Wireless Communication

Part I
Introduction to Wireless Communication

System
History of wireless communication

Guglielmo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in 1896
Communication by encoding alphanumeric characters in analog
signal
Sent telegraphic signals across the Atlantic Ocean
1914 First voice communication over radio waves

1960s Communications satellites launched
Advances in wireless technology
Radio, television, mobile telephone, communication satellites,
wireless networking, cellular technology
What is Wireless Communication ?

Transmitting voice and data using electromagnetic waves in
open space (atmosphere)
Electromagnetic waves
Travel at speed of light (c = 3x108 m/s)
Has a frequency (f) and wavelength (l)
c=fl
Higher frequency means higher energy photons

The higher the energy photon the more penetrating is the
radiation
Types of wireless communication
celullar
wireless computer network
radio service
Frequencies for Communication
VLF = Very Low Frequency

LF = Low Frequency
MF = Medium Frequency
HF = High Frequency
VHF = Very High Frequency
Frequency and wave length

l = c/f
wave length l, speed of light c 3x108m/s, frequency f
twisted
pair
UHF = Ultra High Frequency

SHF = Super High Frequency
EHF = Extra High Frequency
UV = Ultraviolet Light
coax cable
1 Mm
300 Hz
10 km
30 kHz
VLF
optical transmission
100 m
3 MHz
LF
MF
HF
1m
300 MHz
10 mm
30 GHz
VHF
SHF
UHF
EHF
100 m
3 THz
infrared
1 m
300 THz
visible light UV
Frequencies for Communication

Frequency
Wavelength
Abbreviation
Designation
3 30 Hz
104 105 km
Extremely low
frequency
ELF
30 300 Hz
103 104 km
Super low frequency
SLF
300 3000 Hz
100 103 km
Ultra low frequency
ULF
3 30 kHz
10 100 km
Very low frequency
VLF
30 300 kHz
1 10 km
Low frequency
LF
300 kHz 3 MHz
100 m 1 km
Medium frequency
MF
3 30 MHz
10 100 m
High frequency
HF
30 300 MHz
1 10 m
Very high frequency
VHF
300 MHz 3 GHz
10 cm 1 m
Ultra high frequency
UHF
3 30 GHz
1 10 cm
Super high frequency
SHF
30 300 GHz
1 mm 1 cm
Extremely high
frequency
EHF
Frequencies and regulations
ITU-R holds auctions for new frequencies, manages frequency bands worldwide
(WRC, World Radio Conferences)
Examples
Europe
USA
Japan
Cellular phones
GSM 880-915, 925960, 1710-1785,

1805-1880
UMTS 1920-1980,
2110-2170
AMPS, TDMA,
CDMA, GSM 824849, 869-894
TDMA, CDMA, GSM,
UMTS 1850-1910,
1930-1990
PDC, FOMA 810-888,

893-958
PDC 1429-1453,
1477-1501
FOMA 1920-1980,
2110-2170
Cordless
phones
CT1+ 885-887, 930932

CT2 864-868
DECT 1880-1900
PACS 1850-1910,
1930-1990
PACS-UB 1910-1930
PHS 1895-1918
JCT 245-380
Wireless LANs
802.11b/g 24122472
802.11b/g 24122462
802.11b 2412-2484
802.11g 2412-2472
315, 915
426, 868
27, 128, 418, 433,

Other RF
868
systems
V. NOOR MOHAMMED
Antennas
Radiation and reception of electromagnetic waves -coupling of wires to space for radio transmission
Types:
Isotropic radiator (Theoretical)
Omni Directional
Directional Antenna
Sectorized Antenna
Real antennas always have directive effects (vertically

and/or horizontally)
Radiation pattern:
Measurement of radiation around an antenna
Antennas: isotropic radiator

Equal radiation in all directions (three dimensional) - only a
theoretical reference antenna
z
y
y
x
ideal
isotropic
radiator
Omni Directional :Simple Dipoles

Real antenna Exhibit Directive Effects
Intensity of radiation is not the same in all directions.
The length of the dipole is not arbitrary,

Half the wavelength l of the signal to transmit results in a very
efficient radiation of the energy. [l/2 - dipole]
Antennas: Simple dipoles
l/4
l/2
Example: Radiation pattern of a simple Hertzian dipole

y
y
x
side view (xy-plane)
z
z
side view (yz-plane)
simple
dipole
top view (xz-plane)
Gain: maximum power in the direction of the main lobe compared

to the power of an isotropic radiator (with the same average power)
Antennas: Directed and Sectored

If an antenna is positioned in valley or between buildings
An omnidirectional radiation pattern is not very useful
Directional antennas with certain fixed preferential transmission
and reception directions can be used
Directed antennas applied in cellular systems

Several directed antennas can be combined on a single pole to
construct a Sectored Antenna.
Antennas: Directed and Sectored

y
side view (xy-plane)
side view (yz-plane)
top view (xz-plane)
top view, 3 sector
directed
antenna
top view, 6 sector
sectorized
antenna
Antennas: diversity
Two or more antennas can also be combined to improve
reception by counteracting the negative effects of multipath
propagation
Multi element Antenna Array.
Antenna diversity
switched diversity (or) selection diversity
receiver chooses antenna with largest output
Diversity combining
combine output power to produce gain
Signal propagation ranges

Transmission range
communication possible
low error rate
Detection range
sender
detection of the
possible
no communication
possible
signal
transmission
distance
detection
interference
Interference range
signal
may
detected
signal
adds
background noise
not
be
to
the
Path loss of radio signal

A straight line exists between a sender and receiver is called
Line of Sight (LOS).
The received power Pr
Proportional of 1/d2
d- Distance between Sender and Receiver
Depends on the wavelength

Depends on the gain of receiver and transmitter antenna.
Path loss or attenuation

Does not cause too much trouble for short distances
Ex. LAN
Heavily influences transmission over long distances

Ex. Satellite Communication
Radio waves can exhibit three fundamental propagation

behaviors depends on their frequency:
(a) Ground wave (<2MHz) :
Waves with low frequencies follow the earths surface and can
propagate long distances
Submarine communication (or) AM radio.
(b) Sky wave(2-30 MHz) :

This wave can bounce back and forth between the ionosphere and
the earth surface, travelling around the world.
Many international broadcast and Amateur radio.
(c) Line of Sight(> 30MHz):

Mobile communication, Satellite communication and Cordless
telephone.
Signal propagation
Receiving power additionally influenced by
Fading (frequency dependent)
Shadowing
Reflection at large obstacles
Refraction depending on the density of a medium
Scattering at small obstacles
Diffraction at edges
shadowing
reflection
refraction
scattering
diffraction
Multipath propagation
Signal can take many different paths between sender and
receiver due to reflection, scattering, diffraction
multipath
LOS pulses pulses
signal at sender
signal at receiver
Time dispersion: signal is dispersed over time

interference with neighbor symbols, Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)
The signal reaches a receiver directly and phase shifted

distorted signal depending on the phases of the different parts
Delay Spread
Due to the finite speed of light, signals travelling along
different paths with different length arrive at the receiver
at different times
Typical value Approximately 3s sec
In cities upto 12s
GSM can tolerate up to 16 s of delay spread,
(ie) almost a 5Km path difference.
Evolution of Mobile Communication

1934 Public safety in the U.S
194 municipal police radio systems and 58 state police stations
adopted amplitude modulation (AM) mobile communication
systems
5000 radios in mid1930s,
Problem Vehicle ignition noise
1935
Edwin Armstrong demonstrated frequency modulation (FM)
Late 1930s,
FM primary modulation technique throughout the world.

The number of U.S. mobile users
several thousand in 1940 to 86,000 by 1948,
695,000 by 1958, and
about 1.4 million users in 1962.
Majority of Mobile users in the 1960s not connected to

the public switched telephone network (PSTN),
not able to directly dial telephone numbers from their vehicles.
1991 between 25 and 40 million cordless telephones

1995 about 100 million (37% of the U.S. population).
Due to CB (Citizens Band) radio and cordless appliances

Number of cellular telephone users 25,000 in 1984 to
about 16 million in 1994
Since then, wireless services have been experiencing customer
growth rates well in excess of 50% per year.
In 1997, nearly 50 million U.S. cellular users were there.
In the 21st century,

Equal number of wireless and conventional wire line customers
throughout the world.
Wireless overtaking wire line customers
Mobile Radio Standards in North

America
Mobile Radio Standards in Europe
Mobile Radio Standards in Japan
Wireless Communication System Definitions
Base Station
A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio
communication with mobile stations.
Located at the center or on the edge of a coverage region
Consist of radio channels with transmitter and receiver antennas
mounted on a tower.
Mobile Station
A station in the cellular radio service intended for use while in
motion at unspecified locations.
Hand-held personal units or installed in vehicles.
Control Channel
Radio channels used for transmission of call setup, call request,
call initiation, and other beacon or control purposes.

Forward Channel
Radio channel used for transmission of information from the base
station to the mobile.
Reverse Channel
Radio channel used for transmission of information from the
mobile to the base station.
Handoff
Process of transferring a mobile station from one base station to
another.
Roamer
A mobile station which operates in a service area other than that
from which service has been subscribed.

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
Coordinates the routing of calls in a large service area.
MSC connects the cellular base stations and the mobiles to the PSTN.
Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO).
Page
A brief message broadcasted over the entire service area,
Simulcast fashion by many base stations at the same time.
Subscriber
User who pays subscription charges for using mobile communication
system.
Transceiver
Device capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving radio
signals.

Simplex Systems
Provide only one-way communication.
Full Duplex systems

Allow simultaneous two-way communication.
Two different radio channels (FDD) for transmission and reception.
New cordless/ Personal Communication Services (PCS) systems are
using TDD.
Half Duplex
Allow two-way communication using the same radio channel for both
transmission and reception.
At any given time, the user can only either transmit or receive
information.
Full Duplex Systems

Frequency division duplexing (FDD)
Time division duplexing (TDD)

Provides simultaneous radio transmission channels for the
subscriber and the base station, so that they both may
constantly transmit while simultaneously receiving signals
from one another.
At the base station,
separate transmit and receive antennas two separate channels
At the subscriber unit,

a single antenna both transmission to the base station and
reception from the base station
Duplexer inside the subscriber unit
enable the same antenna to be used for simultaneous transmission and
reception.

Separate the transmit and receive frequencies by about 5%
of the nominal RF frequency
Duplexer can provide sufficient isolation.
A pair of simplex channels with a fixed and known

frequency separation is used
to define a specific radio channel in the system.
Used in analog mobile radio systems

Possible to share a single radio channel in time,
A portion of the time transmit from the base station to the
mobile
Remaining time transmit from the mobile to the base station
If the data transmission rate in the channel is much greater

than the end-user's data rate,
Possible to store information bursts and provide duplex operation
to a user, even though there are not two simultaneous radio
transmissions at any instant of time.

Drawbacks
Only possible with digital transmission formats and digital
modulation,
Very sensitive to timing.
TDD has been used, only for indoor or small area wireless
applications
Physical coverage distances are much smaller conventional
cellular telephone systems.
Mobile Radio Telephony in US

FM push-to-talk telephone systems
Late 1940s
120 KHz of RF bandwidth
Half-duplex mode - actual telephone-grade speech occupies only 3
kHz of baseband spectrum.
1946
First public mobile telephone service
25 major American cities.
Single, high-powered transmitter and
Large tower to cover distances of over 50 km

1950
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) doubled the number of
mobile telephone channels
No new spectrum allocation.
Improved technology Channel bandwidth = 60 kHz
By the mid 1960s,

Channel bandwidth of voice transmissions 30 kHz.
In 1950s and 1960s,

Automatic channel trunking IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone
Service)
Full duplex,
Auto-dial
Auto-trunking phone systems
Quickly saturated in major markets.

1976 Bell Mobile Phone service for the New York City
market
Twelve channels
Serve only 543 paying customers.
Waiting list of over 3,700 people,
Poor Service
Call blocking
Usage over the few channels.
IMTS Still use in U.S.

Spectrally inefficient when compared to todays U.S. cellular
system.

During 1950s and 1960s,
AT&T Bell Laboratories and other telecommunications
companies throughout the world developed the theory and
techniques of cellular radiotelephony
Cellular radio telephony

Breaking a coverage zone into small cells
Each of which reuse portions of the spectrum to increase
spectrum usage at the expense of greater system infrastructure.

Cellular radio spectrum allocation Similar to FCC
Allocates television stations or radio stations with different
channels in a region of the country
Reallocates those same channels to different stations in different
part of the country.
Channels are reused when there is sufficient distance between the
transmitters to prevent interference.
Cellular relies on reusing the same channels within the same

market or service area.

AT&T proposed the concept of a cellular mobile system to
the FCC in 1968
Technology was not available to implement cellular telephony
until the late 1970s.
In 1983
FCC finally allocated 666 duplex channels for the U.S. Advanced
Mobile Phone System (AMPS).
FCC rules
Each city allowed to have two cellular radio system providers,
assure some level of competition.

AMPS
First U.S. cellular telephone system,
Deployed in late 1983.
In 1989,
FCC granted an additional 166 channels to U.S. cellular service
providers Accommodate the rapid growth and demand.
Cellular radio systems

Operate in an interference-limited environment
Rely on frequency reuse plans and
Rely on FDMA maximize capacity.

In late 1991 First U.S. Digital Cellular (USDC) system
Major U.S. cities.
Allows cellular operators to replace single-user analog channels
with digital channels
Support three users in the same 30 kHz bandwidth.
Capacity improvement is three times that of AMPS,
Digital modulation (/4 differential quadrature phase shift
keying),
Speech coding, and
Time division multiple access (TDMA)

A cellular system based on code division multiple access
(CDMA)
Developed by Qualcomm, Inc.
Standardized by the Telecommunications Industry Association
(TIA) as an Interim Standard (IS-95).
Supports a variable number of users in 1.25 MHz wide channels
using direct sequence spread spectrum.
Analog AMPS system

Signal should be at least 18 dB above the co-channel interference
to provide acceptable call quality

CDMA systems
Operate at much larger interference levels
Inherent interference resistance properties.
Operate with much smaller SNR than conventional narrowband

FM techniques
Allows CDMA systems to use the same set of frequencies in every
cell,
Providing a large improvement in capacity.
Uses a variable rate vocoder with voice activity detection

Reduces the required data rate
Reduces the battery drain by the mobile transmitter.

In the early 1990s Specialized Mobile Radio service (SMR)
Purchasing small groups of radio system licenses from a large number
of independent private radio service providers
Nextel and Motorola Extended SMR (E-SMR) network

800 MHz band
Provide capacity and services similar to cellular.
Motorola's integrated radio system

SMR integrates voice dispatch, cellular phone service, messaging, and
data transmission on the same network .
New Personal Communication Service (PCS) licenses in the

1800/1900 MHz band
Auctioned by the U.S. Government to wireless providers in early 1995.
Mobile Radio Communication

Systems
Paging Systems
Cordless Telephone Systems
Cellular Telephone Systems
Paging Systems
Send brief messages to a subscriber
Notify a subscriber of the need to call a particular telephone
number or
Travel to a known location.
The message may be either

a numeric message, an alphanumeric message, or a voice message.
Modern paging systems,

News headlines, stock quotations, and faxes may be sent.
A message is sent to a paging subscriber via the paging

system access number with a telephone keypad or modem.
The issued message is called a page.
Paging Systems
Transmits the page throughout the service area using base
stations which broadcast the page on a radio carrier.
Paging systems vary in their complexity and coverage area.
Simple paging systems cover a limited range of 2 km to 5 km, or
Even confined within individual buildings
Wide area paging systems Provide worldwide coverage.
Paging receivers are simple and inexpensive,

Transmission system required is sophisticated.
Wide Area Paging Systems
Wide Area Paging Systems

Simulcasting
Simultaneously broadcast a page from each base station.
Consist of a network of telephone lines, many base station
transmitters, and large radio towers
Simulcast transmitters may be located within the same

service area or in different cities or countries.
Large transmitter powers and low data rates for maximum
coverage from each base station.
Designed to provide reliable communication to subscribers

wherever they are;
Whether inside a building, driving on a highway, or flying in an
airplane.

Full duplex communication systems
Use a radio to connect a portable unit to a dedicated base station
Then connected to a dedicated telephone line with a specific
telephone number on PSTN
First generation cordless telephone systems - 1980s

Portable unit communicates only to the dedicated base unit
Few tens of meters.
Operate as extension telephones to a transceiver connected to a
subscriber line on the PSTN
Primarily for in-home use.

Second generation cordless telephones
Recently introduced
Subscribers use their handsets at many outdoor locations within
urban center
Few hundred meters
Modern cordless telephones combined with paging receivers

A subscriber may first be paged and respond to the page using the
cordless telephone
Provide the user with limited range and mobility

Not possible to maintain a call if the user travels outside the
range of the base station

A wireless connection to the PSTN for any user location
within the radio range of the system
Large number of users within a limited frequency spectrum.
High quality service compared to landline telephone systems.
High capacity is achieved by limiting the coverage of each base
station transmitter to a small geographic area called a cell
Same radio channels may be reused by another base station
located at some distance
Handoff enables a call to proceed uninterrupted when the user

moves from one cell to another.

A basic cellular system consists of mobile stations, base
stations and a mobile switching center (MSC).
Mobile Switching Center
Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO),
Connects all mobiles to the PSTN
Each mobile communicates via radio with one of the base stations
Handed off to any base stations throughout the duration of a
call.

Mobile station
A transceiver, an antenna, and control circuitry,
Mounted in a vehicle or portable hand-held unit,
Base stations
Several transmitters and receivers
Full duplex communications
Have towers supporting transmitting and receiving antennas.
Bridge between all mobile users in the cell
Connects the simultaneous mobile calls via telephone lines or
microwave links to the MSC.

MSC
Coordinates the activities of all the base stations
Connects the entire cellular system to the PSTN.
Handles 100,000 cellular subscribers
5,000 simultaneous conversations at a time
Accommodates all billing and system maintenance functions
In large cities, several MSCs are used by a single carrier.

Communication between the base station and the mobiles is
defined by a standard common air interface (CM) that
specifies four different channels.
Forward voice channels (FVC)
Reverse voice channels (RVC).
Forward control channels (FCC) and
Reverse control channels (RCC).

Forward voice channels (FVC)
Voice transmission from the base station to mobiles
Reverse voice channels (RVC).

Voice transmission from mobiles to the base station
Forward control channels (FCC) and Reverse control channels

(RCC)
Initiate mobile calls
Called as setup channels
Involved in setting up call and moving it to an unused voice channel.
Transmit and receive data messages that carry call initiation and
service requests, and monitored by mobiles when they do not have a
call in progress.

Forward control channels
Serve as beacons
Continuously broadcast all traffic requests for all mobiles in the
system.
Supervisory and data messages are sent to facilitate automatic

channel changes and handoff instructions for the mobiles before
and during a call.
Terminologies
MIN Mobile Identification Number
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
MSC Mobile Switching Center
ESN Electronic Serial Number
FCC Federal Communications Commission
PCS Personal Communication Services
SCM Station Class Mark
HLR Home Location Register
VLR Visitor Location Register
Making of a Cellular Telephone Call from Landline
Making of a Cellular Telephone Call from Mobile
Modern Wireless Communication

Systems
First Generation Cellular Networks 1G
Second Generation Cellular Networks 2G
2.5G and 2.75G Cellular Networks
Third Generation Cellular Networks 3G
Modern Wireless Communication

Systems
Second Generation Cellular Networks

2G

2G
After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone
systems were dubbed as 1G.
Radio signals on 1G networks are analog,
Radio signals on 2G networks are digital.
Both systems use digital signaling to connect radio towers

to the rest of telephone system.
Based on the type of multiplexing
TDMA-based standard
CDMA-based standard

2G
The main 2G standards are:
GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used in almost
all countries on all six inhabited continents.
Over 80% of subscribers around the world.
Over 60 GSM operators are using CDMA2000 in the 450 MHz
frequency band (CDMA450).
IS-95 or CDMAOne (CDMA-based, referred as simply CDMA in

the US), used in Americas and parts of Asia.
About 17% of subscribers globally.
Over a dozen CDMA operators have migrated to GSM in
Mexico, India, Australia and South Korea.

2G
PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan
iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the
United States and Telus Mobility in Canada
IS-136 or D-AMPS (TDMA-based, referred as simply 'TDMA' in
the US), in Americas but most have migrated to GSM.
2G services are referred as Personal Communications

Service, or PCS, in the United States

2G
Capacity
Using digital signals between the handsets and towers
increases system capacity in two key ways:
Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed more
effective than Analog voice encodings
Using various codecs, allowing more calls within same amount
of radio bandwidth.
The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from
handsets.
Cells had to be smaller, so more cells can be placed in the same
amount of space
As cell towers and related equipment getting less expensive.

2G
Advantage
Digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise
Voice will be more clear

2G
Disadvantages
In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be
sufficient to reach a cell tower.
Problem on 2G systems deployed on higher frequencies,
Not a problem on 2G systems deployed on lower frequencies.

2G
Disadvantages
Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy
one.
Both an advantage and a disadvantage.
Under good conditions, digital will sound better.
Under slightly worse conditions,
Analog will experience static
Slowly gets worse, holding a call longer and allow the communication
for further few seconds
Digital has occasional dropouts.

As conditions worsen, digital will completely fail
2.5G Cellular Networks

2.5G (GPRS)
2G-systems implemented with a packet-switched domain in
addition to the circuit-switched domain.
Does not provide faster services because bundling of time
slots used for circuit-switched data services.
The first step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G
occurred with the introduction of General Packet Radio
Service (GPRS).
CDMA2000 networks evolved through the introduction of
1xRTT.
The combination of these capabilities came to be known as 2.5G.

GPRS
Data rates from 56 kbps to 115 kbps
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging
Service (MMS), and Internet communication services
Data transfer is charged per megabyte of traffic transferred and Data
communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of
connection time, independent of whether the user is utilizing the
capacity or in idle state.
1xRTT
Supports bi-directional peak data rates up to 153.6 kbps
Average user data throughput of 80-100 kbps in commercial networks.
WAP, SMS MMS services and Internet access.

2.75G
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced
GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC)
EDGE
GPRS1 networks evolved to EDGE networks with 8PSK encoding.
Backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology allows
improved data transmission rates, as an extension on GSM
Deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003 by AT&T in US
Standardized by 3GPP as a part of GSM family
Potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks
Higher data-rates up to 236.8 kbps by 8PSK within existing GSM
timeslots
Third Generation Cellular Networks

3G
The following standards comply with the IMT2000/3G
standard:
EDGE
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)
CDMA2000

3G
EDGE
Revision by 3GPP organization to 2G GSM based transmission
methods
Utilizes same switching nodes, base station sites and frequencies
as GPRS,
New base station and cell phone RF circuits
Uses 8PSK modulation scheme

Three times efficient than GMSK modulation
Still used due to its ease of upgrade from existing 2G GSM

infrastructure and cell-phones.
Marketed as 3G system, but a 2.9G system.

3G
EDGE
Slightly better system spectral efficiency than the original UMTS and
CDMA2000 systems
Difficult to reach higher peak data rates due to the limited GSM
spectral bandwidth of 200 kHz
Mode in IS-135 TDMA system today ceased

EDGE combined with the GPRS 2.5G technology EGPRS
Peak data rates in the order of 200 kbps as original UMTS /WCDMA
Evolved EDGE Latest revision

Peak Data rates of 1 Mbps downstream and 400kbps upstream
Commercially not used

3G
UMTS
Created and revised by the 3GPP
Full revision from GSM in terms of encoding methods and
hardware
Some GSM sites can be retrofitted to broadcast in the
UMTS/W-CDMA format.
W-CDMA is the most common deployment

Operated on the 2,100 MHz band.
Others use 850, 900 and 1,900 MHz bands.

3G
HSPA
An amalgamation of several upgrades to original W-CDMA
standard
Speeds of 14.4 Mbps downlink and 5.76 Mbps uplink
Backwards compatible and uses the same frequencies as WCDMA
HSPA+
Revision and upgrade of HSPA
Peak data rates up to 168 Mbps in downlink and 22 Mbps in
uplink
Using a combination of air interface improvements as well as
multi-carrier HSPA and MIMO.

3G
CDMA2000 or IS-2000
Standardized by 3GPP2
Also includes CDMA2000 1x and CDMA2000 High Rate
Packet Data (EVDO)
Evolved from original IS-95 CDMA system

North America, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Southeast
Asia, Europe and Africa
DECT cordless phones and Mobile WiMAX standards

fulfilling the IMT-2000 requirements
Not considered due to rarity and unsuitability for usage with
mobile phones.
Breakdown of 3G systems
Features
Data rates
IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission rates
Minimum data rate of 2 Mbps for stationary or walking users
Minimum data rate of 384 kbps in a moving vehicle
ITU does not clearly specify minimum or average rates

Various rates are sold as 3G to meet customer expectations of
broadband data.
Features
Security
3G networks offer greater security than 2G
By allowing the User Equipment to authenticate the
attached network
User can be sure that he is in the intended network, not an
impersonator
3G networks use the block cipher instead of the older stream

cipher.
In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, endto-end security is offered.
Applications of 3G
The bandwidth and location information available to 3G
devices gives rise to applications not previously available to
mobile phone users
Some of the applications are:
Mobile TV
Video on demand
Video Conferencing
Telemedicine
Location-based services
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Evolution
Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are currently working on extensions
to 3G standard
Based on all-IP network infrastructure and advanced wireless
technologies such as MIMO
Specifications display features characteristic
Advanced (4G), the successor of 3G.
for
Falling short of the bandwidth requirements for 4G

1 Gbps for stationary and 100 Mbps for mobile operation
These standards are classified as 3.9G or Pre-4G
IMT-
Evolution
3GPP plans to meet the 4G goals with LTE Advanced,
Whereas Qualcomm has halted development of UMB in favour
of the LTE family
On 14 December 2009, Telia Sonera announced in an

official press release that "We are very proud to be the first
operator in the world to offer our customers 4G services.
With the launch of their LTE network, initially they are offering
pre-4G (or beyond 3G) services in Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo,
Norway
References
Rappaport, T. S., Wireless communications, Pearson
Education, 2010.
David Tse and Pramod Viswanath, Fundamentals of
Wireless Communication, Cambridge University Press,
2005.
Jochen Schiller, Mobile Communication, Pearson
Education, 2009
Andreas. F. Molisch, Wireless Communications, John
Wiley India, 2006.

Wireless Communication

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wireless Communication

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Part I

Introduction to Wireless Communication

History of wireless communication

1914 First voice communication over radio waves

What is Wireless Communication ?

Higher frequency means higher energy photons

Types of wireless communication

wireless computer network

Frequencies for Communication

VLF = Very Low Frequency

Frequency and wave length

UHF = Ultra High Frequency

Frequencies for Communication

Super low frequency

Ultra low frequency

Very low frequency

300 kHz 3 MHz

Very high frequency

300 MHz 3 GHz

Ultra high frequency

Super high frequency

Frequencies and regulations

GSM 880-915, 925960, 1710-1785,

PDC, FOMA 810-888,

CT1+ 885-887, 930932

27, 128, 418, 433,

Real antennas always have directive effects (vertically

Antennas: isotropic radiator

Omni Directional :Simple Dipoles

The length of the dipole is not arbitrary,

Antennas: Simple dipoles

Example: Radiation pattern of a simple Hertzian dipole

side view (xy-plane)

side view (yz-plane)

top view (xz-plane)

Gain: maximum power in the direction of the main lobe compared

Antennas: Directed and Sectored

Directed antennas applied in cellular systems

Antennas: Directed and Sectored

side view (xy-plane)

side view (yz-plane)

top view (xz-plane)

top view, 3 sector

top view, 6 sector

Signal propagation ranges

Path loss of radio signal

d- Distance between Sender and Receiver

Depends on the wavelength

Path loss or attenuation

Heavily influences transmission over long distances

Radio waves can exhibit three fundamental propagation

(b) Sky wave(2-30 MHz) :

(c) Line of Sight(> 30MHz):

Time dispersion: signal is dispersed over time

The signal reaches a receiver directly and phase shifted

Evolution of Mobile Communication

Evolution of Mobile Communication

Majority of Mobile users in the 1960s not connected to

1991 between 25 and 40 million cordless telephones

Evolution of Mobile Communication

In the 21st century,

Mobile Radio Standards in North

Mobile Radio Standards in Europe