Fuel 118 (2014) 329334

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Fuel
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Combustion of vegetable oils under optimized conditions of atomization

and granulometry in a modied fuel oil burner
Tizane Daho a, Gilles Vaitilingom b,, Oumar Sanogo c, Salifou K. Ouiminga a, Augustin S. Zongo a,
Bruno Piriou d, Jean Koulidiati a
a

LPCE, dpartement de physique, Universit de Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

CIRAD, unit de recherche Biomasse-Energie, TA B-42/16, 73 rue JF Breton, 34398 Montpellier, France
IRSAT, Centre National de la Recherche Scientique et Technique, 03 BP 7047 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
d
INRA, UMR 1208 IATE, Supagro Montpellier-Universit Montpellier II-CIRAD-INRA, 34060 Montpellier, France
b
c

h i g h l i g h t s
 Combustion of heating fuel oil and cottonseed oil in a modied burner is compared.
 Atomization and granulometry optimization are necessary for vegetable oil combustion.
 Riello 40N10 can achieve spray conditions and particle size recommended for burners.
 Cottonseed oil must be sprayed at 28 bars and preheated up to 125 C.
 Non-condensable gases and most organic compounds emissions are close for both fuels.

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 12 June 2011
Received in revised form 4 November 2013
Accepted 5 November 2013
Available online 16 November 2013
Keywords:
Vegetable oil
Atomization
Granulometry
Burner
Combustion

a b s t r a c t
The use of vegetable oils in burners represents an attractive alternative to the use of heating fuel oil (HFO)
in heat production for domestic heating, small industrial units, drying of various products etc. In this
work, a characterization of the combustion of cottonseed oil in a modied burner (type Riello 40N10)
was performed to assess its ability to achieve proper combustion of vegetable oils in optimized conditions of atomization and granulometry. The quality of the combustion has been evaluated by the analysis
of combustion products (CO, O2, CO2, NO, NO2, SO2) and organic compounds including PAHs. Results show
that the modications made on the burner type 40N10 can achieve suitable spray conditions and give
particle size within the recommended values for burners. In the case of Riello 40N10 burner, a fuel pressure of 28 bars is adequate and the minimum temperature required for oil preheating is 125 C. When
these conditions are achieved, cottonseed oil combustion leads to the emission of non-condensable gases
and the organic compounds species as well as their concentration close to those of HFO.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The growing energy needs in developing and emerging
countries, even in rural areas, give more and more importance to
biofuels in general and to vegetable oils in particular. This trend
is supported by the declining petroleum resources and the role that
biofuels could play in reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. At
the local scale, biofuels called rst generation Biofuels may
appear as a real factor of development. As such, the use of pure
vegetable oils as alternative fuels to diesel oil or heating fuel oil
(HFO) for local (domestic heating), as well as industrial use or
applications such as farming, electrication and drying of products
can prove to be interesting if used with some precautions.
Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 467 615 762; fax: +33 467 616 515.
E-mail address: gilles.vaitilingom@cirad.fr (G. Vaitilingom).
0016-2361/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.11.009

Many studies on the characteristics of vegetable oils or their

derivatives and their use in diesel engines have been achieved over
the last four decades. These studies showed a behaviour close to
that of diesel oil [112].
However, diesel fuel, HFO and each vegetable oil or animal fat
have their own characteristics and specic behaviour that distinguish it from another. This is related to their specic physical
and chemical nature. In particular, the fatty acid composition, high
viscosity and low volatility are key factors of differences in the
behaviour of vegetable oils [2]. This can lead to ignition problems
as well as coking of the colder parts of the combustion chamber
due to thermal decomposition and polymerization under certain
conditions of temperature [1316].
These differences in characteristics require specic operating
conditions of use for their proper combustion in diesel engines or
burners. Indeed, the use of pure vegetable oils in standard

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T. Daho et al. / Fuel 118 (2014) 329334

domestic burners leads to cooking of cold parts of the burner

(especially the air deector) and draining of unburned fuel [17].
So, most of the studies on the use of vegetable oils on burners have
focused on the use of preheated oil or pure biodiesel or their blends
with heating oil on standard domestic burners [1826]. This use in
standard domestic burners requires several adjustments [26]. As
shown by [22], blending of vegetable oil with a minimum of 30%
HFO, under specic conditions, is necessary for a proper combustion in a standard domestic burner.
To overcome these constraints and limitations to the use of vegetable oils in standard domestic burners, a modied burner for
vegetable oils has been designed (derived from Riello 40 N series
burner). This burner was set up specically to allow the use of various vegetable oils.
The rst objective of this work was to assess the ability of this
burner to achieve the required spray conditions of atomization
and granulometry with a rened cottonseed oil (RCO). Then, under
these suitable conditions of atomization and granulometry, the
second objective was to verify the quality of the combustion, at
the same thermal power output, of this rened cottonseed oil
compared to heating fuel oil by analysis of non-condensable
combustion products (CO, O2, CO2, NO, NO2, SO2), and of organic
compounds including PAHs.
2. Materials and Method
Tests were carried out in the CIRAD Biomass Energy laboratory
in Montpellier (France), with the collaboration of the Laboratoire
de Physique et de Chimie de lEnvironnement (Burkina Faso) and
the Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliques et Technologies
(Burkina Faso).
2.1. Equipment
Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of the experimental setup.
It includes a modied burner, a combustion chamber and two devices for analyzing combustion products. The burner used is a Riello burner (type 40N10) [27] with a preheating and a recirculation
system of the fuel similar to that used for heavy fuel. Its main technical characteristics are indicated in Table 1. A 1 kW electrical heater and a recirculation system of the fuel (Fig. 2) are located
downstream of the pump. The fuel can be heated up to temperatures from 50 C to 200 C.
When the burner is switched on, the temperature of the heater
increases gradually up to the temperature xed by the setpoint.

Once this temperature is reached, the pump allows the fuel owing
and recirculating through the preheating circuit (path 1, 4 and 5 in
Fig. 2). This leads to an increase of the temperature of the fuel in
the nozzle at a temperature very close to the setpoint. In these conditions, an electrovalve VR allows the spraying of the fuel
through the nozzle and its return through path 3. The combustion
occurs in the combustion chamber which is a horizontal cylindrical
steel enclosure. Its dimensions are: length 120 cm and diameter
60 cm. A cone with 8 openings of 10 cm diameter closes the chamber; it has a diameter restriction from 60 to 20 cm over a depth of
22 cm. This chamber, designed for various uses, especially drying
of agricultural products, has the advantage of relatively high walls
temperature (temperatures above 500 C). This is favourable to
evaporation and complete combustion of unburnt vegetable oils
droplets escaped from the spray.
The analyzing system of the combustion products comprises
two devices: The rst system is a combustion analyzer, the KaneMay Quintox KM9106, equipped with electrochemical cells. This
allowed for real time measurement of the O2, NO, NOx, CO and
SO2 level in dry ue gases. The CO2 content was calculated by
the analyzer depending on the characteristics of the fuel and the
percentage of residual oxygen measured in the emissions. The
raw gas stream passed through a blow-pipe and a duct heated to
a temperature of 115 C to avoid condensation and dissolution of
certain gases (SO2, NOx). Gases were fed through a combustion
gas conditioner (KaneMay KM9008), thus allowing for sudden
cooling of wet exhaust gases. Gas composition data from the analyzer were then transferred to a computer using the KaneMay FIREWORKS software. The measuring ranges and the uncertainties of
the cells are provided in Table 2.
The second device includes a cooling bath for trapping organic
compounds in the combustion products and a micro gas chromatograph (micro-GC) as shown in Fig. 3. The collected gas bubble in a
series of bottles (which are immersed in the cooling bath) containing isopropanol, and then move into the micro GC for the analysis
of non condensable gases (O2, CO2, CO). The detection and the
quantication of these gases are carried out by mass spectrometry.
The organic compounds dissolved in isopropanol were analyzed
with an Agilent 6890 chromatograph and a mass spectrometer Agilent 5975. The characteristics of the column used are: type: DB1701, length: 60 m and inner diameter: 250 lm. A mixture of
1 ml of the sample and 1 ml of phenanthrene (internal standard,
concentration: 25 mg/l) is injected into the chromatograph. And
then, the identication and quantication of organic compounds
follow.
2.2. Fuels used

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of experimental setup.

The heating fuel oil (HFO) was taken as reference. To avoid a

possible inuence of minor compounds contained in crude vegetable oils on the quality of the combustion, a commercial rened cottonseed oil (RCO) from Burkina Faso was used.
These fuels were used at different fuel pressures (1628 bars)
and following different primary air/secondary air ratios in
preliminary tests to determine at rst the optimum operating
point based on lowest emissions in ue gases (an operating point
is dened by setting primary air, secondary air and fuel pressure).
The optimum operating point corresponds to an equivalence ratio
of 0.55 and a pressure of 28 bars. At this operating point, the
conditions of atomization and the granulometry were evaluated
by varying the temperature of the vegetable oil from 50 to
150 C. So, only cottonseed oil temperature was varied when evaluating the atomization conditions and fuels droplets size; fuel
mass ow and fuelair equivalence ratio were kept constant.
HFO did not require any preheating. However, given the minimum
temperature of 50 C, necessary for the operation of the burner, the

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T. Daho et al. / Fuel 118 (2014) 329334

Table 1
Technical characteristics of the Riello N10 burner and performance during tests.
Parameter

Specication

Manufacturer
Type
Power output
Acceptable fuel
viscosity
Fuel outlet pressure
Nozzle

Riello (Italy)
40N10 (equipped for heavy fuel use)
34102 kW
2550 at 50 C (mm2/s)

the mechanism of disintegration of a liquid jet and classication of regimes of spray and the criteria for transition
between these regimes established by Reitz and Bracco
[28] and Hiroyasu and Arai [29]
determining the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) using Elkotb
correlation [30] given by Eq. (1)

Power output

1628 bars
Type HAGO, 1 GPHangle 45 (B) CF JV
Orice diameter: 0.15 mm
Consumption during tests

The Reynolds number (Rej) and Ohnesorge number (Ohj) of the

jet, dened by Eqs. (2) and (3), allow in a rst approximation to
characterize the regime of disintegration of the fuel jet and characterize the transitions between the different regimes.

66 kW at 28 bar
pressure
Pre-heating of fuel

6.85 kg/h rened cottonseed oil; 5.8 kg/h heating

fuel oil
125 C rened cottonseed oil; 50 C heating fuel oil

 32 6156  m0:385  q  rfl 0:737  DP0:54  q

D
fl
a
fl

HFO was used at a temperature of 50 C. Then, the temperatures of

125 C and 50 C were respectively used for cottonseed oil and
heating fuel oil for emissions comparison.
Finally, the combustion of cottonseed oil and HFO was performed and an analysis of combustion products was carried out.
The results presented were obtained after several sets of measurements, at least ve (5), such that the relative differences are less
than 10%.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Atomization conditions and granulometry of the fuel spray
To verify that the modications applied on the Riello burner
type 40N10 provide good conditions for proper atomization and
suitable granulometry, the approach adopted was based on:

Rej

qfl  V j  dtr
lfl

lfl

Ohj q
qfl  rfl  dtr

qa denotes air density; vj, DP, dtr, respectively denote the jet velocity, the difference between the fuel pressure in the injection line
and the pressure in the combustion chamber, the diameter of the
nozzle orice; q, l, m, r are respectively fuel density, dynamic
viscosity, kinematic viscosity and surface tension (RCO oil or HFO).
The primary atomization depends largely on the physical and
chemical characteristics of the fuel (viscosity, surface tension and
density of the fuel). This is the same for the Sauter mean diameter.
Thus, the physical and chemical characteristics of the rened cottonseed oil and those of HFO have been determined and the results
are reported in Table 3.

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of fuel circuit.

Table 2
Technical characteristics of the Quintox KM9106 gas analyzer.
Parameter

Measuring range

Precision

Resolution

Temperature of smokes
Oxygen (O2)
Carbon oxide (CO)

01100 C
025%
010,000 ppm

0.1 C
0.1%
1 ppm

Nitric oxide (NO)

05000 ppm

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

01000 ppm

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

05000 ppm

Carbon dioxide

0Fuel value

1.0 0.3% of reading

0.1% + 2%
20 ppm < (400 ppm)
5% of reading (<2000 ppm)
10% of reading (>2000 ppm)
5% of reading (>100 ppm)
5 ppm (<100 ppm)
5% of reading (>100 ppm)
5 ppm (<100 ppm)
5% of reading (>100 ppm)
5 ppm (<100 ppm)
0.3%

1 ppm
1 ppm
1 ppm
0.1%

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T. Daho et al. / Fuel 118 (2014) 329334

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of analyzing combustion products by micro-GC.

Table 3
Physical and chemical characteristics of RCO and HFO.
Parameter

RCO

HFO

Method/Norm

C (%)
H (%)
O (%)
N (%)
S (%)
Viscosity at 40 C (mm2/s)
Water content (ppm)
Acid value (mg KOH/g)
Density at 15 C (kg/m3)
Sediments (ppm)
Phosphorus (ppm)
Magnesium (ppm)
Calcium (ppm)
LHV (kJ/kg)
Surface tension at 25 C (m N/m)
Flash point (C)

77.39
11.90
10.10
<0.30
0
35.7
656
0.17
929
23
0.2
0.2
2.1
36000
32.4
229.5

85.10
14.90
0
<0.30
<0.20
3.3
96

854

42583
28.6
62.5

Combustion
Combustion
Pyrolysis
Combustion
NFT 60 106
NF EN ISO 3104
NF EN ISO 12937
ASTM D 664
NF EN ISO 12185
NF EN 12662
NFT 60 106
NFT 60 106
NFT 60 106
ASTM D 240
NF EN 14 370
NF EN ISO 2719

The Reynolds number (Rej) and Ohnesorge number (Ohj)

presented in Table 4, show that atomization begins at the nozzle
outlet giving a complete spray.
Conditions of atomization of cottonseed oil for different oil temperatures and for the operating point dened previously on the
Riello 40N10 burner are shown in Fig. 4. This gure shows that
the heating of cottonseed oil and the relatively high fuel pressure
lead to a complete spray for most of the heating temperatures.
Only the temperature of 50 C leads to a regime close to the
transition zone between the regimes of complete spray and
incomplete spray.
The increase in temperature of RCO leads to a reduction in its
viscosity, density and surface tension. Consequently, there is a

decrease of Ohnesorge number and an increase of Reynolds number. This leads to better conditions of atomization of RCO jet very
close to those of HFO maintained at a temperature of 50 C.
Therefore, the use of viscous fuel, such as vegetable oils, in this
type of burner and for specic conditions provides good conditions
for atomization.
Regarding the granulometry of the spray of RCO, it can be
close to the values recommended for burners if RCO is heated up
to a temperature of 125 C (Fig. 5). Indeed, spray granulometry
for burners must be in the range of 50100 lm with a dispersion
such as the droplets of larger diameter (200300 lm) represent a
small fraction of the mass of the jet [31,32].
Thus, these results allow dening a minimum preheating temperature of RCO to obtain both a atomized spray and a granulometry suitable for this type of burner. As this minimum temperature
is dened, the combustion quality of RCO can be evaluated. The
combustion tests are thus performed at the operating point considered for the study of atomization conditions with heating of RCO at
the minimum temperature of 125 C. All fuels were used at the
same atomization pressure of 28 bars.
3.2. Emissions
3.2.1. Non-condensable gases
The results of analysis of non condensable gases are shown in
Table 5. These results were obtained with the QUINTOX and then
validated with the micro-GC.
For all measured gases during the combustion of RCO, the concentrations are very close to those measured for the HFO. The results are in agreement with those obtained in a previous study
with rapeseed oil [17].
The CO values obtained are of the same order of magnitude as
the uncertainties of the instrument (20 ppm for CO) so that we

Table 4
Reynolds number and Ohnesorge number for RCO in the Riello 40N10 burner.
Temperature (C)

Viscosity (mm2/s)

Surface tension (N/m)

Reynolds number

Ohnesorge number

50
85
95
105
115
125
150

23.9
10.1
8.45
7.2
6.3
5.75
4.8

0.0309
0.0290
0.0284
0.0278
0.0272
0.0267
0.0252

1062
2521
2767
3089
3356
3561
4193

0.343
0.148
0.125
0.107
0.094
0.087
0.074

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T. Daho et al. / Fuel 118 (2014) 329334

Ohnesorge number

10.00

1.00

RaM-FWI
FWI-SWI
SWI-atomization
RCO - 50 C
RCO - 85 C
RCO - 95 C
RCO - 105 C
RaM
RCO - 115 C

RCO - 125 C
RCO - 150 C
HFO - 50 C

0.10

0.01

0.00
1

10

Atomisation
SWI
FWI

100

1000

10000

100000

Reynolds number
Fig. 4. Atomization conditions on the modied burner 40N10 (RCO: rened
cottonseed oil; HFO: heating fuel oil; RaM: Rayleigh Mechanism zone; FWI: First
Wind Interaction zone; SWI: Second Wind Interaction zone).

Sauter mean diameter (m)

250
RCO

HFO

200
150
100
50
0
50

85

95

105

115

125

150

when the oil temperature is relatively high. Indeed, the latent heat
of vaporization of a liquid decreases rapidly with increasing temperature [33]. The preheating of cottonseed oil could lead to shorter evaporation time of oil droplets which is similar to what is
observed when a vegetable oil droplet is introduced into an
increasing temperature atmosphere [34]. This could be favourable
to oil combustion and explain the relatively low levels of CO observed. In addition, the experimental combustion chamber has
no boiler to evacuate heat produced by the combustion. There is
no convective transfer between the walls of the combustion chamber and water. Convective transfer occurs only between the walls
of the combustion chamber and ambient air for which the heat
transfer coefcient is lower than that of water. This allows the
chamber walls having a relatively high average temperature. This
may results in a signicant increase in radiation phenomena in
the combustion chamber. Such phenomena are favourable to the
vaporization and combustion of vegetable oils. This positive effect
of the increase in temperature of the combustion chamber on the
ability of vegetable oils to evaporate and burn properly has been
observed in previous studies [34,35]. Results obtained with a conventional burner show that vegetable oils have a behaviour close to
that of HFO for adequate temperature conditions (high thermal
power) [22]. These observations (similar behaviour at high temperatures) have been carried out during tests on engines or in tests of
evaporation of droplets of vegetable oils or their derivatives [2,34
36]. It may be noted the same result between RCO and HFO in
terms of NOx emissions. There is no fundamental difference between the NOx emissions levels of the two fuels.
CO2 emissions for RCO are slightly lower than those of HFO. This
could be partly due to the H/C ratio higher for vegetable oils relative to HFO. SO2 emissions are zero for RCO in contrast to HFO. Indeed, SO2 emissions are proportional to the sulfur content of the
fuel (Table 3).

Fuel temperature (C)

Fig. 5. Sauter mean diameter of HFO and RCO versus fuel temperature.

Table 5
Emissions of non-condensable gases.

RCO
HFO

O2
(%)

CO2
(%)

CO
(ppm)

NO
(ppm)

NOx
(ppm)

SO2
(ppm)

10.2
8.5

8.1
9.3

13
0

84
75

88
78

0
45

cannot conclude to a difference in CO emission between RCO or

HFO. Indeed, the granulometry (at the heating temperature considered), the atomization conditions of RCO and the temperature conditions in the combustion chamber are sufcient for complete
evaporation of the spray and the complete oxidation of COCO2.
In fact, evaporation of preheated vegetable oil droplets is better

3.2.2. Organic compounds

The results of chromatographic analysis of soluble organic compounds contained in the products of combustion are presented in
Table 6. Among these organic compounds, those that are the subject of special attention are the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
(PAHs) for their carcinogenicity. Although PAHs are subject to
attention, mainly the Benzo (a) pyrene is the subject of a standard
in some regions. It is usually used as PAHs indicator.
The results of PAHs obtained in this study are for overall, and for
both fuels, below the detection limit of the measuring device except for naphthalene (Table 6). It is likely that the values of PAHs
are very low with pure vegetable oil, a similar observation has been
done by the study conducted by [21] who found values of 30 ng/
N m3 for biodiesel with Riello burners. Regarding Naphthalene, it
is classied possibly carcinogenic to humans, even if it is lighter
and less toxic than the heavy PAHs [37]. These emissions of naphthalene could be due to lean combustion (equivalence ratio of
0.55). Indeed, emissions of this compound are performed substan-

Table 6
Concentration of organic compounds: light hydrocarbons and PAHs species.
Compound

Pyridine, 2 -picoline
p-xylene; o-xylene; 2,3-benzofuran; Indene; 2-metoxy-phenol. (gaiacol), o-cresol; 2,4-dimethylphenol; Quinoline; 3,4 Dimethylphenol;
3-picoline; 4-picoline; p-cresol; 2-metoxy-4-methyl-phenol; 2-me-Naphtalene; Isoquinoline; 1-Methylnaphthalene; Acenaphtylene; Acenaphtene;
Fluorene; Alpha-naphtol; Beta-naphtol; Phenanthrene; Anthracene; Fluoranthene; Pyrene; Benzo(a)anthracene; Benzo(b)uoranthene;
Benzo(k)uoranthene; Benzo(a)pyrene; Dibenzo(ah)anthracene; Indeno(123 cd)pyrene; Benzo(ghi)perylene; Chrysene
phenol
Naphthalene
m-cresol

Concentration
(mg/m3 gas)
HFO

RCO

<2.33
<0.02
<0.23

<2.33
<0.02
<0.23

0.23
0.50
0.08

0.22
0.71
<0.02

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T. Daho et al. / Fuel 118 (2014) 329334

tially under lean combustion conditions (for equivalence ratio below 0.6) [37,38]. Values are slightly higher for the RCO than for
HFO. The unsaturation of vegetable oils such as RCO may promote
the formation of PAHs [39].

[13]

[14]

4. Conclusion
This study revealed the possibility of using pure cottonseed oil
in an adapted burner which sustained appropriate adjustments.
The Riello 40N10 can achieve proper atomization conditions and
a suitable spray granulometry close to the values recommended
for burners. In the case of this burner, the proper fuel pressure is
28 bars and the minimum temperature for preheating cottonseed
oil is 125 C.
When the conditions for proper atomization are carried out and
when the granulometry is suitable, RCO and HFO have very close
combustion characteristics. For the temperatures reached in the
combustion chamber used in this study, there is no difference between the two fuels in term of non-condensable gases at the exhaust as well as in term of organic compounds. The results of
analysis of PAHs are for overall below the detection limit of the
measuring device except for naphthalene for both fuels. More
study must be carried out to accurately quantify PAHs and to verify
the inuence of lean combustion conditions on PAHs emission.
This highlight the need to use specic means for detecting PAHs
which thresholds were too low to be measured by the equipment
used in the current study.

[15]

[16]

[17]
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[19]

[20]

[21]
[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

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