1.

f (x) =

p
9 x2

2. H(x) =

UP

K E M

1.1

x2 4x + 3
x1

Operations on functions

Given two functions f and g:

(i) (f g)(x) = f (x) g(x) (vector addition)

(ii) (f g)(x) = f (x) g(x)

MEMBERS ACADEMIC DEVELOPMENT

1.2

(point-wise mult.)

Types of functions

Math 53
I highly doubt identify-the-type-of-function will
appear on the exam but here you go.

1st Long Exam Reviewer

(a) Composite functions. Given two functions

f and g, the composite these two functions,
notated f g, is defined by

J.Quintos

(f g)(x) = f (g(x))

Review on functions

and the domain of f g is dom(f ) dom(g)

(b) Linear function. Functions having the form

Definition. A function is a subset of the cartesian product X Y in which all elements of X is

uniquely paired to an element of Y. Math 53 only
deals with sets that are subsets of R, so functions
are real-valued.

f (x) = mx + b
where m 6= 0
(c) Identity function. A function whose domain and codomain is the set M which satisfies
f (x) = x

Definition. Given a function f : X Y , the domain is the set X, the codomain is the set Y. The
range (more unambiguously called the image) of
the function is a subset of Y that is contained in
the function. The graph is the set of all ordered
pairs (x, y) that is contained in f .

for all x M
(d) Polynomial functions. A function of the
form

Remark. On notation. Keep in mind that f is the

function, not f(x). The value of the function (at
x) however is notated as f(x).

an xn + an1 xn1 + + a2 x2 + a1 x + a0
with non-negative integer exponents.
(e) Quadratic functions. A polynomial functions whose degree is 2.

Exercise
Sketch the graph of the function by hand and determine its domain and image.

(f) Cubic functions. A polynomial function whose

degree is 3.
1

University of the Philippines Chemical Engineering Society, Inc. (UP KEM)

Math 53 - 1st Long Exam
(g) Rational functions. A function expressible
as a quotient of two polynomial functions.
(h) Algebraic functions. A function y = f (x)
which can be defined as a root of the polynomial equation
an (x)y n + an1 (x)y n1 + + a0 (x) = 0
where ai (x) are polynomial functions with rational coefficients.

Theorem 1. Suppose that f and g are functions

such that f (x) = g(x) for all x in some open interval containing a except possibly for a, then
lim f (x) = lim g(x)

xc

xc

Theorem 2. Suppose k is a constant and suppose that n is a positive integer. Assuming that
lim f (x) and lim g(x) exists, the following results
xc
xc
are true:

(i) Even functions. A function that satisfies

1. lim k = k

f (x) = f (x)

xc

2. lim x = a

for all x dom(f )

xc

3. lim f (k x) = k lim f (x)

(j) Odd functions. A function that satisfies

xc

xc

4. lim (f (x) g(x)) = lim f (x) lim g(x)

f (x) = f (x)

xc

for all x dom(f )

xc



5. lim (f (x)g(x)) = lim f (x) lim g(x)
xc

xc

xc

xc

lim f (x)
f (x)
= xc
, provided lim g(x) 6= 0
xc
xc g(x)
lim g(x)

6. lim

Limits

xc





7. lim |f (x)| =  lim f (x)
xc

Definition. Let (a, b) be an open interval in R,

and c a point in (a, b). Let f be a real-valued
function defined on all of (a, b) except possibly at
c itself. It is then said that the limit of f , as x
approaches c, is L if, for every real greater than
0, there exists a real greater than 0 such that
for all x in (a, b) the inequality 0 < |x p| <
implies |f (x) L| < holds. In symbols:
lim f (x) = L ( > 0)( > 0)(x (a, b))

xc

8. If f (x) 0, then lim f (x) 0

xc

9. If f (x) g(x), then lim f (x) lim g(x)

xc

xc

10. If f is a polynomial function, then lim f (x) = f (c)

xc

11. If f (x) 0, then lim

xc

f (x) =

lim f (x)

xc

Remark 2.1. The above results also hold when

the limits are taken as x

xc

Remark 2.2. All the techniques learned in Math

17 can be used here. these techniques include factoring, multiplying by the conjugate, etc.

(0 < |x c| < = |f (x) L| < )

Exercise

Remark 2.3. I challenge you to prove them haha.

Use the definition of a limit to prove lim 4x5 = 3
x2

Theorem 3 (Squeeze Theorem). Suppose that

f , g and h are three functions such that
f (x) < g(x) < h(x) for all x. If
lim f (x) = lim h(x) = L

xc

xc

then
lim g(x) = L

xc

Remark 3.1. Know by heart the (in)famous identity from this theorem,
sin(x)
=1
x0
x
lim

Page 2 of 6

University of the Philippines Chemical Engineering Society, Inc. (UP KEM)

Math 53 - 1st Long Exam
Theorem 4. Suppose that f and g are two functions such that

2. g(r) =

lim = L 6= 0 and lim g(x) = 0

xc

xc

then the limit

2r + 3
2

7 2r

:r<1
:r=1
:r>1

(a) lim g(r)

f (x)
xc g(x)

r1+

lim

(b) lim g(r)

does not exist.

r1

(c) lim g(r)

r1

2.1

u :u<0
3. v(u) =
u :u0

One-sided limit

Definition (Right-hand limit). Let (a, b) be an

open interval in R and f be a real-valued function
defined on all of (a, b). Then the limit of f (x),
as x approaches c for all x greater than c is L,
notated as lim+ f (x) = L.

(a)
(b)

lim v(u)

u0+

lim v(u)

u0

(c) lim v(u)

u0

xc

Given > 0, however small, there exists > 0

such that if 0 < x c < then |f (x) L| <
Definition (Left-hand limit). Let (a, b) be an open
interval in R and f be a real-valued function defined on all of (a, b). Then the limit of f (x), as x
approaches c for all x less than c is L, notated as
lim f (x) = L.

xc

Given > 0, however small, there exists > 0

such that if 0 < c x < then |f (x) L| <
Theorem 5. The limit
lim f (x) = L

2.2

Limits involving infinity

Definition (Positive infinite limits). The statement

lim f (x) =
xc

is true if f (x) can be made arbitrarily large by

taking x sufficiently close to c.
Formally, we say that this is true if for any M > 0,
however large, there exists a > 0 such that if
|x c| < then f (x) > M .

xc

if and only if the right-hand limits and left-hand

limits exist and are equal to L. That is
lim f (x) = lim f (x) = L
xc

xc+

Remark. The notion of negative infinite limits

can be defined analogously. As well as for onesided limits.

Exercise

Remark. Technically, is not a number so the

limit does not exist. But the notation is pretty
convenient that we abuse it.

Find the indicated limit if it exists; if the limit

does not exist, state the reason:

Theorem 6. If c is any positive integer, then the

following results hold

1. f (t) =

t + 4

: t 4

4 t : t > 4
(a)
(b)

lim f (t)

t4+

lim f (t)

1
= +
xr

1
2. lim r =
+
x0 x
1. lim+
x0

t4

(c) lim f (t)

t4

Page 3 of 6

: c is odd
: c is even

University of the Philippines Chemical Engineering Society, Inc. (UP KEM)

Math 53 - 1st Long Exam
Theorem 7. if c is any real number and if
lim f (x) = 0 and lim g(x) = L, where L is a nonxc
xc
zero constant, then

1. If L > 0 and if f (x) 0 through positive

values of f (x),
lim

xc

g(x)
= +
f (x)

Continuity

Definition. The function f is said to be continuous at c on any interval on its domain if and only
if the following conditions are satisfied

(i) f (c) is defined

(ii) lim f (x) exists

2. If L > 0 and if f (x) 0 through negative

values of f (x),
g(x)
=
lim
xc f (x)
3. If L < 0 and if f (x) 0 through positive
values of f (x),
lim

xc

g(x)
=
f (x)

4. If L < 0 and if f (x) 0 through negative

values of f (x),
lim

xc

g(x)
= +
f (x)

Remark 7.1. You can process this informally by

thinking that the sign (positive or negative) of the
product (a quotient is a product too) is determined
in the usual way from the signs of the factors.
Theorem 8. Let lim g(x) = L, where L is any
xc
constant

1. If lim f (x) = +, then

xc

(iii) f (c) = lim f (x)

xc

Haha theres another equivalent definition and its

cooler!
Definition (Weierstrass continuity). Given a function f and an element c of the domain I, f is said
to be continuous at the point c if the following
holds:
For any number > 0, however small, there exists some number > 0 such that for all x in the
domain of f ,
if 0 < |x c| < , then |f (x) f (c)| <
Theorem 10 (Intermediate Value Theorem). Let
J be an interval in R and f : J R be continuous. Then the range of f is an interval.
Remark 10.1. Ang dry ng theorem statement.
It just says that the set of function values has no
gaps.

xc

Theorem 11 (Extreme Value Theorem). Every

continuous real valued function on a closed and
bounded interval in R achieves its (global) maximum and minimum value at some points in the
interval.

lim [f (x) + g(x)] = +

xc

2. If lim f (x) = , then

xc

lim [f (x) + g(x)] =

xc

Remark 8.1. Infinity is a douche which overpowers constants.

Theorem 9. Let lim f (x) = and lim g(x) = L,
xc
xc
where L is any non-zero constant

1. If L > 0, then lim f (x)g(x) =

xc

2. If L < 0, then lim f (x)g(x) =

xc

Remark 9.1. Same as Remark 7.1

Page 4 of 6

University of the Philippines Chemical Engineering Society, Inc. (UP KEM)

Math 53 - 1st Long Exam

4
4.1

Problems

F
7 x + 2x2 3x3 5x4
=
x 4 + 3x x2 + x3 + 2x4
2


5
2x4 137
(21) lim
=P
x (x2 + 429)10

3
5x10 + 32
C
(22) lim
=
x (1 2x6 )5
32
(20) lim

Limits

Find the limits [1], if they exist haha. Hints are

provided.

(23) lim
X
x3 13x2 + 51x 63
=
x3 x3 4x2 3x + 18
5

D
x2 + 9x + 9 3
(2) lim
=
x0
x
2
(1) lim

x3 x2 + 2x 2
3
(3) lim
=
3
2
x1 x + 3x 4x
E
x
= M
(4) lim
x0
4x2

x+93
1
(5) lim
=
x0
x
A
x3 3x2 + x + 2
1
=
x2
x3 x 6
T

(6) lim

I
x3 x2 8x + 12
=
3
2
x2 x 10x + 28x 24
4

1
x2 x + 4 2
=
(8) lim
x0
x2 + 3x
H

x3 + x2 5x + 3
= A
x1 x3 4x2 + 5x 2

x3 4x2 3x + 18
=F
x3 x3 8x2 + 21x 18


1
x2 + x x =
R

(24) lim x(256x4 + 81x2 + 49)1/4 =

x

(25) lim x
x

q

(x + 1) 3 x 3

(27) lim

1
D


p
p

3x2 + 22 3x2 + 4 = G G

(26) lim x 3

x+


=

x x

1
Z

=I

2x 1, if x < 2
(28) Let f (x) =
x2 + 1, if x 2
Then lim+ f (x) =

and lim f (x) =

|x 1|
x1
Then lim+ f (x) =

and lim f (x) =

x2

(7) lim

(9) lim

p

x2

(29) Let f (x) =

x1

x1

5x 3, if x < 1
(30) Let f (x) =
x 2 ,
if x 1

(10) lim

Then lim+ f (x) =

x1

x3 x2 5x 3
4
(11) lim 3
=
x1 x + 6x2 + 9x + 4
E
(12) lim

2x sin x
=Y
1 cos x

(13) lim

1 cos x
1
=
3x sin x
O

x0

x0

(31) Let f (x) =

x2+

sin 2x
2
=
5x2 + 7x
N
cot 7x
B
=
cot 5x
C

(17) lim

1
sec x cos x
=
3x2
W

x0

(9x8 6x5 + 4)1/2

V
=
x (64x12 + 14x7 7)1/3
4

(18) lim

(19) lim

x+3

and lim f (x) =

x2

(32) Suppose y = f (x) is the equation of a curve

which always lies between the parabola x2 =
y 1 and the hyperbola yx + y 1 = 0. Then
lim f (x) =
.
x0

(16) lim

x0

if x < 2

Then lim f (x) =

tan 3x sin 3x
M
=
x0
x3
2
x0

x1

x + 3x 1, if x 2

(14) lim

(15) lim

3x + 2,

and lim f (x) =

K
x2 =
2

Page 5 of 6

University of the Philippines Chemical Engineering Society, Inc. (UP KEM)

Math 53 - 1st Long Exam

4.2

4.3

Continuity

Challenge



(1) Find lim+ e1/x sin(1/x) (x + 2)3 (if it ex-

(1) Let

x0

ists) and give a careful argument showing that

you are correct.

x3 2x2 2x 3
f (x) = 3
for x 6= 3
x 4x2 + 4x 3
How should f be defined at x = 3 so that it
becomes a continuous function on all of R?
Answer: f (3) = a where a =

1
:x<0

x
:0<x<1
(2) Let f (x) =

2x :1<x<3

x4 :x>3

sin(x)
for all x 6= 1. The followx+1
ing information is known about a function g
defined for all real numbers x 6= 1:

(2) Let f (x) =

p
where p(x) = ax2 + bx + c and
q
q(x) = dx+e for some constants a, b, c, d, e;

(i) g =

(ii) the only x-intercept of the curve y =

g(x) occurs at the origin;
(iii) g(x) 0 on the interval [0, 1) and is negative elsewhere on its domain;

(a) Is it possible to define f at x = 0 in such a

way that f becomes continuous at x = 0?
Answer:
f (0) =

(iv) g has a vertical asymptote at x = 1; and

. If so, then we should set

(v) g(1/2) = 3.

(b) Is it possible to define f at x = 1 in such a

way that f becomes continuous at x = 1?
Answer:
f (1) =

. If so, then we should set

(c) Is it possible to define f at x = 3 in such a

way that f becomes continuous at x = 3?
Answer:
f (3) =

Either find lim g(x)f (x) or else show that this

x1
limit does not exist.

. If so, then we should set

(3) The equation x4 6x2 53 = 22x 2x3 has a

solution in the open interval (n, n + 1) where
n is the positive integer
.

References
[1] John M Erdman. Exercises and Problems in
Calculus, 2013.
[2] Philippe Laval. Limit Theorems.
[3] Math Department University of Tenessee
Knoxville. Limit Theorems.

(4) The equation x5 +8x = 2x4 +6x2 has solutions

in the open intervals (m, m + 1) and (n, n +
1) where m and n are the distinct positive
and
.
integers

Page 6 of 6