Communication Systems Solutions

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Systems
1
Solutions to Communication
CHAPTER- 2
Random Signals & Noise
01. From the property of CDF is that Fx () = 1. So, the options c and d can be
eliminated since Fx ( ) is Zero in both of them.
if CDF is a Ramp, the corresponding pdf will be
given
d
(Ramp)= Step . But, since the
dx
pdf is not step, the option b also can be eliminated.
Hence, the correct option is a.

1
02. H (f) 1 J 2 fRC & f 3db f c 1 2 R C
H (f)
1
1 J f fc
o p PSD H (f)
o p
. i p PSD
Noise Power =
k
2
1 f fc
k
.df kfc .
2
1 f f c
Ans: c
03. Auto correlation is maximum at =0
i.e. R (O) |R()|
Ans :- b
04. Power spectral density is always non negative
i.e. S(f) 0
Ans:- b
05. This corresponds to Binomial distribution. When an experiment is repeated for n times,
the probability of getting the success m times, independent of order is
P(x=m) = n c m . pm . (q)n-m
Where p = Prob. of success & q = 1-p
In the present problem, success is getting an error. The corresponding probability is
given as p.
P(At most one error) = P(no errors) + P(one error)
= P(X=0) + P(X=1)
n c . (p) 0 . (1 p) n n c . (p)1 (1 p) n 1
0
= (1-p)n + np(1-p)n-1
Ans:- c
06. The random variable y is taking two values 0 & 1.
2
Solutions to Communication Systems
Academy
P(y=1) = P (-2.5 x 2.5)
P(y=0) = P (x 2.5) + P(x -2.5)
2.5
f ( x ) dx 0.5
P (-2.5 x 2.5) =
2.5
P(x 2.5) = f ( x )dx 0.25

2.5
P(x 2.5 )
2.5
f(x) dx 0.25
P(y = 1) = 0.5 ; P(y=0) = 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.5

f (y) = 0.5 (y) + 0.5 (y-1)
Ans :- b
07. Ans: b
08. PSD of
PSD of
i p
process Sxx () = 1
o p
process Syy () =
| H ()|2 =
H()
SYY ()
16
SXX () 16 2
4
16
16
16 2
H( )
4
4J
R
We have H() for an RL Low Pass Filter as H() = R JL

Ans :- (a)
09. R = 4 ; L = 4H
Ans :- a
10.
Noise Power = ( o p ) PSD B.

H () = 2 . exp (-Jtd)
| H () | 2 = 4 o p Noise PSD = 4NO
o p Noise Power = 4NO B
o p
Ans :- b
k
r for 0 k 4
4
11. P( r )
= 0 elsewhere
4
Since
P( r ).d r 1 k
0
Mean Square Value is
r
0
. P( r ). d r 8
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Ans :- c
12. |H(f)|2 = 1 + (0.1 10-3)f for -10 KHz f 0
= 1 (0.1 10-3)f for 0 f 10 KHz
2
( o p) PSD = H (f ) i p PSD
Power of
o p
Process =
10103
10103
(o p) PSD. df 1 10 6
Ans:- b
13. R () FT PSD Sxx
Since PSD is sinc squared function, its inverse Fourier Transform is a Triangular
pulse.
Ans:- b
14. Var [d(n)] = E[d2(n)] {E[d(n)]}2
E[d(n)] = E[x(n) x(n1)]
= E[x(n)] E[x(n1)] = 0
Var[d(n)] = E[d2(n)] = E[{x(n) x(n1)}2]
= E[x2(n)] + E[x2(n1)] 2.E[x(n).x(n1)]
= 2x + 2x 2.Rxx (1)
2 2x 2Rxx(1) =
10
2
x
R xx (k )
at k = 1 = 0.95
2x
Ans: a
x 4 2
exp
18
x 4 2
1
exp
=

29
2 9
1
P X 4 = PX ( x ) x 4 =
3 2
1
3 2
15. PX(x) =
Ans: b
16. P(at most one bit error)
= P(No error) + P(one error)
= n C . (P)0 (1-P)n-0 + n C (P)1 (1-P)n-1
= (1-P)n + n P(1-P)n-1
0
Ans: d
4
Academy
17.
g(t)
a . g(t) = g1(t)
H( )
ACE
2
= a PSD of g1(t) = a .Sg ()
2
Rg1 ( ) = F 1 a .Sg () = a 2 . Rg
power of Rg1( ) = a 2 . Rg 0 = a 2 . Pg
Ans: a
18. The fourier Transform of a Gaussian Pulse is also Gaussian.

Ans: c
19. The Auto correlation Function (ACF) of a rectangular Pulse of duration T is a Triangular
Pulse of duration 2T
Ans: d
20. The Prob. density function of the envelope of Narrow band Gaussian noise is Rayleigh
Ans: c
21. P(x) = K. exp (- x 2 2) , - x
P ( x ) . dx = 1 k. exp( x
1
2
We have
1
2
x2
x2
2) dx 1
.dx = 1, since
is the Normal density
N (m, 2 ) = N (0,1)
k 1
2
Ans: a
22. F-1 PSD =Auto correlation Function R( )
sin f
R( ) = F-1
, which is a triangular pulse.
Ans: d
23. R( ) =R(- ) Even symmetry
Ans : d
24. Rayleigh
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Ans : d
25.
R2 (TK)
R1 (TK)
The Noise equivalent circuit is

R1
R2
= 4R2KT2B
= 4R1KT1B
(R1 + R2)
= 4(R1T1+R2T2) KB
= 4RKTB
RT = R1T1 +R2T2
R 1T1 R 2 T2
R1 R 2
T=
3
26. E(X) =
x. P( x )dx 1
E(X2) =
x. P( x )dx 7 / 3
Var (X) = E(X2) [E(X)]2 =
7
4
1
3
3
Ans: b
27. Half wave rectification is Y = X for x 0
= 0 elsewhere
1
f(y) = (y)
2
y
1
e
2 N
2N
E(Y) = 0 & E(Y2) = N

Ans: d
28. P(X = at most one error) = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)
6
Academy
= 8C 0 . (P)0 (1-P)8 + 8C 1 . (P)1 (1-P)8-1
= (1P)8 + 8P (1P)7
Ans: b
29.
Var [(kx)] = E[( kx)2] E(kx)
= k2 E (x2) [ k. E (x)]2
= k2 E (x2) k2. [E (x)]2
= k2 [E (x2) E(x)
= k2 . x2
Ans: d
CHAPTER 3
Objective Questions Set A
01.
(B.W)AM = 2 ( Highest of the Baseband frequency available)

= 2(20 KHZ) = 40 KHZ
02.
Percentage Power saving =
PT PTX
100 %
PT
= 2 m 2 100 %
For m = 1 , Power saving =
03. PT = PC 1
m2
2
2
100 % = 66.66 %
3
For m = 0
P T = PC
For m = 1
PT = 1.5 PC
TX. Power increased by 50%
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04.
mT =
06.
m=
07.
The given AM signal is of the form [A + m(t)] cos c t, which is an AM-DSB-FC

signal. It can be better detected by the simplest detector i.e. Diode Detector
08.
MW/Broadcast band is 550 KHz 1650 KHz.
09.
Hence the received 1 MHz signal lies outside the MW band.
10.
Q=
12.
m2
PT = PC + PC 2
m12 m 22
Vmax Vmin
Vmax Vmin
(0.3) 2 (0.4) 2 = 0.5
f0
110 6
=
3 =100
BW 10 10
Pc . m 2
2
=
Pc (0.4) 2
2
= 0.08 Pc
PT = 1.08Pc
Increase in Power is 8%.
14.
em(t) = 10(1+0.4 cos 10 3 t + 0.3 cos 104 t) cos ( 106t )

This is a multi Tone AM signal with m1=0.4 and m2=0.3
m=
15.
m12 m 22 =0.5
Image freq(fi) = fs +2 IF
fs = fi 2 IF = 2100 900 = 1200 KHz.

16.
Same as Prob. 2
18.
Same as 3
19.
m2
PSB = 75 + 75 = 150 = PC 2 and Pc=PT - PSB = 600 150 = 450
m2
PC 2
450 m 2
2/3
2
=150 m=
20.
Pc = 450
22.
BW of each AM station = 10 KHZ.

No. of stations =
100 10 3
=10
10 10 3
8
Academy
ACE
E m 15
m=25%
=
E c 60
25.
m=
26.
(B.W)AM = 2
27.
Message B.W = Band limiting freq. of the baseband signal = 10 KHz.
28.
B.W = 2(10 KHz) = 20 KHz.
29.
The various freq. in o/p are 1000 KHz, (1000 1) KHz & (1000 10) KHz.
1500 = 3 KHz.
The freq. which will not be present in the spectrum is 2 MHz.

30.
Highest freq. = USB w.r.t highest baseband freq. available =

(1000 + 10) KHz = 1010 KHz
CHAPTER 3
Objective Questions SET C
5.
A freq. tripler makes the freq. deviation, three times the original.
f
New Modulation Index = 3. f
= 3 mf
6.
Mixer will not change the deviation. Thus, deviation at the o/p of the mixer is .
20.
B.W1 = 2( f + 10 KHz)
B.W2=2( f + 20 KHz) B.W increases by 20 KHz.
29.
In NBFM, Modulation Index is always less than 1.
CHAPTER 3
Additional objective questions SET D
1.
Amplitude of each sideband =

=
m Ec
2
0.3 10 3
2
= 150v
Ans:
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2
Ec = 1 KV

9
m E c 1000 m
=
=200
2
2
m = 0.4
Ans:
3.
Pc = 1 KW; PSB =
PC
= 0.5 KW
2
PT = PC + PSB = 1.5 KW.

Ans:
4.
As per FCC regulations, in AM, (fm)max = 5 KHz

Ans:
5.
Ec + Em = 130 Em = 130 100 = 30 V

m=
Ans:
6.
Em
30
=
= 0.3
Ec
100
V(t) = A[1 + m sin m t ] sin c t

By comparing the given with above V(t), the unmodulated carrier peak A = 20
rms value = 20/
Ans : b
7.
Side band peak =
mE c 0.5 20
=
=5
2
2
Rms value = 5/ 2
Ans:
8.
m = 0.5 50% Modulation

Ans:
09.
V = A[1+msin m t ] sin c t
m =6280
Ans:
10.
c =6.28
106
10
Academy
ACE
Ans : a
11.
m 1 results in over Modulation, causing distortion .

Ans : d
12.
Ans: b
13.
EC + Em = 2Ec Em = Ec
m =
Ans:
14.
Em
= 100%
Ec
Ec + Em = 110
Ec - Em = 90
Ec = 100V; Em = 10V
Ans:
15.
Using the above results, m =

Ans:
16.
Em
10
=
= 0.1
Ec
100
using the above results, the sideband amplitude is

Ans:
17.
m=
b
Em
Em = m.Ec
Ec
The carrier peak is (100) 2

Em = (0.2)(100) 2 = 20 2
Ec + Em = (120)
The corresponding rms value = 120 V

Ans:
20.
It = I c
m2
2
mE c
0.1100
=
= 5V
2
2
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Ic = 10 Amp; It = 10.4 Amp.
m = 0.4 Ans: b
21.
m=
(0.3) 2 (0.4) 2
= 0.5
Modulation Index = 50%

Ans:
23.
Pc = PT - PSB = 1160 160 = 1000 Watts

Ans:
24.
m=
a
I max I min
6
=
= 0.3
I max I min
20
Percent Modulation = 30%

Ans:
27.
To implement Envelope detection,

Tc < RC < Tm
Tc = 1 sec; Tm = 0.5 msec
= 500 sec
Since Tc < RC < Tm RC = 20 sec.
Ans:
28.
As per FCC regulations in FM, (fm)max = 15 KHz

Ans:
29.
In FM, ( f) Em
if Em is doubled, f also gets doubled
Ans:
30.
If FM, (f) is independent of Base Band signal frequency. Thus, f remains unaltered.
Ans: d
31
Ans: d
32.
frequency doubler doubles the freq. deviation. Thus at the o/p of the doubler, the
modulation index is 2.mf
12
Academy
Ans:
33.
mf =
Ans:
38.
f = (fc)max fc = 210 200 = 10 KHZ

Ans:
37.
Mixer will not change the freq. deviation. Thus freq. deviation at the o/p of Mixer is
Ans:
35.
ACE
b
f
5 KHz
10
=
fm
500 Hz
f Em
E m1
f1
f 2
E m2
f 2
(f1 )(E m 2 )
(E m1 )
5 KHZ10 V
2.5 V
20 KHz
39.
f 2
20 10 3
40
m=
fm
500
40.
f2 =
Ans:
41.
E m1
5 20
50 KHz
2
Assuming the signal to be an FM signal, the Power of the Modulated signal is same
as that of un Modulated carrier.
Ans:
43.
f1 E m2
FM t = A cos (ct + mf . Sin mt)
c = 6.28 108
Ans:
44.
m = 628 Hz
Ans:
f
45. mf = f f
m
4 f m = 25/2 Hz
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Ans:
46.

13
3 2
Figure of Merit in FM is = m f , where mf is the Modulation Index.
2
Noise Performance increases with increase in freq. deviation.

Ans:
47.
In FM, Modulation Index f

m
Ans:
48.
B W = 2nfm = 2(8) (15 KHz) = 240 KHz

Ans:
54.
B.W = 2 ( f + fm ) = 2 (75 + 15) =180 KHz

Ans:
53.
In FM, o/p Power is independent of modulation Index.

Ans:
52.
B. W = 2nfm & n = mf + 1 = 8
2(8) (fm) = 160 103 fm = 10 KHz
f (mf) (fm) = (7) (10) KHz = 70 KHz
Ans:
55.
B.W = 2nfm
The modulation Index mf =
f
10 6
100
fm
10 103
n = 100 + 1 = 101
B.W = 2(101) (10 103) = 2.02 MHz
Ans:
56.
If Em gets doubled, f also get doubled.
14
Academy
f
2 10 6
200
fm
10 103
mf =
n = 201
B.W = 2(201) (10 103) = 4.02 MHz

Ans:
58.
For WBFM, B.W = 2(f + fm).

Ans:
59.
At the o/p of the mixer, remains the same.

Ans:
67.
Since (f) is independent of carrier freq. the peak deviations are same.
Ans:
66.
In WBFM, f fm B.W 2 f
Ans:
63.
For NBFM, B.W = 2 fm

Ans:
60.
i ( t ) = 50t + sin 5t
i =
d
i ( t ) = 50 + 5 cos 5t
dt
At t = 0, i = 55 rad /sec
Ans:
75.
IF = 455 KHz; fs = 1200 KHz.

Image freq. = fs + 2 IF
= 2110 KHz
76.
Ans: Refer Q. No. 26 SetF
77.
fi = fs + 2 IF = 1000 + 2(455)
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= 1910 KHz
Ans:
78.
fi = fs + 2 IF = 1500 + 2(455)
= 2410 KHz
Ans:
82.
fi = fs + 2 IF = 500 + 2 (465)
= 1430 KHz
Ans;
b
Chapter 3
Additional objective
Questions Set E
01.
By comparing with the general AM DSB FC signal Ac . cos ct + m(t) . cos ct, it
is found that m(t) = 2 cos mt. To demodulate using Envelope detector,
Ac mp, where mp is the Peak of the baseband signal, which is 2.
(Ac)min = 2
Ans:
02.
FM (t) = 10 cos 2 105t + 5 sin (2 1500t) + 7.5 sin (2 1000t)]

i (t) = 2 105t + 5 sin (2 1500)t + 7.5 sin (2 1000)t]
i =
d
i(t) = 2 105 + 5(2 1500) cos (2 1500t) + 7.5(2 1000) cos (2
dt
1000t)
= 5(2 1500) + 7.5(2 1000)

f = 7500 + 7500 = 15000 Hz
Fm = 1500 Hz
`
Modulation Index =
Ans:
03.
f
10
fm
(t) = cos ct + 0.5 cos mt . sinct
16
Academy
Let
ACE
r(t). cos (t) = 1

r(t). sin (t) = 0.5 cosmt
(t) = r(t). cos ct. cos (t) + r(t). sin (t). sin ct
= r(t). cos [ct (t)]
Where r(t) =
1 (0.5 cos m t) 2
= [1 + 0.25 cos2 mt]1/2

= [1 +
0.25
1 cos2 m t
2
1/2
= [1.125 + 0.125 cos2mt]1/2

1.125 +
0.125
cos2mt
2
(t) = [1.125 + 0.0625 cos2mt] cos[ct (t)]
Hence it is both FM and AM

Ans:
04.
To avoid diagonal clipping, Rc

Ans:
05.
c
1
The LSB Modulated signal f c1 fm = 990 KHZ

Considering this as the Baseband signal, the B. of resulting FM signal is
2(990 103) = 1.98 MHz 2 MHz
Ans: b
1
06.
P(t) =
and
0
g (t) =
XAM (t) = 100 [P (t) + 0.5 g(t)] cosct for 0 t 1

By Comparing the above with an AM DSB FC signal under arbitrary Modulation
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i.e. A [ 1 + . m(t) ] cos ct

= 0.5 & m(t) = g(t) is a ramp over 0 t 1
one set of Possible values of modulating signal and Modulation Index would be
t, 0.5
Ans:
07.
XAM (t) = 10 [ 1 + 0.5 sin2fmt ] cos2fct

The above signal is a Tone Modulated signal.
Pc m 2
2
The AM Side band Power =
100 0.5 2
2
2
= 6.25
Ans:
08.
Mean Noise Power is the area enclosed by noise PSD Curve, and is equal to
N
1
B 0 = N0 B
2
2
The ratio of Ave. sideband Power to Mean noise Power =

Ans:
10.
y(t) = x2 (t)
A squaring circuit acts as a frequency doubler
New f = 180 KHZ
B.W of o/p signal = 2(180 + 5) = 370 KHZ
Ans:
11.
()PM = Kf Em Wm, Where Kf Em is the Phase deviation.

Since, it is given that Phase deviation remains unchanged,
( )PM m
1
m1
2
m2
6.25
25
N0B
4N 0 B
18
Academy
f1
f m1
f2
f m2
10 KHZ
1 KHZ
f2 = 20 KHZ
2
2 KHZ
ACE
B. = 2 ( f2 + fm2)
= 2 (20 + 2 ) KHZ = 44 KHZ
Ans:
13.
Power efficiency =
PSB
100
PT
The sidebands are m(t). cos ct

1
cos1 t sin 2 t cosc t

=
2
2
1
cos c 1 t cos c 1 t + 1 sin c 2 t sin c 2 t
4
4
1
2
PSB = 4 1 4 1 8
2
1
1
PT = PC + PSB =
2
8
18
= 5 8 100 0 0 20 0 0
Ans:
14.
C1 = B log 1
Since
S
bps
N
S
1
N
C1 = B log S N
C2 = B log (2. S
) = B log 2 + Blog
S N
= B + C1
C2 = C 1 + B
Ans:
15.
Tc RC Tm 1 sec RC 500 sec

RC = 20 sec
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Ans;
16.

19
AM (t) = A cosct + 0.1 cosmt. cosct

= A cosct + 0.05 [cos(c+ m)t + cos(c m)t]
NBFM is similar to AM signal, except for a Phase reversal of 1800 for LSB
NBFM (t) = Acosct + 0.05 [cos (c + m)t cos (c m)t]
AM (t) + NBFM (t) = 2A cosct + cos(c + m)t
This is SSB with carrier.

Ans:
17.
Noise Power = 1020 100 106

= 1012
Loss = 40 dB
loss = 104
10 3
Signal Power at the receiver =
10 7
10 4
S
10 7
10 log
= 10 log
= 10 log105
N
10 12
= 50 db
Ans: a
18.
Carrier = cos 2 (101 106)t

Modulating signal = cos 2 (106)t
o/p of BM = 0.5 [cos 2(101 106)t + cos 2 (99 106)t]
o/p of HPF
= 0.5 cos2(101 106)t
o/p of Adder is
= 0.5 cos 2(101 106)t + sin 2(100 106)t
= 0.5 cos2 [(100 + 1) 106]t + sin 2(100 106)t
= 0.5 [cos 2(100 106)t. cos2 106t
sin 2 (100 106)t.sin2106t] + sin2(100 106)t
= 0.5 cos 2(100 106)t. cos2 106t
sin 2 (100 106)t [1 0.5 sin(2 106 )t]
Let. 0.5 cos(2 106)t = R(t). sin(t)
1 0.5 sin(2 106)t = R(t).cos(t)
The envelope R(t) = {[0.5 cos(2106)t]2 + [1 0.5 sin(2106)t]2}1/2
20
Academy
ACE
= [1.25 sin(2 106)t]1/2

12
sin (2 10 6 )t
=
4
Ans:
19.
A frequency detector produces a d.c voltage (constant) depending on the difference of

the two i/p frequencies.
Ans:
20.
Ans:
21.
o/p of Balanced Modulator is
13 11 10 9
10
11
13
f(KHz)
o/p of HPF is
13
11
10
11
10
f(KHz)
13
The freq. at the o/p of 2nd BM are
23
24
26
f(KHz)
The +ve frequencies where Y(f) has spectral peaks are 2 KHZ & 24 KHZ
Ans:
22.
b
1
V0 = a0 [Ac .cos(2fc1t) + m(t)] + a1 [Ac

= a0 [Ac
cos(2fc1t) + m(t)]3
cos(2fc1t) + m(t)] + a1[(Ac1)3 cos3(2fc1t) + m 3(t)
+ 3 (Ac1)2 cos2 (2fc1t). m (t)

+ 3 (Ac1). Cos (2fc1t). m2 (t)]
The DSB Sc Components are
2 fc1 fm
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21
These should be equal to fc fm

2fc1 = fc fc1 = f c 2 = 0.5 MHZ
Ans:
23.
2
Pc m
Total side band Power
2
carrier power
Pc
Ans:
24.
m2
1
8
2
fm = 2KHZ; fc = 106 HZ
f = 3(2fm) = 12 KHZ
Modulation index =
FM (t) = A.J
n
f
6
fm
() cos ( c n m ) t
5. Jn (6) cos {2 [{1000 + n(2)}103] t}
the coefficient of cos 2 (1008 10 )t is 5. J

3
Ans:
25.
P 6 ; Q 3; R 2; S 4
Ans:
26.
f0 = fs + IF
(f0) max = (fs)max + IF = 1650 + 450 = 2100
(f0) min = (fs)min + IF = 1650 450 = 1200
1
2100
(f0) max = 2 Lc
min
1
1200
(f0) min = 2 Lc
max
(6)
22
Academy
c max
2100
7 4
c min
1200
ACE
c max
=3
c min
Image freq. = fs + 2 IF = 700 + 2 (450) = 1600 KHZ

Ans:
27.
Let the i/p signal be

cosct. cosm t + n (t)
= cosct. cosmt + nc(t) cosct ns (t). sinc t
= [nc(t) + cosmt] cosct ns (t). sinct
When this is multiplied with local carrier, the o/p of the multiplier is
[nc (t) + cosmt ] cos2ct
n s (t)
. sin2ct
2
n (t)
1 cos2 c t
s
sin2 c t
2
2
= [nc(t) + cosmt]
The o/p of Base band filter is

1
[nc(t) + cosmt]
2
Thus, the noise at the detector o/p is nc(t) which is the inphase component.
Ans:
28.
The o/p noise in an Fm detector varies parabolically with frequency.
29.
Ans: a
30.
m(t)
100 sec
ACE Academy
Engineering

23
fm = 100 10 6 10 KHZ
Its Fourier series representation is
4
[cos2 (10 103)t
1
1
cos2(30 103)t
cos2 (50 103) t + -----]
3
5
The frequency components present in the o/p are fc 10KHZ = (1000 10) KHZ
fc 30 KHZ = (1000 30) KHZ ------i.e.
970 KHZ , 990KHZ, 1010KHZ, 1030 KHZ -----etc.
Hence, among the frequencies given, the frequency that is not present in the
modulated signal is 1020 KHZ
Ans:
31.
S(t) = cos 2 (2 106t + 30 sin 150 t + 40 cos 150t)

i (t) = 2 (2 106 t + 30 sin 150t + 40 cos150t)
Phase change = 2 [30 sin150t + 40 cos150t]

Let r cos = 30 ; r sin = 40
Phase Change = 2 r cos (150t - )
Where r = (30) 2 (40) 2 50
Phase change = 100 .cos (150t ).
Max Phase deviation = 100
i =
d
i (t) = 2 [2 l06 + (30)(150) cos(150t) (40) (150) sin 150t]
dt
Frequency change = 2 [(30)(150)cos150t (40)(150)sin150t]

This can be written as
(2) (150) r. cos(150 t + ),
Frequency change = (2)(150)(50) cos(150t + )
Max frequency deviation = 2 (150)(50)
f = (150) (50) = 7.5 KHz
Ans:
32.
LPF can be used as reconstruction filter.

Ans:
Where r = 50
24
Academy
33.
The envelope of an AM is the baseband signal. Thus, the o/p of the envelope detector
is the base band signal
Ans:
34.
ACE
2(f + fm) = 106 HZ

f = 495 KHZ
For y(t), f = 3(495 KHZ ) = 1485KHZ
and fc = 300 MHZ
B. of y(t) = 2 (1485 + 5) KHZ
= 2980 KHZ
= 2.9 MHZ 3 MHZ
adjacent frequency components in FM signal will be separated by fm = 5 KHz.
Ans:
35.
o/p of multiplier = m(t) cos0t .cos(0t + )

=
m(t)
cos(20 t ) cos
2
o/p of LPF =
m(t)
. cos
2
Power of o/p =
m 2 (t)
. cos 2
4
Since, m 2 ( t ) = Pm, the Power of output signal is

Ans:
Pm . cos 2
.
4
36.
37.
38.
The frequency components available in S(t) are (fc 15) KHZ, (fc 10) KHZ,
(fc + 10) KHZ, (fc + 15) KHZ.
B. = (fc + 15) KHZ (fc 15) KHZ
= 30 KHZ.
Ans:
ACE Academy
Engineering
39.

25
Complex envelope or pre envelope is S(t) + J . Sh(t), Where S(t) is the Hilbert
Transform of S(t).
Let S(t) = eat . cos (c + )t.
Sh(t) = eat . sin (c + )t
pre envelope = eat. [cos (c + )t + J sin (c + )t]
= eat . exp [J(c + )t]
Ans:
40.
To Provide better Image frequency rejection for a superheterodyne receiver, image

frequency should be prevented from reaching the mixer, by providing more tuning
circuits in between Antenna and the mixer, and increasing their selectivity against
image frequency. There circuits are preselector and RF amplifier.
Ans:
41.
Ans:
42.
Ans:
43.
New deviation is 3 times the signal. So, Modulation Index of the output signal is 3(9)
= 27
Ans:
44.
Ans:
45.
Ans:
46.
a2;b1;c5
47.
a2; b1;c5
48.
(t) = 5 [cos (
= 5 cos 106(t)
106 t) sin (103 t) sin 106t]

5
[2sin 103t. sin 106t ]
2
= 5 cos 106 t
5
[cos(106 103)t cos(106 +103)t
2
= 5.cos 106 t +
5
5
cos (106 +103)t
cos (106 103)t.
2
2
It is a narrow band FM signal, where the phase of LSB is 1800 out of phase with that
of AM.
Ans: d
26
Academy
ACE
49.
B. = 2 (50 + 0.5) KHZ = 101 KHZ
50.
a3;b1; c2
51.
The given signal is AM DSB FC, which will be demodulated by envelope

detector.
Ans:
52.
Image frequency = fs + 2 IF
= 1200 KHZ + 2(455)
= 2110 KHZ
53.
Power efficiency =
Puseful
100 %
PT
m2
100%
2 m2
For m = 1, the Power efficiency is max. and is 33.3 %

54.
Picture
AM VSB
Speech
FM
Ans:
55.
For the generated DSB Sc signal,

Lower frequency Limit
fL = (4000 2) MHZ
= 3998 MHZ
and Upper frequency Limit
fH = (4000 + 2) MHZ
= 4002 MHZ.
(fs)min = 2 fH = 8.004 GHZ

Ans:
56.
Ans:
57.
mf =
f
K E
where f = f m
fm
2
f =
10 10 3 2
10 10 3
ACE Academy
Engineering

27
m = 104 fm =
mf =
Ans:
10 4
2
58.
Te = 210 K Loss = 3 db
g1 = 13 db
Noise fig. of amp. F1 = 1 +

= 1+
T0 = 3000 K
Te
T0
21
300
= 1.07
For a Lossy Network, Boise Figure is same as its loss. f2 = 3 db f2 = 1.995
Overall Noise figure f = f1 +
g1 = 13db g1 = 19.95
f = 1.07 +
1.995 1
= 1.1198
19.95
f = 0.49 db
Te of cable = (f 1) T0
= (1.995 1) 300 = 298.50 K
Overall Te = Te 1 +
= 21 +
Te 2
g1
298.5
19.95
= 35.960 K
Ans:
f 2 1
g1
28
Academy
60.
61.
ACE
A preamplifier is of very large gain. This will improve the noise figure (i.e. reduces its
numerical value) of the receiver, if placed on the antenna side
Ans:
Ans:
Chapter 4
01.
A source transmitting n messages will have its maximum entropy, if all the messages
are equiprobable and the maximum entropy is logn bits/message.
Thus, Entropy increases as logn.
Ans: a
02.
This corresponds to Binomial distribution. Let the success be that the transmitted bit
will be received in error.
P(X = error) = P(getting zero no. of ones) + P(getting one of ones)
= P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)
0
3
2
= 3c 0 (1 p) p 3c1 (1 p) p
= p3 + 3p2(1 p)
Ans: a
03.
04.
Most efficient source encoding is Huffman encoding.

0.5
0
0.5
0
0.25 10
0.5
1
0.25 11
L = 1 0.5 + 2 0.25 + 2 0.25
= 1.5 bits/symbol
Ave. bit rate = 1.5 3000 = 4500 bits/sec
Ans: b
Considering all the intensity levels are equiprobable, entropy of each pixel = log2 64
= 6 bits/pixel
There are 625 400 400 = 100 106 pixels/sec
Data rate = 6 100 106 bps
= 600 Mbps
Ans:
05.
Source coding is a way of transmitting information with less number of bits without
information loss. This results in conservation of transmitted power.
Ans.
ACE Academy
Engineering

29
06.
Entropy of the given source is

H(x) = - 0.8 log 0.8 0.2 log 0.2
= 0.722 bits/symbol
4th order extension of the source will have an entropy of 4.H(x) = 2.888 bits/4 symbol
As per shanons Theoram,
H(x) L H(x) + 1
i.e., 2.888 L 3.888 bits/4 messges
07.
12 512 log 82 = 18432 bits
08.
Code efficiency = =
L min
H
100% 100%
L
L
L = 2 bits/symbol and the entropy of the source is
1
1 1
1 2
1
log log log
2
2 4
4 8
8
14
=
bits/symbol
8
14
100% = 87.5%
=
16
H=
Ans : b
09.
H(X) =
1
1 1
1 2
1
log log log
2
2 4
4 8
8
= 1.75 bits/symbol
10.
Channel Capacity C = B log 2 1 B
S
B
= 30 db B = 1000
C = 3 103 log2 (1 + 1000) = 29904.6 bits/sec
For errorless transmission, information rate of source R < C. Since, 32 symbols are
there the number of bits required for encoding each = log2 32
= 5 bits
29904.6 bits/sec constitute 5980 symbols/sec. So, Maximum amount of
information should be transmitted through the channel, satisfying the constraint R < C
R = 5000 symbols/sec
Ans: c
11.
Not included in the syllabus
12.
H(x) = log2 16 = 4 bits

Ans:
30
Academy
13.
P(0/1) = 0.5
P(1/0) = 0.5
P(Y/X) =
ACE
P(0/0) = 0.5
P(1/1) = 0.5
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
A channel with such noise matrix is called the channel with independent input and
o/p. Such a channel conveys no information.
its capacity = 0
Ans: d
14.
A ternary source will have a maximum entropy of log2 3 = 1.58 bits/message. The
entropy is maximum if all the messages are equiprobable i.e. 1/3
Ans:
15.
Ans:
16.
Entropy coding McMillans rule

Channel capacity Shanons Law
Minimum length code Shanon Fano
Equivocation Redundancy
17.
Ans:
Since
S
<< 1
N
C B log 1 0
C is nearly o bps
Ans:
18.
Ans:
19.
Ave. information = log2 26 = 4.7 bits/symbol

Ans:
20.
Ans:
21.
Ans:
ACE Academy
Engineering

31
22.
Ans:
23.
H1 = log2 4 = 2 bits/symbol
H2 = log2 6 = 2.5 bits/symbol
H1 < H2
24.
Ans: a
The maximum entropy of binary source is 1 bit/message.

The maximum entropy of a quaternary source is 2 bits/message.
The maximum entropy of an octal source is 3 bits/message.
Since the existing entropy is 2.7 b/symbol the given source can be an octal source
Ans: c
Chapter 5A
01.
Set A
(fs)min = 4 KHz
(Ts)max =
Ans:
1
1
250 sec
(f s ) min 4 KHz
c
Set B
05.
In PCM, (B.W)min =
fs
Hz
2
If Q = 4 = 2
(B.W)min = fs Hz.
If Q = 64 = 6
(B.W)min = 3fs
Ans: a
18.
(f s )min = 8 KHz; = log2 128 = 7

fs
28 KHz
B.W =
2
Ans: d
Set C
01.
Maximum slope = S fs =
02.
d
d
m( t )
(at ) a
dt
dt
75 10 3
= 50 V/sec
1.5 10 3
Ans: a
Rate of rise of the modulator = .fs = /Ts
Slope over loading will occur if fs < a T a < a Ts

s
Ans: c
32
Academy
ACE
03.
Ans:
04.
Since with increasing n (increased number of Q levels), Nq reduces, S/Nq increases.

For every 1 bit increase in n. Nq
S/Nq improves by a factor of 4.
05.
Ans: d
o/p bit rate = fs, where = log2 258 = 8
fs = 64 kbps
Ans: c
06.
07.
Ans:
08.
(Q. E)max = S/2 =

=
c
VH VL
2Q
1
of the total peak to peak range
264
Ans:
09.
Ans:
10.
For every one bit increase in the data word length, S/Nq improves by a 6 db.
The total increase is 21 db
Ans: b
11.
Number of samples from the multiplexing system = 4 2 4 KHz

= 32 KHz
Each sample is encoded into log2 256 = 8 bits
So, the bit transmission rate
= 32 8 kbps = 256 kbps
Ans: c
12.
fs = 10 KHz; = log2 64 = 6
Transmission Rate = 60 kbps
Ans: a
13.
VP-P = 2 V;
= 8 Q = 256
Q
S/Nq = (1.76 + 20 log 10 ) db
= 49.9 db
Ans: b
14.
(fs)Multiplexed system = 200 + 400 + 800 + 200

= 1600 Hz
Ans: a
ACE Academy
Engineering

33
15.
Each sample is represented by 7 + 1 = 8 bits.

Total bit rate = 8 20 8000
= 1280 kbps
Ans: b
16.
a (Question number 5 in set B)

Set D
01.
The power spectrum of Bipolar pulses is

PSD
fb = 1/Tb
2/Tb
(B.W)min required = fb
Here = 8;
fs = 8 KHz
Bit rate = 64 kbps
(B.W)min = 64 KHz
Ans:
a
5
02.
Signal power =
f ( x ).dx
f(x) =
1
10
-5x5
=0
elsewhere
Signal Power = 25/3 watts.
Quantization Noise Power
Step size =
Nq =
Nq =
s2
12
VP P 10
10
8
0.039 V
Q
2
256
(Step size) 2
= 0.126 mW
12
S
10 log N = 48 db
q
Ans: c
03.
For every one bit increase in the data word length, Nq reduces by a factor of H.
Given = 8 Required = 9
Number of Q levels = 29 = 512
34
Academy
ACE
Ans:
04.
Ans:
05.
Since, entropy of the o/p of the quantizer is to be maximized, it implies that all the
decision boundaries are equiprobable.
1
f(x). dx 13
b . dx 1 3 b 112
5
1
Similarly
a. dx
Ans:
06.
a 1
Reconstruction levels are 3V, 0V and 3V.

Step size = 3V Nq =
9
3
4
12
1
1
2 1
dx x dx
1
12
6
2
Signal Power = 2. x
5
x3

x3
1 124
2
126
21

6 3
3
18
3
21 4 28

SN
q
3 3
9
07.
g(t) is Periodic with period of 104 sec

i.e.
0
0.5104
2(0.5104)
3(0.5104) .
In its Fourier series representation, a0 = 0.

The remaining frequency components will be fs = 10 KHZ; 2fs = 20 KHZ;
3fs = 30 KHz .etc.
The frequency components in the sampled signal are 10 KHz 500 Hz; 20 KHz
500 Hz .etc.
ACE Academy
Engineering

35
When the sampled signal is passed through an ideal LPF with Band width of 1 KHz,
The o/p of the LPF will be zero.
Ans:
08.
x(t) = x1(t) + x2(t)

Since
sin at
F.T . G 2 a ()
t
sin 21000t
t
2 (1000)
F.T
2(1000)
5
sin 2 1000t
x1(t) = 5
F .T
6(1000)
6(1000)
7
sin 2 1000t
x2(t) = 7
F . T
Thus, x1(t) + x2(t)
F .T
4(1000)
6(1000) 4(1000)
4(1000)
4(1000) 6(1000)
m = 6(1000) fm = 3 KHz
(fs)min = 6 KHz
Ans:
09.
125
x(t) =
0
To Track the signal, rate of rise of Delta Modulator and of the signal should be same,
i.e.
Sfs = 125
125
S = 32 10 3 0.0039 V
= 2-8 V
Ans:
36
Academy
10.
In the process of Quantization, the quantizer is able to avoid the effect of all channel
noise Magnitudes less than or equal to S 2.
If the channel noise Magnitude exceeds S / 2 , there may be an error in the output of
the quantizer.
On the given Problem for y1(t) + c to be different from y2(t), the minimum value of c
to be added is half of the step size, i.e.
Ans:
11.
ACE
P(x) dx
4 . dx 3
a = 3
Ans: b
2
12.
1 x3
x f(x). dx
a
4 3
a
1 28
=
12 27
Ans:
2 3
4
81
a
5
13.
signal Power =
. f(x) dx
f(x) =
1
for 5 x 5
10
= 0 elsewhere
25
volts2
3
S
S
43.5db
22387.2
Nq
Nq
signal power =
Nq = 3.722 10-4 =
stepsize 2
12
step size = 0.0668 V

Ans:
14.
Total Nq =
0.05 2
12
S
N 40db
q
Ans:
15.
0.1 2
12
1.041 10 3
for every one bit increase in data word length, S N q improves by a factor of 4.Hence,
for two bits increase, the improvement factor is 16.
ACE Academy
Engineering
Ans:
16.
Between two adjacent sampling instances, if the base band signal changes by an
amount less than the step size, i.e. if the variations are very less magnitude, the o/p of
the Delta Modulator consists of a sequence of alternate +ve and ve Pulses.
Ans:
17.

37
f(x) = 1 for 0 x 1
= 0 elsewhere
M.S. value of Quantization Noise
0.3
. f(x).dx
(x 0.7)
f(x) dx
0.3
= 0.039 volts2
rms value = 0.198 Volts
Capture effect
Slope overload
Matched filter
Law
c
18.
FM
DM
PSK
PCM
Ans:
19.
PP
Step size = no.of Q levels 128 0.012 V
Nq =
Ans:
20.
S2
12 10 -6 Volts 2
12
slope overload occurs if S fs 2 fm . Em

S fs = 25120 2 (4 103) (1.5) = 37699.11
Ans:
21.
1.536
R = fs = 8 8 KHz = 64 Kbps
S
1.76 + 20 log Q (db) = 49.8 db
Nq
Ans:
22.
t nT & T
s
100 sec
Let S(t) = 5 10-6 n

The Fourier series representation of S(t) is
1
S(t) = 5 10-6 [ T T
s
s
cos 2 nf s t ]
= 10-4 sec
38
Academy
cos 2 (n 10 10
= 5 10 + 10
y(t) = S(t). x(t)
= S(t). 10 cos 2 (4 103)t
-2
-1 n
)t
= 5 10 cos 2 (4 10 )t + cos 2(n 104)t.cos2(4 103)t

-1
The o/p of ideal LPF = 5 10-1 cos (8 103)t

Ans: c
23.
x(t) = 100 cos 2 (12 103)t

Ts = 50 sec fs = 20 KHz
The frequency components available in the sampled signal are
12 KHZ, (20 12) KHZ, (40 12) KHZ ..etc.
The o/p of the ideal LPF are 8 KHZ and 12 KHZ.
Ans: d
24.
x(t) = sinc (700t) + sinc (500t)

sin (700t) sin (500t)
=
700t
500t
sin (700 t )
sin (500 t )
=
+
700
t
500
t
The band limiting frequency of above x(t) is m = 700 fm = 350/
25.
(fs)min =
700
Hz
(Ts)max =
700 sec
x(t) = 6 10-4 sinc2 (400t) + 106 sinc3(100t)
Sinc2 (400t)
F .T
800
800
Sinc3 (100t) F .T
The convolution extends from = 1100 to = +1100.
300
300
1100
m = 1100 fm =
= 175 Hz
(fs)min = 350 Hz
26.
step size =
2
28
= 0.0078 Volts
S2
= 5.08 volts2
12
0.5 2 = 0.125 Volts2
Signal Power =
2
Nq =
ACE
ACE Academy
Engineering

39
10 log N 44db
q
27.
For every one bit increase in the data word length, quantization noise power reduces
by a factor of 4.
Ans:
28.
Flat Top sampling is observing be baseband signal through a finite time aperture. This
results in Aperture effect distortion.
Ans:
29.
10 log 4 = 6 db
Ans:
33.
Irrespective of the value of , for every one bit increase in Data word length, S N q
improves by a factor of 4.
Ans:
32.
Most of the signal strength will be available in the Major lobe. Hence,
(fs)min = 2(1 KHZ) = 2 KHZ
Ans:
31.
In compression the baseband signal is subjected to a non linear Transformation,

whose slope reduces at higher amplitude levels of the baseband signal.
Ans:
30.
The frequency components available in the sampled signal are 1 KHz, (1.8 1) KHz,
(3.6 1) KHz etc.
The o/p of the filter are 800 Hz and 1000 Hz.
Ans:
34.
Ans: c
35.
Ans: a 2, b 1, c 5.
36.
Ans: a 2, b 1, c 4.
37.
If pulse width increases, the spectrum of the sampled signal becomes zero even before
fm.
Ans: a
fs
(B.)min =
2
38.
40
Academy
ACE
Q=4 =2
Q = 64 = 6
B. increases by a factor of 3.
39.
(B.)min = (3 + + 2 + 3 + 2) Hz
= 11 Hz
40.
The given signal is a band pass signal.

N=
(fs)min =
2 fH
f
, where N = H
N
3
1800
1.8 10 3
=
= 1.2
1500
1500
N=1
(fs)min = 2 fH = 3600 Hz
41.
42.
LSB = (4000 2) MHz = 3998 MHz

USB = (4000 + 2) MHZ = 4002 MHz
f
4002
N= H =
= 1000.5
4
B
N = 1000
2 fH
2 4002
(fs)min =
=
MHz = 8.004 MHz
1000
N
1
Es
. cos 2
Pe =
erfc
2
1/ 2
The factor is cos2 20

Ans:
43.
Nq depends on step size, which inturn depends on No. of Q-levels.

Ans:
44.
(fs)min to reconstruct 3 KHz part = 6 KHz

(fs)min to reconstruct 6 KHz part = 12 KHz
The frequencies available in sampled signal are 3 KHz, 6 KHz, (8 3) KHz, (8 6)
KHz, (16 3) KHz, (16 6) KHz etc.
The o/p of LPF are 3 KHZ, 6 KHz, 5 KHz and 2 KHz.
Ans: d
45.
Ans:
Chapter 5 B & C
ACE Academy
Engineering
01.

41
Required Probability
= P (No bit is 1 i.e. zero No. of 1s) + P (one bit is 1)
= 3C0 . (P)3 . (1 - P)3-3 + 3C1 . P2 (1 - P)3-2
= P3 + 3P2 (1 - P)
Ans:
02. The given raised cosine pulse will be defined only for 0 | f | 2. Thus, at t = 1/4,
i.e. f = 4, P(t) = 0.
Ans:
b
03. Required probability = P(X = 0) + P(X = 1)
n C0 (P) 0 (1 P) n 0 n C1 P(1 P) n 1
(1 P) n n P (1 P) n 1
Ans:
04. Constellation 1:
S1(t) = 0;
S2(t) = 2 a 1 + 2 a.2
S3(t) = 22a.1;
S4(t) = 2 a 1 2 a 2
Energy of S1(t) = E1 = 0
Energy of S2(t) = E2 = 4a2
Avg. Energy of Constellation 1
E E 2 E3 E 4
E C1 1
4a 2
4
Constellation 2:
S1(t) = a 1
E1 = a2
S2(t) = a 2
E2 = a2
S3(t) = a 1 E3 = a2
S4(t) = a 2 E4 = a2
E C2 a 2
E C1
E C2
Ans:
4
b
05. Constellation 1
Distance d S1 S2 2 a ; d S1 S3 2 2 a ; d S1 S4 2 a ; d S2 S3 2 a ;
d S2 S4 2 2 a ; d S3 S4 2 a
(d min ) C1 2a
Constellation 2
d S1 S2
d S3 S4
2 a ; d S1 S3 2 a ; d S1 S4
2 a;
2 a ; d S2 S3
2 a ; d S2 S4 2 a ;
42
Academy
(d min ) C2
2a
Since (d min )C2 (d min )C1 ,

Probability of symbol error in Constellation 2 (C2) is more than that of
constellation 1 (C1).
Ans:
a
06.
P(t) = 1
0
g(t) =
0
S(t) = g(t) (t 2) * g(t)
We have (t 2) g(t) = g(t 2)
S(t) = g(t) g(t 2)
S(t)
=
0
The impulse response of corresponding Matched filter is h(t) = S(t + 4)

= S(t)
=
0
Ans: c
07. Since P(t) = 1 for 0 t 1, and g(t) = t for 0 t 1, the given
xAM(t) = 100[1 + 0.5t] cosct
Ans: a
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43
08. Output of the matched filter is the convolution of its impulse response and its input.
The given input S(t) =
The corresponding impulse response is

h(t) =
The response should extend from t = 0 to t = 4.

Response
s( )
Let t = 1
S() h( + 1) =
h(t ) d
0
1
The response at t = 1 is 1
Ans: c
09. Let z be the received signal.
P(z/0) =
1
0.5
for 0.25 z 0.25
= 0
0.25
P(1/0) =
0 .2
elsewhere
1
dz
0 .5
= 0.1
P(z/1) = 1 for 0 z 1
= 0 elsewhere
0.2
P(0/1) =
dz 0.2
0
Ave. bit error prob. =

Ans:
10. Ans: c
11. (B.W)BPSK = 2fb = 20 KHz
(B.W)QPSK = fb = 10 KHz
Ans:
c
0.1 0.2
= 0.15
2
44
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S0
2E b
2 106
=
=
= 20
N0
N0
105
10 log 20 = 13 db
Ans: d
12.
13. B.W efficiency =
data rate
( B.W ) min
For BPSK, (B.W)min required is same as data rate.

B.W efficiency for BPSK = 1
Since, coherent detection is used for BPSK, Carrier synchronization is required.
Ans: b
14. (Pe)PSK =
A2 T
1
erfc
2
2
2
1
erfc 0.6 A T
(Pe)FSK =
2
2
10 log 0.6 = -2.2 db = -2 db

Ans:
c
15. fH = nfb & fL = mfb, where n and m are integers such that n>m.
Ans:
d
16. Ans:
17. fH = 25 KHz & fL = 10 KHz
fc +
fc -
= 25 KHz
2
= 10 KHz
2
= 15 KHz
= 15 103
For FSK signals to be orthogonal,

2 Tb = n 2(15
10 3 ) Tb = n
30 103 Tb should be an integer. This is satisfied for Tb = 280 sec

Ans:
18. Ans:
d
c
19. In PSK, the signaling format is NRZ and in ASK, it is ON-OFF signaling. Both
representations are having same PSD plot.
Ans:
20. Ans:
21. Ans:
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45
22. Ans: a 3; b 1; c 2
23.
b(t)
b1(t)
b (t T6)
D
b(t)
b1(t)
Phase
Ans:
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
24. a
25. c
26. QPSK
27. a
b(t)
28.
b1(t)
Tb
b(t)
b1(t)
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
since the phase of the first two message bits is , , the received is
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
______________________________________________
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
Ans : d
29. P(at most one error)
= P(X=0) + P(X=1)
7
= 8C 0 .(1-P)8 . P0 + 8C 1 . 1 P P = (1 P)8 + 8P (1 P)7
46
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Ans: b
Chapter 6 (Objective Questions)
01. (B.W)min = w+w+2w+3w = 7w
Ans: d
02. The total No.of channels in 5 MHz B.W is
5 106
8 = 200
2 105
With a five cell repeat pattern, the no. of simultaneous channels is
Ans : B
03. RC = 1.2288 106
Rc
GP =
100
Rb
Rc
Rb
100
1.2288 104 Rb
Rb 12.288 103 bps
Ans: a
04. Bit rate = 12 ( 2400 + 1200+1200)
= 57.6 kbps
Ans: c
05. Sample rate = 200+ 200 + 400 +800
= 1600 Hz
Ans : a
06.
d
07. 12 5 KHz + 1 KHz = 61 KHz
08. b
09. d
1
(data rate)
2
1
=
(4 2 5 KHz)
2
10 . Theoritical (B.W)min =
= 20 KHz
11. c
12. a
200
= 40
5
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47
13. The path loss is due to

a) Reflection : Due to surface of earth, buildings and walls
b) Diffraction : This is due to the surfaces between Tx. and Rx. that has sharp
irregularities (edges)
c) Scatterings: Due to foliage, street signs, lamp posts, i.e. scattering is due to rough
surfaces, small objects or by other irregularities in a mobile communication systems.
14. 1333 Hz.
15. Min. Tx. Bit rate = (2 4000 + 2 8000 + 2 8000 + 24000)8
= 384 kbps
Ans:
d
16. 12 8 KHz
Ans : c
17. a
18. c
19. b
20. c
21. b

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ACE Academy

pdf is not step, the option b also can be eliminated.

Hence, the correct option is a.

P(x 2.5) = f ( x )dx 0.25

P(y = 1) = 0.5 ; P(y=0) = 0.25 + 0.25 = 0.5

We have H() for an RL Low Pass Filter as H() = R JL

Noise Power = ( o p ) PSD B.

Mean Square Value is

Electronics & Communication

18. The fourier Transform of a Gaussian Pulse is also Gaussian.

is the Normal density

, which is a triangular pulse.

Electronics & Communication

The Noise equivalent circuit is

Var (X) = E(X2) [E(X)]2 =

E(Y) = 0 & E(Y2) = N

Var [(kx)] = E[( kx)2] E(kx)

(B.W)AM = 2 ( Highest of the Baseband frequency available)

Percentage Power saving =

TX. Power increased by 50%

Electronics & Communication

The given AM signal is of the form [A + m(t)] cos c t, which is an AM-DSB-FC

MW/Broadcast band is 550 KHz 1650 KHz.

Hence the received 1 MHz signal lies outside the MW band.

(0.3) 2 (0.4) 2 = 0.5

em(t) = 10(1+0.4 cos 10 3 t + 0.3 cos 104 t) cos ( 106t )

fs = fi 2 IF = 2100 900 = 1200 KHz.

BW of each AM station = 10 KHZ.

Message B.W = Band limiting freq. of the baseband signal = 10 KHz.

B.W = 2(10 KHz) = 20 KHz.

The freq. which will not be present in the spectrum is 2 MHz.

Highest freq. = USB w.r.t highest baseband freq. available =

New Modulation Index = 3. f

In NBFM, Modulation Index is always less than 1.

Amplitude of each sideband =

Electronics & Communication

PT = PC + PSB = 1.5 KW.

As per FCC regulations, in AM, (fm)max = 5 KHz

Ec + Em = 130 Em = 130 100 = 30 V

V(t) = A[1 + m sin m t ] sin c t

rms value = 20/

Side band peak =

m = 0.5 50% Modulation

m 1 results in over Modulation, causing distortion .

Using the above results, m =

using the above results, the sideband amplitude is

The carrier peak is (100) 2

The corresponding rms value = 120 V

Electronics & Communication

Ic = 10 Amp; It = 10.4 Amp.

Modulation Index = 50%

Pc = PT - PSB = 1160 160 = 1000 Watts

Percent Modulation = 30%

To implement Envelope detection,

As per FCC regulations in FM, (fm)max = 15 KHz

f = (fc)max fc = 210 200 = 10 KHZ

FM t = A cos (ct + mf . Sin mt)

Electronics & Communication

Noise Performance increases with increase in freq. deviation.