DH220 Dental Materials

Lecture #9
Prof. Lamanna RDH, MS

GYPSUM:
Plaster and Stone

Bird & Robinson p. 804 806, 812 - 814

I. Use to produce a positive reproduction of

the oral structures

A. Plaster
1. 1 purpose is to fabricate study models for tx planning
- diagnostic aid view mouth from all angles
- serves as a permanent record of the pts
occlusion & alignment of their teeth prior to tx
- visual aid during case presentation & pt ed
2. Mounting casts to articulator - reproduces
the hinge motion of the jaw

B. Stone
- produces working casts (replica of quad or
arch) & to form dies (replica of a prepared
tooth) to fabricate cast restoratives (inlays,
onlays, crowns, bridges, RPDs, & full
dentures)
die
cast & die
cast

II. Composition & Types

Class of material ceramic due to physical properties
Chemically identical; difference is physical form (shape of powder
particles) of the compound calcium sulfate dihydrate.
Calcination process:
Plaster gypsum in rock form, ground & heated
to remove water
- Powder particles porous & rough
beta-hemihydrate.
Stone - gypsum in rock form, ground & heated
under steam pressure to remove water.
- Powder particles smooth & dense
alpha-hemihydrate.

Composition.cont

Modifiers added to regulate setting time & expansion

Potassium sulfate accelerator
Borax retarder & reduce setting expansion

Pigments buffs & pastels added to distinguish between

plaster (white)

&

stone (buff & pastels)

Types ADA classification system

2 plasters & 3 stones - variance in properties & handling
Strength increases from Type I

V by lowering W/P ratio

5 Types
TYPE I: Impression plaster rigid, edentulous pts only
TYPE II: Model plaster construct study models (Tx plan)

TYPE III: Dental stone casts for denture fabrication (RPD, RFD)
plus:

TYPE IV: Die stone casts for in/onlays, crowns, bridge fabrication
High strength, hardness & low expansion

TYPE V: High strength, high expansion stone newest edition;

accommodates the greater shrinkage of newer alloys

III. Strength & Hardness

Directly related to amount of water added to powder.

More water = weaker mix
Plaster = more water = weaker material
Stone = less water = stronger material

As material dries, entrapped water evap,

leaves voids = porous, weak model/cast

Inadequate strength results in fracture or distortion

Reaches maximum strength after 24 hrs
How much water??

IV. Handling & Mixing

Setting reaction chemical - results in exothermic
reaction
What is that??
A. Water controls strength, rigidity, & hardness
1. Formation of gypsum crystals cluster formation;
center of each cluster: nuclei of crystallization
intermeshing of crystals gives final strength & rigidity

2. Water to Powder (W/P) ratio

- too much water added increase in setting time,
fewer crystals reduced strength

Crystals unable to
accurately intermesh.

- not enough water reduces setting time, less working

time, crumbly mixture of reduced strength

3. Water temperature (68 - 72 F)

- temp accelerates set
- temp prolongs set

B. Armamentarium
1. Powder (gypsum) & water; measuring vial
* plaster = ___ ml / 100 g (W/P)
* dental stone = ___ ml / 100 g (W/P)
* die stone = ___ ml / 100 g (W/P)

2. rubber bowl
3. spatula wide & narrow blade
4. scale measure powder
5. mechanical vibrator
removes air bubbles

Manipulation of Gypsum Products

Prepare the impression

1. Disinfection of impression
________ __________ _______________
Agents used: ____________, _______________, _______________

2. Inspect impression for standing moisture

- surface should be dry of moisture
- gently air dry with A/W syringe
- pooled water will result in voids in cast/model

Manipulation of Gypsum Products

Measure powder
& water

Add powder to water

(over 20 to 30 seconds)

Spatulation
(1 minute at 2 revolutions
per second)

Vibrate
(approx 30 sec)

Working time = ~5 min

- mixing & pouring

Setting time:
Pour impression
(sets in 45 60 minutes)

Disinfect cast

Initial set = 7 10 min

loss of gloss or flow

Final set = 45 60 min

after exothermic reaction (feels warm)
-- wet strength (feels wet & cool to touch)

(if nec.)

24 hours = dry strength

V. Construction of cast/model 1

chapter 28

Or rubber base formers

VI. Separation of cast/model from impression

Timing
chpt 28
Working time mixing & pouring = 5 mins
Initial set = 7 - 10 min
Final set - Wet strength = 45 min 1 hr after exothermic
reaction feels cool to touch
Dry strength = 24 hours
** WHY remove the impression immediately after exo reaction???
- Syneresis dehydrated imp matl will shrink & harden making
it very difficult to separate from model/cast.

VIII. Model Trimming

Alginate in interproximal undercuts

Blebs or nibs of gypsum on occ surface

Model trimmer

creating symmetrical form

Test #3 Review
Impression Materials & Gypsum
Chapters 8 & 9
* Give EDPuzzle a try *

1. Use
2. Desirable qualities & special characteristics
3. Definitions & terminology
4. Flow charts, Common Difficulties handout,
Impression grid
5. Factors effecting the final end-product