Housing of the future Research of new

(experimental) spatial systems

Key words: housing, information and communication

technology ICT, intelligent home, flexibility,
virtuality, interoperability.

Stanovanje buduosti
istraivanje novih (eksperimentalnih) prostornih
sustava
Kljune
rijei:
stanovanje,
informacijske
i
komunikacijske
tehnologije-ICT,
inteligentni
domovi, fleksibilnost, virtualnost, interoperabilnost

Abstract
Gerhard Schmidt predicts that architecture in 2010
will inevitably fall into three classes: physical, virtual
and hybrid bits and bricks architecture. [1]
What does a hybrid house look like?
Through our knowledge of development, we are
trying to foresee what architectural future will be like.
Is the future a concept of intelligent environment,
a smart dwelling of the future, which comprise a
number of achievements of modern ICT, or does the
future lie in experimental projects in which housing
space represents continuing dynamic surfaces that
change in accordance with inhabitants needs and
thus become active interfaces between the physical
and the virtual?
Living in parallel worlds virtual and real must
reflect on the concept of modern housing. News
housing concepts are being explored, in which
flexibility, ecology (sustainable development) and
virtuality are of crucial importance, demonstrating a
new way of thinking about urban living, and offering
a new way of life for the start of the 21st century.

Saetak
Gerhard Schmidt predvia da e arhitektura 2010.
neizbjeno biti podijeljena u tri klase: fiziku, virtualnu
i hibridnu arhitekturu 'bitova i cigli." [1]
Kako izgleda hibridna kua?
Kroz nae poznavanje razvoja pokuavamo predvidjeti
kako e izgledati arhitektura u budunosti. Je li
budunost koncept 'inteligentnog' okruja, a smart
dwelling of the future, koji sadre skup dostignua
suvremene ICT, pa do eksperimentalnih projekata u
kojima prostor stanovanja predstavlja dinamike
kontinuirane plohe koje se mijenjaju u ovisnosti o
potrebama stanara aktivno suelje izmeu fizikog i
virtualnog?
ivljenje u paralelnim svjetovima virtualnim i
realnom svijetu mora se odraziti i na koncept
suvremenog stanovanja. Istrauju se novi koncepti
stanovanja u kojima su fleksibilnost, ekologija (odrivi
razvoj) i virtualnost od presudnog znaaja, te ukazuju
na novi nain razmiljanja o urbanom ivljenju i
pruaju novi nain ivota na poetku 21. stoljea.

Introduction

Uvod

Information revolution today brings about a

metamorphosis of architecture and urban planning.
New technologies are changing the paradigm of
housing we are searching for a new, dynamic living
space that will meet the demands of time in which we
live.

Informacijska revolucija je danas ta koja izaziva

metamorfozu arhitekture i urbanizma.
Nove
tehnologije mijenjaju paradigmu stanovanja trai se
novi, dinaminiji prostor stanovanja koji e odgovoriti
na zahtjeve vremena u kojem ivimo.

Huge changes are taking place in modern living: With

an ever-increasing role of new information and
communication technologies (ICT), which bring
about changes in the way of life, there is also growing
influence of globalization and individualization based
on new ICT.

Velike se promjene deavaju u suvremenom nainu

ivota: uz sve veu ulogu novih informacijskih i
komunikacijskih tehnologija (ICT) koje utjeu na
promjene u nainu ivljenja i sve vei utjecaj
globalizacije i individualizacije bazirane na novim ICT.

Changes and progress are an inseparable part of

modern living, and they reflect a higher level of
education, higher living standards and wealth.
Changes demand a high degree of changeability.
Family is being transformed childless couples,
singles, etc with independence within the family
growing and individual needs changing.

Promjene i napredak neodvojivi su dio dananjeg

naina ivljenja, a odraz su veeg stupnja educiranosti,
sve veeg standarda ivljenja, izobilja. Promjene i
napredak zahtijevaju i visoki stupanj promjenljivosti.
Dolazi do transformacije obitelji parovi bez djece,
samci..., sve je vea nezavisnost unutar obitelji,
mijenjaju se individualne potrebe.

Private spaces are substituted with diffuse usage

spaces (work from home), which leads to the
conversion of housing space, multi-functionality.
Constant fluctuation of workforce related to economic
instability is also present and that causes changes in
relation to private property, people accept the idea of
mobility as a way of life. Evolution in social behavior
demands changes in the concept of designing modern
housing, but also calls for new concepts in relations
between housing and environment. Heterogeneity,
multi-functionality, are the features of the new
housing, difference openness, flexibility,
industrialization and individuality are replacing
homogeneity, specialization, manufacture work and
collectivity.

Privatni prostor zamjenjuje se difuznim servisnim

prostorima (rad kod kue), to dovodi do konverzije
stambenih prostora. Uz to je prisutna konstantna
fluktuacija radne snage vezana na ekonomsku
nestabilnost to vodi do prihvaanje ideje o mobilnosti
i promjenama u odnosu prema privatnom vlasnitvu.
Evolucija u socijalnom ponaanju trai promjene u
konceptu dizajna suvremenog stanovanja, ali isto tako i
novih koncepata odnosa izmeu stanovanja i okolia.
Heterogenost, polifunkcionalnost, polivalentnost odlike su novog naina stanovanja razliitost,
otvorenost,
fleksibilnost,
industrijalizacija
i
individualnost zamjenjuju homogenost, specijalizaciju,
manufakturni rad i kolektivizam.

Architecture is marked by constant changes, by

people who know what they want and make
decisions. People want their own home, not only to
satisfy their primary needs, such as basic protection,
but a home which will express their identity, a space
with which they can identify. When a family moves
into a flat, they fit it out according to their tastes and
practical needs.
In that sense, flexibility, adaptability and variability
are the first and necessary step in creating adequate
housing space.

Arhitekturu obiljeava konstantno mijenjanje, ljudi

znaju to ele i donose odluke. Ljudi ele vlastiti dom,
ne samo kao zadovoljenje primarnih potreba, kao
osnovnu zatitu, ve "dom" koji e izraziti njihov
identitet, prostor s kojim e se identificirati. Kad obitelj
useli u stan, uredi ga u skladu sa svojim ukusom i
praktinim potrebama.

Digital technologies are transforming nature and the

aims of architectural thinking and creativity, erasing
the relation between substance and data, between real
and virtual, between organic and inorganic, and they
lead us into a volatile territory from which rich
innovative forms are born.

Digitalne tehnologije transformiraju prirodu i ciljeve

arhitektonskog razmiljanja i kreativnosti, briui
odnos izmeu tvari i podataka, izmeu realnog i
virtualnog, izmeu organskog i neorganskog i vode nas
u nestabilni teritorij iz kojega se raaju bogate,
inovativne forme.

However, the influence of new technologies is less

visible in the concept of contemporary housing. Even
in the examples of implementing new technologies in
housing, spatial organization has been little changed.

Meutim, utjecaj novih tehnologija nije toliko vidljiv u

konceptu suvremenog stanovanja. ak i u primjerima
implementacije nove tehnologije u stanovanje,
organizacija prostora sukladno tome nije doivjela
gotovo nikakve promjene.

Experiments in housing are rare, but research of new

(experimental) spatial systems in accordance with
the needs and wishes of their inhabitants must be the
architects obligation.

Eksperimenti u stanovanju su rijetki, ali istraivanje

novih (eksperime ntalnih) prostornih sustava
sukladno promjenama potreba, elja i aspiracija
korisnika stanova mora biti obaveza arhitekata.

New concepts or housing are being explored, in

which flexibility, ecology (sustainable development)
and virtuality play a crucial role, demonstrating a new
way of thinking about urban living, and offering a
new way of life for the start of the 21st century.

Istrauju se novi koncepti stanovanja u kojima

su fleksibilnost, ekologija (odrivi razvoj) i virtualnost
od presudnog znaaja, te ukazuju na novi nain
razmiljanja o urbanom ivljenju i pruaju novi nain
ivota na poetku 21. stoljea.

The new concept is marked by multi-functionality in

usage, implementation of ICT, contemporary design,
with the use of state-of-the-art technologies.
Disposition in place of composition, reactive spaces,
evolving, artificial, global and local spaces, which can
respond to the needs of modern man.

Novi koncept odlikuje multifunkcionalnost u

nainu koritenja, implementacija IT, suvremeni dizajn
uz koritenje najsuvremenijih dostupnih tehnologija.
Dispozicija umjesto kompozicije, reaktivni prostori,
evolutivni, artificijelni, apstraktni, globalni i lokalni
prostori koji mogu odgovoriti zahtjevima suvremenog

U tom smislu, fleksibilnost, prilagodljivost i

varijabilnost prvi su i nuan korak u stvaranju
adekvatnog stambenog prostora.

ovjeka.
Bits and Bricks architecture
Gerhard Schmidt predicts that architecture in 2010
will inevitably fall into three classes: physical, virtual
and hybrid bits and bricks architecture However,
bits and bricks architecture will ultimately
predominate most buildings will have thousands of
sensors, processors, and software integrated in their
structure. They will be monitored, controlled and
protected by computers and communicate with
inhabitants and other buildings. Their aim will be to
optimize the use of resources and the comfort of the
environment they are providing through active and
reactive behavior. [1]

Arhitektura "bits and bricks"

Gerhard Schmidt predvia da e arhitektura 2010.
neizbjeno biti podijeljena u tri klase: fiziku, virtualnu
i hibridnu arhitekturu 'bitova i cigli' No, arhitektura
'bitova i cigli' naposljetku e prevladati - veina
zgrada imat e na tisuu senzora, procesora i softvera
ugraenih u svoje strukturu. Bit e nadzirane,
kontrolirane i zatiene raunalima te e komunicirati
sa stanarima i drugim zgradama. Njihov cilj bit e
optimizacija uporabe resursa i udobnosti okolia koji
pruaju kroz aktivno i reaktivno ponaanje." [1]

In exploring new housing concepts for modern man

and virtual models of housing, we can see different
focuses of interest: flexibility, ecology (sustainable
development), virtuality, technological equipment,
pre-fabrication, concepts of intelligent
surroundings, VR systems, implementation of ICT.

U istraivanju novih koncepata stanovanja za

suvremenog ovjeka te virtualnih modela stanovanja,
vidljiva su razliita usmjerenja interesa: fleksibilnost,
ekologija (odrivi razvoj), virtualnost, tehnoloka
opremljenost, prefabrikacija, koncepti inteligentnih
okolia, sistemi VR, implementacija ICT-a i sl.

Housing of the future develops with the development

of new technologies. The concept of future housing is
far more than the automation of homes. The
automation of homes is primarily the optimization of
the use of household apparel and is yet an integral
segment of modern housing but an insufficient one.
Development and exploration of new concepts of
modern living can generally be divided into three
groups, which interact along the way
1. Forming of physical space through the existing,
currently available notions about technicaltechnological capabilities.
2. Creating more complex forms of space in which
we live automatic air-conditioning, in the realm
of static and physical
3. Conceptual research of architectural spaces of the
future, step towards new systems through
application of dynamic shapes and complex
forms.

Stanovanje budunosti razvija se sa razvojem novih

tehnologija. Koncept stanovanja budunosti daleko je
vie od automatizacije doma. Automatizacija doma u
prvom redu optimizira koritenje kunih ureaja i
sastavni je segment suvremenog stanovanja, ali
nedovoljan.
Razvoj i istraivanje novih koncepata modernog
ivljenja moemo oenito podijeliti u tri skupine, koje
"putem" surauju:
1. Formiranje fizikog prostora kroz postojee,
trenutno prisutne spoznaje o tehniko-tehnolokim
mogunostima.
2. Stvaranje sloenijih oblika prostora u kojima
obitavamo- klimatroni, u domeni statikog i fizikog.
3. Konceptualna istraivanja arhitektonskih prostora
budunosti, iskorak u nove sustave kroz primjenu
dinamikih oblika i kompleksnih formi.

The first group, which we could easily call bits and

bricks architecture, covers a wide area of research
and application.

Prva skupina, koju jednostavno moemo nazvati

arhitekturom 'bitova i cigli1, pokriva irok spektar
istraivanja i primjene.

First and foremost in the group are flexible systems,

finding mechanical possibilities for applying layout
organization through sliding sides or furniture, whose
origins we can trace to 1930s works by Rietweld and
Le Corbusier.

Prvi i najvaniji u grupi su fleksibilni sustavi,

pronalaenje mehanikih mogunosti za primjenu
potankog plana organizacije pomou kliznih stijena ili
namjetaja, a iji poetak moemo potraiti u djelima
Rietwelda i Le Corbusiera iz 30-ih godina prolog
stoljea.

New concepts are being developed of intelligent

environment, a smart dwelling of the future, which

Razvijaju se koncepti inteligentnih okolia, a smart

dwelling of the future, koji sadre skup dostignua

contain a group of achievements of contemporary IT,

new intelligent materials, intelligent dynamic
membranes, LED and LCD screens instead of walls.
Virtual Reality systems become part of our private
and professional life.
In many contexts, the physical has been replaced by
digital, electronic, virtual so that the known physical
materials are replaced by digital variants. The new
digital era demands that we stop thinking about walls
as solid, static elements. The traditional wall is a
permanent, static structure protecting us from
external impacts. The technologically innovative wall
contains sensors, it is dynamic and reacts to changes
happening in the environment. The traditional firm
wall functions like a barrier to information flow while
on the other hand the interactive modern wall
becomes a transmitter, it receives and sends
information. The wall becomes an interface.
According to James Wines, the wall must become a
filter that receives and transmits a wealth of
information just like a television. [2]
Linked to dematerialisation the opinion of Bernard
Tschumi is interesting, who in an article in
Architecture and Disjunction suggests...spatiality
that is not based any more on the pressure of the
wall's materiality but spatiality for the free movement
of the body. How can anybody create an object in
time when the technology of the contruction becomes
less relevant than the construction of the
technology? 6
There is little doubt that intelligent homes are the
future of architecture. However, todays examples of
intelligent homes look like any other kind of
building from the outside. What makes them so
special is that they use highly advanced computer
technology to make all familiar aspects of the
building (ie heating appliances, lights etc) more
convenient and efficient. What has been implemented
today is little more than a collection of high-tech
appliances, or automation. Bill Gates house is a
perfect example of the implementation of modern
ICT technologies.
In engineering-technical sense, Product and
Process Modeling has been accepted as the final
solution which should bring construction work closer
to highly industrialized productions like automobiles,
shipbuilding and the like. It is precisely the
automobile industry, with its technological
development, mass production and pre-fabrication,

suvremene IT, nove inteligentne materijale, pojavljuju

se inteligentne dinamike opne, LED i LCD ekrani
umjesto zidova. Sistemi Virtualne Realnosti postaju
sastavni dio profesionalnog i privatnog ivota.
U mnogim kontekstima, fiziko je zamijenjeno
digitalnim, elektronikim, virtualnim, tako da su
poznati fiziki materijali zamijenjeni digitalnim
varijantama. Novo digitalno doba zahtijeva da
prestanemo razmiljati o zidovima kao solidnim,
statinim
elementima.
Tradicionalni
zid
je
permanentna, statika struktura koja nas titi od
vanjskih utjecaja. Tehnoloki inovativni zid je sazdan
od senzora, on je dinamian i reaktivan u idnosu na
promjene u okoliu. Tradicionalni vrsti zid
funkcionira kao barijera protoku informacija, dok s
druge strane interaktivni suvremeni zid postaje
transmitter, on prima I odailje informacije. Zid
postaje interface. Kako kae James Wines, "zid mora
postati filtar koji prima i prenosi bogatstvo
informacija... poput televizije."[2]
Vezujui se na dematerijalizaciju zanimljivo je
miljenje Bernard Tschumia koji u lanku Architecture
and Disjunction predlae (...) prostornost koja nije
vie temeljena na pritisku materijalnosti zidova, ve
prostornost kao slobodno kretanje tijela. Kako netko
moe kreirati objekt u vremenu kada tehnologija
konstrukcije postaje manje relevantna od konstrukcije
tehnologije? 6
Nema sumnje da su 'inteligentne kue'
budunost arhitekture. No, dananji primjeri
'inteligentnih domova' izgledaju kao bilo koja druga
zgrada izvana. Ono to ih ini posebnima jest uporaba
visoko napredne tehnologije u svrhu stvaranja
prikladnijih i uinkovitijih poznatih aspekata zgrade
(npr. grijanje, prikljuci, svjetlo, itd.). Ono to je danas
izvedeno nije puno vie od kolekcije high-tech (visoko
tehnolokih) ureaja. Kua Billa Gatesa savren je
primjer primjene modernih ICT tehnolgija.

U
ininjersko-tehnikom
smislu,
Modeliranje
proizvoda i procesa (Product and Process Modeling)
prihvaeno je kao konano rjeenje koje bi graditeljsku
struku trebalo pribliiti visoko industrijaliziranim
strukama poput automobilske, brodograevne i slinih.
Upravo je automobilska industrija sa svojim
tehnolokim razvojem, masovnom produkcijom i
prefabrikacijom, te nainom pristupa korisnicima,

Andreas Papadakis & James Steele: Architecture of Today, Academy editions, London,1991.

Andreas Papadakis & James Steele: Architecture of Today, Academy editions, London,1991.

and approach to end-users offering them choices

that inspired architects in developing the concept of
catalogued houses.

nudei im mogunost izbora, izvor inspiracije

arhitektima u razvoju koncepta kue iz kataloga".
Product and Process Modelling

Product and Process Modelling

Product and Process Modelling is a group of IT
platforms, standards, procedure tools and services of
a building object, which contain all necessary
structured data for its entire lifetime. Such an
approach, also known as interoperability, makes
possible an efficient and unambiguous exchange of
data among participants and their expert-specific
models (e.g. extracting data from architectural model
into a model for structural analysis, utilities, cost
analyses, implementation etc).
Interoperability is a state of man-made
environment on the level of todays realization of
technological possibilities and is nearing the global
maximum. A step into futurology era is a replacement
of physical and known parts, which are part of
interoperability system, with new parts and that is
the subject of new research.

Modeliranje proizvoda i proces predstavlja skup IT

platformi, standarda, procedura alata i servisa
odreenog graevinskog proizvoda (objekta) koji
sadri potrebne strukturirane podatke tijekom itavog
njegovog ivotnog ciklusa. Ovakav pristup, poznat pod
pojmom interoperabilnost, omoguava efikasnu i
jednoznanu razmjenu podataka meu uesnicima i
njihovim struno-specifinim modelima (primjerice,
ekstrahiranje podataka iz arhitektonskog modela u
model za strukturalnu analizu, instalacije, trokovne
analize, izvedbu itd.)
Interoperabilnost jest stanje po ovjeku
stvorene okoline na razini dananje spoznaje o
tehniko-tehnolokim mogunostima i pribliava se
svjetskom maksimumu. Korak u futuroloku eru jest
zamjena fizikih i poznatih dijelova koji su dio sustava
interoperabilnosti novim dijelovima i to je predmet
novih istraivanja.
Simulation and analisis tools

Simulation and analisis tools

kons
kons

3D model

3D model

4D
4D

A n al i ze

A n al i ze

Figure 1: Actar housing - 5 m'houses nantes 98-03

this project of housing is presented like a "menu"
of interchangeable modulesthey can be combined
by juxtaposition and superposition, and offer a
limitless number of configurations based on the
variation of a limited number of standard spaces and
flexible technical elements (accumulators, fitted
walls, vertical circulation systems). the theme of
the "catalogue house" is here.

Slika 1: Actar - housing: 5 m'houses nantes 98-03

"(...) ovaj stambeni projekt predstavljen je kao
"izbornik" meusobno zamjenjivih modula... koji se
mogu kombinirati jukstapozicijom i superpozicijom, a
nude neogranien broj konfiguracija utemeljenih na
varijaciji ogranienog broja standardnih prostora i
fleksibilnih tehnikih elemenata (akumulatora,
montiranih
zidova,
vertikalnih
cirkulacijaskih
sustava). Tema "kataloke kue" je ovdje.

Figure 2: Ana Vukovi Appartment building,

pansko, Zagreb student project
house with fixed construction and limited
numbers od different moduls 2.4x4.2 m plug in
system with great flexibility

Figure 3: Alenka Deli - Blocks of flats, Delnice,

project within a Reconstruction Ministry statesubsidized building project (POS)
...dwelings are transformable, open systems, adapted
to the evolution and the dynamicy of its users

ACTAR ARQUITECTURA n.3: barcelona 2004

housing block se

A new volume liberating public space, balances the

increased built surface with an open-covered area. as
a double block the solution permits a treatment in the
faades that mixes the interior garden, the street and
private spaces as a "cohabitation" of uses. the
building as a sliding system of strips is a combination
of rail and abc systems experimented (gausa, manuel:
housing, nuevas alternativas, nuevos sistemas, ed.
actar, 1998) in other projects. the interior distribution
is defined by three specialized areas: water, patios
and kitchens are laid in an "opaque" way; the second
area hostes as a big void rest, relations and working
places; and a filter space between interior and exterior
is placed as a last strip
House_n
One of the biggest research projects of
intelligent homes is certainly House_n Changing
places, a research consortium at the Massachussets
Institute of Technology explores how new
technologies, materials and strategies for design can
make possible dynamic, evolving places that respond
to the complexity of life. An expansion of House_n:

Slika 2: Ana Vukovi Stambena zgrada, pansko,

Zagreb studentski projekt
kua fiksne konstrukcije i ogranienim brojem
razliitih modula 2.4x4.2 m "plug in" sustav velike
fleksibilnosti

Slika 3: Alenka Deli blokovi stanova, Delnice,

projekt u okviru Ministarstva graditeljstva kao Program
drutveno poticajne stanogradnje (POS)
...stanove je mogue transformirati, sistemi su otvoreni,
prilagoeni razvoju i dinamici korisnika

ACTAR ARQUITECTURA - housing block se n.3:

barcelona 2004
Novi volumen koji oslobaa javni prostor, balansira
poveanu graevnu povrinu s otvorenim prostorima.
Kao dvostruki blok ovakvo rjeenje doputa tretman
proelja koji omoguuje mijeanje unutarnjih dvorita,
ulice i privatnog prostora kao "kohabitat" koritenja.
Zgrada je, kao klizni sustav zona, eksperimentalna
kombinacija tranog i abc sustava (gausa, manuel:
housing, nuevas alternativas, nuevos sistemas, ed.
actar, 1998) u drugim projektima. Unutarnji raspored
definiran je s tri specijalizirana podruja: voda, patio i
kuhinja smjeteni su u "tminu", drugo podruje tvori
velik slobodan prostor, za rad i druenje; prosotor koji
slui kao filter izmeu vanjskog i unutarnjeg prostora
inin zadnji trak.
House_n
Jedan od najveih istraivakih projekata
'inteligentnih domova' zasigurno je House_n-Changing
Places, "istraivaki konzorcij pri Institut tehnologije u
Massachussetsu (MIT), koji istrauje na koji nain
nove tehnologije, materijali i dizajnerske strategije
omoguuju stvaranje dinamikih, evoluirajuih
prostora koji odgovaraju kompleksnosti ivota.

The MIT Home of the Future Consortium, this joint

Media Laboratory and Department of Architecture
Consortium emphasizes links between the home and
places of healing, work, learning and community!
[3]

Nastavak tog projekta jest Konzorcij House_n: The

MIT Home of the Future, zajedniki konzorcij
Medijskog laboratorija i Ministarstva arhitekture, koji
naglaava vezu izmeu doma i mjesta za ozdravljanje,
rad, uenje i zajednitvo!" [3]

House_n research is focused on how the

design of the home and its related technologies,
products, and services should evolve to better meet
the opportunities and challenges of the future.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology researchers are
investigating methods for merging new technologies
with person-centered design. They are generating new
ideas, technologies, and methodologies that support
the creation of innovative products and services that
satisfy the emerging and future needs of people as
they live in their homes. This broad research
approach is leading to innovative product ideas that
are unlikely to be uncovered in more narrowlyfocused industries or research endeavors. To facilitate
these studies, a unique "living laboratory" residential
home research facility called the PlaceLab has been
constructed near MIT.

Istraivanje House_n usredotoeno je na

pitanje kako da projektiranje kue i s tim vezane
tehnologije, proizvodi i usluge evoluiraju, a da na to
bolji nain odgovore na prilike i izazove budunosti.
Istraivai Massachusetts Institute of Technology
prouavaju metode spajanja novih tehnologija s
projektiranjem koje u sreditu ima osobu. Oni stvaraju
nove ideje, tehnologije i metodologije koje potiu
stvaranje inovativnih proizvoda i usluga kako bi
zadovoljili novonastale, budue potrebe ljudi to e se
javljati s vremenom, kako e ljudi due ivjeti u svojim
domovima. Ovaj irok pristup istraivanju vodi k
inovativnim idejama za proizvode koje bi se teko
javile u usko-fokusiranim industrijama ili istraivakim
pothvatima. Kao pomo ovim istraivanjima nedaleko
MIT-a podignut je jedinstveni ivi laboratorij,
istraivaki stambeni objekt nazvan PlaceLab.

The problem of our epoch

our epoch
is the problem
problem
of the house
electronically mediated house
Le Corbusier (1919)
(2000)

Problem nae epohe

jest problem
kue
posredovane
Le Corbusier (1919)

The problem of
is

the

of

the

Problem nae epohe

jest problem
elektroniki
kue
House_n (2000)

House_n

Dr. Kent Larson i prof. Chris Luebkemann, direktori

grupe, ele da se kua razvija sa specifikacijama koje
Dr. Kent Larson and Professor Ch
su skinute s Interneta, tako da pojedinci mogu
Luebkeman, the joint directors of the group, want t
dizajnirati i naruiti komponente koje ele vidjeti u
house to evolve with specifications pulled down from t
svojem domu. "Cilj nam je pomoi ljudima da stvore
internet so that individuals can design and order t
prijateljske domove koji razmiljaju i koriste
components they want to see at home. The aim is to he
najnapredniju tehnologiju i koji su prilagoeni
people to create state-of-the-art, evironmentally friendl
njihovim potrebama i depovima. Ono to je za to
thinking homes tailored to their needs and their pocke
potrebno jest revolucionarno - kua koja vas prati
What it involves is revolutionary a house that monito
elektronikim ivanim sustavom, razumije vas
you with an electronic nervous system, understands y
koristei sofisticiranu kompjutersku tehnologiju i
using sophisticated computer techniques and adapts itse
prilagoava se starenju s vama." [3]
to grow old with you. [3]

MIT House_n The changing home, rendering by Ke

MIT House_n - The changing home, rendering by Kent

Larson

Larson

The PlaceLab Sensor data, including temperature,

humidity, and cabinet accesses, displayed on the
PlaceLab floorplan

Podaci PlaceLab senzora ukljuuju prikaz temperature,

vlage, pristup kabinetu na tlocrtu PlaceLab

The mission of House_n is to conduct research by

designing and building real living environments "living labs" - that are used to study technology and
design strategies in context. The PlaceLab is a joint
MIT and TIAX, LLC initiative. It is a residential
condominium in Cambridge, Massachusetts, designed
to be a highly flexible and multi-disciplinary
observational research facility for the scientific study
of people and their interaction patterns with new
technologies and home environments.

Misija projekta Hause_n je provoenje istraivanja na

nain da dizajnira i gradi okoli stvarnog ivljenja
"living labs" koji se koriste za prouavanje
tehnologije i projektantskih strategija u kontekstu.
PlaceLab zajednika je inicijativa MIT i TIAX, LLC.
To je rezidencijalni kondomnij u Cambridgeu,
Massachusetts, projektiran na nain da bude visoko
fleksibilan i multidisciplinaran objekt za promatranje i
istraivanje u svrhu znanstvenog prouavanja ljudi i
njihove interakcije s novim tehnologijama i domom.

House_n innovations - development of factoryproduced building components.

Inovacije
House_n
graevinskih

razvoj

prefabriciranih
elemenata

prototypical Energy Producing Wall component made

of layers of new materials, including thin-film
photovoltaics and clear acrylic insulation.

Komponente prototipnog energetskog zida Energy

Producing Wall napravljene su od slojeva novih
materijala, ukljuujui tanke fotovoltaine slojeve i
prozirnu akrilnu izolaciju

Pitanje vizualne umjetnosti/oblikovanja dominantno

je kod arhitekata, osobito kad govorimo o arhitekturi
novo uspostavljenih sustava. Today we are talking
about visual art/ shaping, through utility. This
question of visual art/ shaping is predominate for
architects, especially when we speak about
architecture of newly-established systems.

Pitanje vizualne umjetnosti/oblikovanja dominantno je

kod arhitekata, osobito kad govorimo o arhitekturi
novo uspostavljenih sustava. Danas govorimo o
vizualnoj umjetnosti/oblikovanju putem korisnosti.
Pitanje vizualne umjetnosti/oblikovanja dominira
arhitekturom, pogotovo kad govorimo o arhitekturi
novo utemeljenih sustava.

SLIKA

 SLIKA

Figure 3: awg Alles Wird Gut - House like car

catalog:
Our goal was to combine the various advantages of bot
industries - housing and automobile - and create a new
experimental way of lifestyle: the turnOn !! A series of
revolving modules - like giant hamster-wheels - contain
all living-programs. no distinction anymore between wa
floor or ceiling - just one transitional space, all in one, a
at the same time! a maximum of flexibility and spaceexperience on minimal footprint. anything is possible whether sleeping, working, parties or offroad-jogging
with integrated landscape. have a look at the great offer
and design your own home simply by adding as many
modules as you want

Slika 3: awg Alles Wird Gut (Sve e biti u redu)

"katalog za auto" koji nalikuje kui:
"Cilj nam je bio kombinirati razliite prednosti obje
industrije - stambene i automobilske - kako bismo
stvorili novi ekspermentalni ivotni stil: tzv. turnOn!!seriju krunih modula - poput ogromnih kotaa za
hrka - koji sadravaju sve ivue programe. nema vie
razlika izmeu zidova, podova i stropa - samo jedan
tranzicijski prostor, sve u jednom, sve u isto vrijeme!
maksimalna fleksibilnost i iskustvo prostora na
minimalnom otisku. sve je mogue - bilo spavanje, rad,
zabave ili off-road doging s ugraenim kraojlikom.
pogledajte odlinu ponudu i dizajnirajte sami svoj dom
jednostavno dodajui koliko god elite modula"
SLIKE

SLIKE

Slika 4: Kas Oosterhuis, Ilona Lenard -VARIOMATIC

Figure 4: Kas Oosterhuis, Ilona Lenard -VARIOMATICL(andscape) S(culpture),Zoetermeer, Nizozemska,
L(andscape) S(culpture),Zoetermeer, Netherlands, 2000 2000: Ovaj novi koncept kataloke kue elastian je u
This new concept for a catalogue house is elastic in all svim smjerovima. U visini, dubini i irini. Klijent je taj
directions. In height, depth and width. The clients define koji definira [...] sveukupne dimenzije kue, gdje se
[...] the overall dimensions of the house, the place where nalazi kuhinja ili gdje se instalira solarni bojler. Osim
the kitchen should be or to install a solar water-heater. toga mogu birati izmeu puno razliitih materijala i
They can moreover choose among many materials and boja za konano oblikovanje volumena: trska, drvo,
colours to finish the volumes: reed, wood, metal, tiles, metal, ploice, PVC. (...). Kupac je dizajner - suradnik
PVC. (...) The buyers being co-designers

Bits and bricks architecture has its extension in

conceptual research of architectural spaces of the
future
Some artistic and designing institutions and
architectural bureaus are starting to discover new
levels of the application of computer, which emerge
while treating the computer as a medium in its own
right. New generations of architects, or natural born
CAD designers, as they are called by Christian
Pongratz and Maria Rita Perbelini, are using the

Arhitektura "bits and bricks" nastavlja se u

konceptualnom
istraivanju
arhitektonskog
prostora u budunosti
Neke umjetnike i dizajnerske institucije i
arhitektonski biroi poinju otkrivati nove razine
primjene raunala koje se pojavljuju kad se raunalo
tretira kao zaseban medij. Nove generacije arhitekata,
ili "roenih CAD diazjnera", kako su ih nazvali
Christian Pongratz i Maria Rita Perbellini,
upotrebljavaju raunalo kao kreativni medij koji moe
proizvesti fascinantne nove ideje i potpuno
neoekivane oblike.

computer as a creative medium able to generate

fascinating new designing ideas and utterly
unexpected forms.
Just like avant-garde architects of the 20th century
designed architecture for the Industrial era, so avantgarde architects of today find transformative, poetic
and pragmatic answers to technology, urban grid and
post-mechanic processes of the Information era. New
spatial routines and urban codes are being developed
for a world that is both fixed and mobile, located and
dislocated at the same time. This is neither
revolutionary nor utopian architecture, it is an
architecture of evolution, contextualization in
transmutation. Their research is crucial for our
perception and for understanding space, material
quality and time at the start of the new millennium.
Peter Zellner. [4]
With their boundless imaginations and sophisticated
computer programs, todays most innovative
architects are working on innovative conceptual
designs that could be very hard to realize in the
physical world in the moment. Still, these forwardthinking projects undoubtedly exert important
influence on the architectural climate.
In 1960s, Marshall McLuhan said that our clothing
and shelter are the extended form of our skin. From
old times, architecture has served as a means of
adjusting ourselves to the natural environment. The
contemporary architecture needs to function, in
addition, as a means to adjust ourselves to the
information environment. It must function as the
extended form of the skin in relation to both nature
and information environment. Architecture today
must be a media suitPeople clad in such media
suits
are
the
Tarzans
in
the
media
forestArchitecture in Electronic Age is an Extended
Form of Media Suit. Toyo Ito [5]

Figure 5: Greg Lynn - Embryologic Space

Kao to su avangardni arhitekti 20.-og stoljea

projektirali arhitekturu za Industrijsko doba, tako
"dananji
avangardni
arhitekti
pronalaze
transformativne, poetike i pragmatike odgovore na
tehnologiju, urbani mete i post-mehanike procese
Informatikog doba. Nove prostorne rutine i urbani
kodovi razvijaju se za svijet koji je podjednako fiksan i
mobilan, lociran i dislociran u isto vrijeme. To nije ni
revolucionarna ni utopijska arhitektura, ve arhitektura
evolucije, kontekstualizacije u transmutaciji. Njihova
su istraivanja krucijalna za nau percepciju i
razumijevanje prostora. kvalitete materijala i vremena
na poetku novog tisuljea." Peter Zellner. [4]

Svojom neogranienom matom i sofisticiranim

kompjuterskim programima, dananji najinovativniji
arhitekti rade na inovativnim konceptualnim dizajnima
koje bi sada bilo vrlo teko realizirati u fizikom
svijetu. Ipak, ti napredni projekti bez sumnje imaju
veliki utjecaj na arhitektonsku klimu.
1960-ih Marsall McLuhan je rekao da su naa odjea i
sklonita produljeni obilici nae koe. "Od davnine je
arhitektura sluila kao sredstvo naeg prilagoavanja
prirodnom okruju. Suvremena arhitektura mora, pored
toga, funkcionirati kao sredstvo naeg prilagoavanja
informacijskom okruju. Mora funkcionirati kao kao
produljeni oblik koe u odnosu na prirodu i na
informacijsko okruje- Dananja arhitektura mora biti
medijsko odijelo... Ljudi odjeveni u takva medijska
odijela su Tarzani u medijskoj dungli... Arhitektura u
Elektronskom dobu produljeni je oblik medijskog
odijela." Toyo Ito [5]

Slika 5: Greg Lynn - Embryologic Space (Embrioloki

prostor
"This domestic interior is enclosed in a
surface composed of over 2048 panels all of which
are unique in their shape and size. These individual
panels are networked to one another so that a change
in any individual panel is transmitted throughout
every other panel in the set so that they are always
both connected and variable. The variations to this
surface are virtually endless, yet in each variation
there are always a constant number of panels with a
consistent relationship to their neighboring panels.
The volume is defined as a soft flexible surface of
curves rather than as a fixed set or rigid points.
Instead of cutting window and door openings into this
surface, an alternative strategy of torn, shredded and
louvered openings were invented that allowed for
openings that respected the soft geometry of the
curved envelopes. Any dent or concavity is
seamlessly integrated into the openings and apertures
of the surface. The curved chips of the envelope are
made of wood, polymers, and steel all of which is
fabricated with robotic computer controlled milling
and high pressure water jet cutting machinery. "

Ova unutranjost kuanstva zatvorena je u povrini

koja se sastoji od preko 2048 panela, od kojih je svaki
jedinstven po obliku i veliini. Ti individualni paneli
umreeni su jedan s drugim tako da se bilo kakva
promjena u jednom od panela prenosi kroz svaki drugi
panel u setu, tako da su uvijek oboje povezani i
varijabilni. Varijacije na ovoj povrini doslovce su
virtualno bezgranine no u svakoj varijanti postoji
konstantan broj panela sa konzistentnom vezom sa
sljedeim panelom. Volumen je definiran vie kao
njena, fleksibilna povrina nego kao fiksni niz krutih
toki. Umjesto urezivanja otvora za vrata i prozore u
povrinu izmiljena je alternativna strategija rastrganih,
usitnjenih i rebrastih otvora koja doputa otvore koji
potuju meku geometriju zaobljenih omotnica. Sva
udubljenja ili ispupenja glatko su integrirana u otvore
i lukove povrine. Zaobljeni komadii omotnice
nainjeni su od drva, polimera i elika, koji se
proizvode sa strojevima za kompjuterski kontrolirano
robotiko mljevenje i visokotlane mlazove vode."
Zaobljeni komadii omotnice nainjeni su od drva,
polimera i elika, koji se proizvode s mainerijom za
kompjuterski kontrolirano robotiko mljevenje i
visokotlane mlazove vode."

According to Christian N. Schultz,

architecture is at a junction between inner and outer
space. We are again returning to the Modern art and
the example of Mies Van Der Rohe The Farnswort
house a house that cancels the boundaries between
inner and outer space.

Prema Christianu N. Schultzu, arhitektura je

na raskru izmeu unutanjeg i vanjskog prostora.
Ponovno se vraamo modernoj umjetnosti i primjeru
Miesa Van Der Rohea - kui Farnswort - kui koja
brie granice izmeu unutranjeg i vanjskog prostora.

ICT revolution, designing with the computer, has

changed the materiality of surfaces, new materials are
introduced, walls are becoming dynamic interactive
surfaces. New dematerialized systems of spatial
definition are emerging. Related to dematerialization,
there is an interesting opinion by Bernard Tschumi,
who proposes the following in an article entitled
Architecture and Disjunction: Spatiality which is no
longer based on the pressure of materiality of walls, it
is spatiality as free movement of the body. How can
someone create an object in time when technology of
the construction becomes less relevant than the
construction of technology? [6]
Membranes and epidermis become part of the
immaterial, is that a picture of the future? Protection
of the future, membranes of the digital era, will
perhaps become electromagnetic waves, gas
architecture, architecture of different frequencies, air
screens The development of the membranes of the
future must be linked to the fundamental research in

ICT revolucija, dizajniranje raunalom,

promijenila je materijalnost ploha, uvedeni su novi
materijali, zidovi su postali dinamine interaktivne
plohe. Pojavljuju se novi dematerijalizirani sustavi
prostornog

definiranja.

dematerijalizaciju,

postoji

Vezano
zanimljivo

uz

miljenje

Bernarda Tschumija, koji predlae sljedee u

svom lanku nazvanom Arhitektura i disjunkcija:
"prostornost koja se vie ne temelji na pritisku
materijalnosti

zidova

jest

prostornost

kao

slobodan pokret tijela. Kako netko moe stvoriti

objekt u vremenu kada tehnologija konstrukcije
postaje

manje

tehnologije?" [6]

relevantnom

od

konstrukcije

the physics. Such research can serve for creating a

micro-cosmos an idea of protective space in the
sense of environmental influences. Architectural
bodies
become
interactive,
intelligent
and
programmable. They are HYPERBODIES, i.e. a
programmable building body that changes shape and
content in real-time.
Buildings always should have been stable like rocks
and adapt to the current or what is more inportant
withstand it. Let us only think about the fact that the
use of buildings can be changed more than we ever
thought it would be possible, in a way that the
conditions are not changed.
The architecture of today should be programmed that
such an architecture becomes e-motive, in order to
become a play for more participants because I am
sure that architecture will become dissipated.

ivot u zgradi na neki je nain performance, jer i

zgrada i njen stanar sudjeluju u istoj igri.
Kas Oosterhuis [7]

Membrane i "epiderma" postaju dio nebitnog, je li to

slika budunosti? Zatita budunosti, membrane
digitalnog doba, moda e postati elektromagnetski
valovi, plinovita arhitektura, arhitektura razliitih
frekvencija, zrani titovi... Razvoj membrana
budunosti mora biti povezan s temeljnim
istraivanjima u fizici. Takva istraivanja mogu sluiti
stvaranju mikrokozmosa - ideje o zatitnom prostoru u
smislu utjecaja iz okolia. "Arhitektonska tijela postaju
interaktivna, inteligentna i moe ih se programirati.
Ona su HIPERTIJELA, tj. programirano graevno
tijelo koje mijenja oblik i sadraj u stvarnom vremenu."

Zgrade su uvijek trebale biti postojane poput stijene i

prilagoditi se strujanju, odnosno to je jo vanije
oduprijeti se istom. Zamislimo da se koritenje zgrade
moe mijenjati jo vie no to smo to nekada smatrali
moguim, a na nain da se ne mijenjaju uvijet.
Arhitekturu dananjice treba programirati kako bi
takva arhitekutra postala e-motiv, kako bi bila igra za
vie sudionika, jer arhitektura e postati razuzdana,
siguran sam.
ivot u zgradi na neki je nain performance, jer i
zgrada i njen stanar sudjeluju u istoj igri.
Kas Oosterhuis [7]

Figure 6: Kas Oosterhuis Active Innerskin (1999.)

This project develops an active interior skin that
could be used in a space-station module as a work and
living environment. the skin is a flexible membrane
an a data riven structure that works like a bundle of
muscles covered in LED and LCD panels that can
form images or text

Slika X: Kas Oosterhuis Active Innerskin (1999.)

Ovaj projekt razvija aktivnu unutranju kou koja bi
se mogla koristiti u modulu svemirske stanice kao
radni i ivotni okoli. koa je fleksibilna membrana i
struktura pokretana podacima koja funckionira kao
splet miia pokriven LED i LCD panelama koje
mogu uobliiti slike ili tekst

Figure 7: NOX - Maurice Nio and Lars Spuybruek:

Holoskin Concert Hall, Lille, France
Lars Spuybruek sees this unusual, undulating facade
as a beautiful dress, and it fits in well with his own
frequent use of non-Euclidean shapes in a largely
computer-generated architecture.
Instead of a conclusion life in the Digital Era
Within the context of contemplating concepts of the
housing of the future, it is also necessary to take into
account the development of genetic engineering,
artificial intelligence as an extension of the human
brain. Ecology, biology and nanotechnology now play
important roles in the conception of living.
Contraptions that will boost our senses are being
developed, robotics is advancing, and all of this is an
aspect of the computerization of our bodies. In the
17th century Robert Hooke clearly foresaw these
changes. In the foreword to Micrographia, 1665, he
wrote: The next step we have to take, while
respecting our senses, is to complement their
weaknesses by Instruments, by adding artificial
organs to the natural ones. And just like eye glasses

Slika X: NOX - Maurice Nio i Lars Spuybruek:

Holoskin Concert Hall, Lille, France
Lars Spuybruek vidi ovu neobinu, valovitu fasadu kao
"prekrasnu haljinu", to pristaje uz njegovu estu
uporabu neeuklidovskih oblika u veinom raunalno
stvorenoj arhitekturi.

considerably improved our sight, it is not improbable

that there will be many mechanical inventions that
will improve other senses, hearing, smell, taste,
touch.
In this new world, we are all becoming cyborgs. The
architect of the future will have to satisfy
computerized, reconfigured virtual bodies that can
feel and act at a distance, but remain linked to the
immediate surroundings. Housing thus becomes a
research lab of the new architecture. We lack enough
experience from the past that could help us consider
the new digital future and way of life. Predicting
changes is an utterly thankless task. However, the
current findings, experience and the pace of changes
that have taken place in the last 50 years, are
heralding ever-faster changes.
We see the future in a gradual transition from
physical to the dematerialized, digital, virtual,
relational, futuristic.
And, perhaps, we should ask ourselves at the end:
Wont our bodies, however prosthetised, still retain
sufficient evolutionary disadvantages to make
architecture necessary in the future? Rene van Raalte
[8]
Citations and references
[1]
Schmidt G. in Engeli M - Bits and spaces,
Birkhuser, 2001.
[2]

James Wines in Prestinenza Puglisi L.HyperArchitecture Spaces in the Electronic

Age, Birkhuser 1999.

[3]

House_n - The MIT Home of the Future

Consortium,
http://architecture.mit.edu/house_n/

[4]

Zellner P.- Hybrid space, Thaames & Hudson

Ltd., London, 1999.

[5]

Ito I - Image of Architecture in Electronic Age,

http://www.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dm2kumdb/publish_db/books/va/english/virtual/01.h
tml

[6]

Tschumi B. in Papadakis A., Steele J. Architecture of Today, Academy editions,

London,1991.

[7]

Oosterhuis K. e-motive architecture,

HYPERBODY Research Group,
http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/hyperbody/

[8]

van Raalte R. www.nai.nl

[9]

Deli A. - Kompjutorska grafika u arhitekturi,

doktorska disertacija, Arhitektonski fakultet
Sveuilita u Zagrebu, 2000.

[10]

Gausa M. - Housing: new alternatives - new

Umjesto zakljuka - ivot u Digitalnom dobu

U kontekstu razmiljanja o konceptu stanovanja
budunosti potrebno je takoer se osvrnuti i na razvoj
genetskog inenjeringa, umjetne inteligencije kao
ekstenzije ljudskog mozga. Ekologija, biologija i
nanotehnologija danas igraju vane uloge u konceptu
ivljenja. Razvijaju se ureaji koji e pospjeiti naa
osjetila, robotika napreduje, a sve su to vidovi
kompjutorizacije naih tijela. U 17. stoljeu, Robert
Hooke je jasno predvidio ove promjene. U predgovoru
Micrographia, 1665. napisao je: Slijedei korak koji
moramo uiniti, respektirajui osjetila, je dopunjavanje
njihovih slabosti Instrumentima, dodavanje umjetnih
organa prirodnim... I kao to su naoale znatno
unaprijedile na vid, nije nevjerojatno da e doi do
mnogih mehanikih izuma koji e poboljati ostala
osjetila, sluh, miris, okus, dodir.

U tom novom svijetu svi postajemo cyborzi. Arhitekti

budunosti morat e zadovoljiti kompjutorizirana,
rekonfigurabilna virtualna tijela koja mogu osjeati i
djelovati na distanci, ali ostaju vezana na neposredno
okruje. W. Mitchell Stanovanje tako postaje
istraivaki laboratorij nove arhitekture. Nedostaje nam
iskustvo iz prolosti koje bi nam pomoglo u
razmatranju nove digitalne budunosti i naina ivota.
Predvianje promjena vrlo je nezahvalan zadatak. No,
trenutni pronalasci, iskustvo i ritam promjena koje su
se dogodile u posljednjih 50 godina najavljuju sve bre
promjene.
Vidimo budunost u postupnoj tranziciji od fizikog ka
dematerijaliziranom, digitalnom, virtualnom,
odnosnom, futuristikom.
I moda bi se na kraju trebali zapitati sljedee: " Nee
li naa tijela, iako puni proteza, i dalje sadravati
dovoljno evolucijskih nedostataka koja e arhitekturu i
u budunosti initi potrebnom? Rene van Raalte [8]

Citati i reference
[15]

Schmidt G. in Engeli M - Bits and spaces,

Birkhuser, 2001.

[16]

James Wines in Prestinenza Puglisi L.HyperArchitecture Spaces in the Electronic Age,

Birkhuser 1999.

[17]

House_n - The MIT Home of the Future

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