of sludge
TDS=Q(T*E+1.53A+B)10-6
=84,000*((30-1) * 2+(1.53*17%*30) +25)10-6
=84,000*(29 * 2+(1.53*17%*30) +25)10-6
=7.62tonnes/day
At a concentration of 2.5%, the volume is 7.62/0.025=305m3/day
10.2.6 Total area of Sludge Drying Beds
Assuming a retention period of 30days at average load, the number of beds shall be
N=30*305/(1800*0.6)=8.47
Chosen N=8, the retention time T= (1800*0.6*8)/30528days
Total area 8*1800=14400m2
Dry solids loading rate: 7620/1800=4.2kg/m2 <6.0kgm2/day,
Volumetric loading rate:
305/1800=0.17m3/m2 <0.3m3/m2/day
OK
OK
39
October 2005
Chosen the dimension of 20m (in width) * 90m (in length)= 1800m2
For Phase II, another four(4) Sludge Drying Beds are needed.
There are overflow sliding-gates for supernatant water in drying beds. Usually solids from
the Sedimentation Tanks are easily settled. The retention time in the Drying Beds is much
longer and the sludge is static. The supernatant water therefore can be discharged in to the
lake. However the flow is first directed to an open pond having an overflow towards the lake.
We have chosen paved drying beds that can offer two advantages
Firstly a small wheel loader can get into the drying beds
Secondly, the loader can get into beds when the sludge is wet. By a tractor-mounted
horizontal auger or other device, the loader can break up the sludge to avoid hard crust
forming on the sludge surface, thereby increasing evaporation.
Therefore it takes shorter time to dry the sludge compared to sludge beds with sand
bottoms.
11.0
Mabale Reservoir
11.1
Design Basis
The effective volume of a single tank is: 2920*6.0=17520m3
The difference between the highest water level in the tank and middle elevation of discharge
pipe is: +1473-1164.65=8.35m
11.2
Quantity
Coefficient 1 (for
original diameter)
1
1
0.5
1.76
Coefficient 2
(Transformed to
DN800)
0.5
1.76
1
1
1
1
0.2
0.1
1.5
0.3
1.31072
0.170596
2.558934
1.96608
1.705956
9.972285
40
October 2005
Local head loss formula:
H=2v2/2g=9.972285v2/2*9.8
Where:
v= velocity in DN 800 pipe
v= Q/A=4*Q/3.14*0.82=1.99Q
So H= 9.972285*v2/2*9.8=9.972285*(1.99Q)2/2*9.8=2.015762Q2
That is
Q2=H/2.015762=0.49609H
Q=(0.49609H)
Differential Equation:
Qdt=0.704337H*1/2
And
V=-Adh=Qdt
So
0.704337H*1/2dt=-Adh
0.704337H*1/2dt=-2920dh
4145.744H*1/2dh=-dt
Integral Equation:
dt=-4145.744H*1/2dh
t=4145.7442*(H1*1/2-H2*1/2)
Where:
H1, the water level in the tank when start to drainage (relative to the middle elevation of
discharge pipe) and H2, the bottom level of the tank (2.35m, relative to the middle elevation
of discharge pipe)
11.2.3 Emptying time based on different conditions
Based on Full Tank, boundary conditions:
H1, (8.35m, relative to the middle elevation of discharge pipe)
H2, (2.35m, relative to the middle elevation of discharge pipe)
41
October 2005
Emptying time:
T1=4145.7442 * (8.35*1/2-2.35*1/2)=11248.78s=3.12H
Based on a Half Tank, boundary conditions:
H1, (5.35m, relative to the middle elevation of discharge pipe)
H2, (2.35m, relative to the middle elevation of discharge pipe)
Emptying time:
T2=4145.7442 * (5.35*1/2-2.35*1/2)=6467.658s1.80h
42