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Laureate Country Rationale: Jacobus Henricus Van 'T Hoff Osmotic Pressure
Laureate Country Rationale: Jacobus Henricus Van 'T Hoff Osmotic Pressure
Laureate
Country
Jacobus
1901
Henricus van
Netherlands
't Hoff
1902
1903
1904
Hermann Emil
Fischer
Svante August
Arrhenius
Sweden
United
Ramsay
Kingdom
Wilhelm Adolf
von Baeyer
Sir William
Friedrich
Germany
Johann
1905
Rationale
Year
Laureate
Country
Rationale
Henri Moissan
France
1907
Eduard
Buchner
Germany
United
1908
Ernest
Kingdom
Rutherford
New
Zealand
Wilhelm
Ostwald
Germany
Otto Wallach
Germany
Year
Laureate
Maria
1911
SkodowskaCurie
Victor
Grignard
Country
Rationale
ce
France
1912
France
Alfred Werner
Switzerland
Theodore
1914
William
Richards
United
States
Year
Laureate
Country
Richard
1915
Martin
Germany
Willsttter
Rationale
1916
Not awarded
1917
1918
Fritz Haber
Germany
1919
Not awarded
Walther
1920
Hermann
Germany
Nernst
Frederick
United
Soddy
Kingdom
Year
Laureate
Country
Rationale
Francis
United
William Aston
Kingdom
1923
Fritz Pregl
1924
1925
1926
1927
Austria
Not awarded
Richard Adolf
Germany /
Zsigmondy
Hungary
The (Theodor)
Svedberg
Heinrich Otto
Wieland
Sweden
Germany
Year
Laureate
Country
Adolf Otto
1928
Reinhold
Windaus
Arthur Harden
Rationale
United
Kingdom
"for their investigations on the fermentation of
1929
Sweden
Chelpin
Hans Fischer
Germany
1931
Carl Bosch
Germany
Year
Laureate
Friedrich
Bergius
1932
Country
Germany
Irving
United
Langmuir
States
surface chemistry"[35]
1933
1934
Rationale
Not awarded
Harold
United
Clayton Urey
States
Frdric Joliot
France
1935
elements"[37]
Irne JoliotCurie
France
Year
Laureate
Country
Petrus (Peter)
1936
Josephus
Wilhelmus
Debye
Walter
Norman
Haworth
Rationale
United
Kingdom
1937
Paul Karrer
Switzerland
1938
Richard Kuhn
Germany
1939
Year
Laureate
Leopold
Ruzicka
Country
Switzerland
Rationale
1940
1941
Not awarded
1942
1943
1944
1945
George de
Hevesy
Otto Hahn
Artturi Ilmari
Virtanen
Germany
Year
Laureate
James
Batcheller
Sumner
1946
Country
Rationale
United
States
crystallized"[45]
John Howard
United
Northrop
States
1947
United
States
Sir Robert
United
Robinson
Kingdom
Kaurin
Tiselius
Arne Wilhelm
1948
Sweden
Year
Laureate
William
1949
Francis
Giauque
Country
Rationale
States
Otto Paul
Federal
Hermann
Republic of
Diels
Germany
"for their discovery and development of
1950
Republic of
Germany
Edwin
Mattison
McMillan
United
States
"for their discoveries in the chemistry
1951
of transuranium elements"[50]
Glenn
Theodore
Seaborg
United
States
Year
Laureate
Country
Archer John
United
Porter Martin
Kingdom
Rationale
1952
chromatography"[51]
Richard
Laurence
United
Millington
Kingdom
Synge
1953
Hermann
Staudinger
Federal
Republic of
Germany
Linus Carl
United
Pauling
States
1955
Vincent du
United
Vigneaud
States
Year
Laureate
Sir Cyril
Norman
Hinshelwood
Country
Rationale
United
Kingdom
"for their researches into the mechanism of
1956
chemical reactions"[55]
Nikolay
Nikolaevich
Soviet Union
Semenov
Lord
1957
United
Kingdom
enzymes"[56]
Frederick
United
Sanger
Kingdom
Jaroslav
Czechoslova
Heyrovsk
kia
(Alexander R.)
Todd
1958
1959
Year
1960
1961
Laureate
Country
Willard Frank
United
Libby
States
Melvin Calvin
Max
Ferdinand
Perutz
United
States
assimilation in plants"[60]
United
Kingdom
"for their studies of the structures of globular
1962
1963
Rationale
proteins"[61]
John Cowdery
United
Kendrew
Kingdom
Karl Ziegler
Federal
Republic of
Germany
Year
Laureate
Giulio Natta
Dorothy
1964
Crowfoot
Hodgkin
1965
1966
1967
Country
Rationale
Italy
United
Kingdom
Robert Burns
United
Woodward
States
organic synthesis"[64]
Robert S.
United
Mulliken
States
Manfred
Federal
Eigen
Republic of
Germany
energy"[66]
Year
Laureate
Country
Rationale
Ronald
George
United
Wreyford
Kingdom
Norrish
George Porter
United
Kingdom
Lars Onsager
United
States
Derek H. R.
United
Barton
Kingdom
"for their contributions to the development of
1969
Norway
Luis F. Leloir
Argentina
Year
1971
Laureate
Country
Gerhard
Canada/Ger
Herzberg
many
Rationale
United
Anfinsen
States
1972
Stanford
United
Moore
States
"for their contribution to the understanding of
the connection between chemical structure
and catalytic activity of the active centre of
the ribonuclease molecule"[71]
William H.
United
Stein
States
Ernst Otto
Fischer
Federal
Republic of
Germany
1973
United
Wilkinson
Kingdom
compounds"[72]
Year
1974
Laureate
Paul J. Flory
John Warcup
Cornforth
Country
United
States
Australia
United
Kingdom
Rationale
1975
1976
Vladimir
Prelog
witzerland
William N.
United
Lipscomb
States
Ilya Prigogine
Belgium
Year
1978
Laureate
Country
Peter D.
United
Mitchell
Kingdom
Herbert C.
United
Brown
States
Rationale
1979
Federal
Georg Wittig
Republic of
Germany
Paul Berg
1980
Walter Gilbert
United
States
United
States
"for their contributions concerning
the determination of base sequences in nucleic
acids"[79]
Frederick
United
Sanger
Kingdom
Year
Laureate
Kenichi Fukui
Country
Rationale
Japan
1981
Roald
United
Hoffmann
States
Aaron Klug
United
Kingdom
1983
1984
1985
Henry Taube
United
States
Robert Bruce
United
Merrifield
States
Herbert A.
United
Hauptman
States
Year
Laureate
Jerome Karle
Country
Rationale
United
States
Dudley R.
United
Herschbach
States
United
States / Taiw
processes"[85]
an
1987
John C.
Canada /
Polanyi
Hungary
Donald J.
United
Cram
States
Jean-Marie
Lehn
Charles J.
United
Pedersen
States
Year
Laureate
Johann
Deisenhofer
1988
Robert Huber
Hartmut
Michel
Country
Rationale
Federal
Republic of
Germany
Federal
Republic of
Germany
reaction centre"[87]
Federal
Republic of
Germany
Canada
Sidney Altman
United
States
"for their discovery of catalytic properties of
1989
RNA"[88]
Thomas Cech
1990
United
States
Elias James
United
Corey
States
Year
1991
1992
Laureate
Richard R.
Ernst
Rudolph A.
Marcus
Country
Rationale
United
States/Cana
da
United
States
1993
"for contributions to the developments of
methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for
Michael Smith
Canada
1994
George A.
Olah
United
States /
Hungary
Year
Laureate
Paul J.
Crutzen
Country
Rationale
Netherlands
Mario J.
Molina
1996
Mexico
F. Sherwood
United
Rowland
States
Robert F. Curl
United
Jr.
States
Sir Harold W.
United
Kroto
Kingdom
Richard E.
United
Smalley
States
Year
Laureate
Paul D. Boyer
Country
Rationale
United
States
1997
John E.
United
Walker
Kingdom
Jens C. Skou
Denmark
Walter Kohn
United
States
theory"[97]
United
Kingdom
1998
John A. Pople
Ahmed Zewail
Egypt
2000
Alan J.
United
Heeger
States
of conductive polymers"[99]
Year
Laureate
Country
Rationale
United
Alan G.
States
MacDiarmid
New
Zealand
Hideki
Shirakawa
Japan
William S.
United
Knowles
States
"for their work on chirally catalysed
hydrogenation reactions"[100]
2001
Ryji Noyori
Japan
K. Barry
United
Sharpless
States
reactions"[100]
2002
John B. Fenn
United
States
Koichi Tanaka
Japan
biological macromolecules"[101]
Year
Laureate
Country
Rationale
Switzerland
Peter Agre
United
States
2003
Roderick
United
MacKinnon
States
2004
Avram
Hershko
Israel
Israel
degradation"[103]
Year
Laureate
Irwin Rose
Country
United
States
Yves Chauvin
France
Robert H.
United
Grubbs
States
2005
2006
2007
Rationale
Richard R.
United
Schrock
States
Roger D.
United
Kornberg
States
of eukaryotic transcription"[105]
Gerhard Ertl
Germany
Year
Laureate
Osamu
Shimomura
2008
Martin Chalfie
Roger Y. Tsien
2009
Venkatraman
Ramakrishnan
Country
Rationale
Japan[107]
United
States
United
States
United
States
the ribosome"[109]
India
United
Kingdom
Thomas A.
United
Steitz
States
Year
2010
2011
Laureate
Country
Ada E. Yonath
Israel
Richard F.
United
Heck
States
Rationale
Japan
Akira Suzuki
Japan
Dan
Shechtman
Israel
organic synthesis"[110]
Year
Laureate
Country
Robert
United
Lefkowitz
States
2012
Rationale
Brian Kobilka
United
States
United
Martin Karplus States
Austria
United
States
2013
Michael Levitt
United
Kingdom
Israel[114]
United
Arieh Warshel
States
Israel
2014
Eric Betzig
United
States
fluorescence microscopy"[115]
Year
Laureate
Country
Stefan W. Hell
Germany
William E.
United
Moerner
States
Rationale