A Getting-It-On Review and Self-Test

Chemical Bonding
combine to form
. The general types of bonds are
and
. The force holding ions together is
since
charges
. The force holding
to the nucleus is
. The difference between electrovalent and covalent bonds is
that electrovalent is
and covalent is
. In forming
compounds from ions, the sum of the charge equals
. In writing
compounds formed from ions, the
is written first, then the
is written.
The covalent bond is formed by the
of atomic orbitals forming
orbitals. Each atom has an
electron which is
shared. The electrons are shared more or less equally according to
. The bond formed between elements of differing
is said to be
. Molecules possessing
have
bonds which do not cancel. Molecular
increase the
intermolecular forces of
causing an increase in the
and
points.
bonding is an extreme case of bond
.
Bonding occurs when
are shared and
overlap.
Electrons in
orbitals repel each other. The molecule will assume a
that minimizes these electronelectron repulsions.
Molecules such as CH4 that have a bond angle of
and have
four atoms attached to a central atom are
. Molecules
which are planar, such as C2H4 and BF3, with bond angles of
are
. Molecules that are linear such as C2H2 and BeF2, with
bond angles of
are
.
The theory of resonance accounts for molecules which may have more
than one
formula written without moving
.
Resonance spreads out
reducing the electron
, resulting
in a more stable molecule or ion.
1.

Write the formulas and charges for these ions:

carbonate
phosphate
hydrogen

2.

hydroxide
calcium
sulfide

mercury(I)
sulfate

zinc
iron(III)

Write the formulas for these:

sulfuric acid

sodium acetate

barium nitrate

A Getting-It-On Review and Self-Test

Chemical Bonding
phosphoric acid
aluminum fluoride
sodium bicarbonate
3.

nitric acid
carbonic acid
zinc sulfate

acetic acid

Name these compounds:

Na2HPO4
(NH4)3PO4

NaCl
Cr(OH)3

AgI
LiH

Sn(NO3)2

3
4.

5.

Draw the Lewis dot structures for:

BaCl2

H2CO3

SO42

H2O

NH+
4

Arrange the elements according to electronegativity. Let 1 = highest

electronegativity and 10 = lowest electronegativity.

element order element order

P
Si
K
F
O
S
Al
Cs
Na
Mg

6.

Indicate whether the molecules below will most likely be polar or

non-polar:
Br
Br
a.

Br
H

b.

H
C
c.

Br

H
H
d. S

7.

e.

C
H
H

f. O

Br

Indicate the geometry about the atom underlined:

A Getting-It-On Review and Self-Test

Fundamental Concepts
a.

CCl4

d.

H2C

CH2

b.

CS2

e.

H2C

c.

BeBr2

f.

SiH4

8.

Draw one additional resonance structure for the ion given below:
O
H

_
O

ANSWERS
atoms

compounds

electrovalent

electrostatic

opposite

attract

electrostatic

indiscrete

cation

anion

unpaired

electronegativity

polar

dipoles

zero

overlap

molecular

electronegativity

polar

dipoles

boiling

Hydrogen

electrons

orbitals

like

tetrahedral

120

1.

2.

electrons

discrete

melting

Lewis dot

covalent

attraction
polarity

geometry

trigonal planar

109.4

180

linear

nuclei

electrons

density

CO32

OH

Hg 22

PO43
H

Ca 2
S2

SO42

Zn2
Fe 3

H2SO4

NaC2H3O2

Ba(NO3)2

A Getting-It-On Review and Self-Test

Fundamental Concepts
H3PO4
AlF3
NaHCO3

HNO3

H2CO3
ZnSO4

HC2H3O2

3.

disodium hydrogen phosphate

sodium chloride
silver iodide
tin(II) nitrate or stannous nitrate
ammonium phosphate
chromium(III) hydroxide
lithium hydride

4.

( Cl -1 ) 2

Ba+2
O

O
O

H N H
H

O S O
O

5.
element order element order
P
4
Si
5
K
9
F
1
O
2
S
3
Al
6
Cs
10
Na
8
Mg
7

6.

a.
d.

polar
non-polar

b.
e.

polar
non-polar

c.
f.

non-polar
polar

7.

a.
d.

tetrahedral
trigonal planar

b.
e.

linear
trigonal planar

c.
f.

linear
tetrahedral

8.

A Getting-It-On Review and Self-Test

Fundamental Concepts
O
H

_
O