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J.McGANN
IN
This
The
i. The
Romantic
Agony
(Meridian
Books:
New
York,
i960),
pp.
26-27.
JEROME
J.McGANN
change.
that
everyone
iv and v.
Books
3. See Ovid, Metamorphoses,
4. Italienische
Reise, Pt. n, April
1788. Quoted
in Praz,
p. 46.
THE
OF THE
BEAUTY
MEDUSA
in the
of Leonardo
da Vinci
brated fragment "On the Medusa
5 is
in an
the best
Florentine Gallery"
of
point
departure
probably
sort.
of
this
investigation
I
on the
It lieth,
sky,
gazing
midnight
the cloudy
Upon
mountain-peak
supine;
far lands are seen tremblingly;
Below,
are divine.
Its horror and its
beauty
shine,
II
Yet
Which
Whereon
Are
be grown
graven, till the characters
can trace;
itself, and thought no more
'Tis the melodious
hue of beauty thrown
Into
Athwart
Which
the darkness
humanize
Ill
And
from
its head
as from one
body grow,
As grass out of a watery
rock,
are
Hairs which
vipers, and they curl and flow
And
their long
in each other lock,
tangles
And with
involutions
show
unending
as itwere
to mock
radiance,
and the death within,
and saw
a
solid air with many
jaw.
ragged
Their
The
The
mailed
torture
IV
from a stone beside, a
eft
poisonous
eyes;
Peeps
idly into those Gorgonian
And,
in the air a
ghastly bat, bereft
sense, has flitted with a mad
surprise
Out of the cave this hideous
had cleft,
light
And he comes
like a moth that hies
hastening
After a taper; and the
midnight
sky
Flares, a light more dread than obscurity.
Whilst
Of
V
'Tis the tempestuous
loveliness of terror;
a brazen
For from the serpents
gleams
glare
Kindled
error,
by that inextricable
a
Which
makes
thrilling vapour of the air
5. The
Hutchinson
Poetical
Complete
(London:
Oxford
Works
Univ.
of Percy
Press,
Bysshe
1956), pp.
Shelley,
582-83.
ed. Thomas
JEROME
J.McGANN
a
and
mirror
ever-shifting
all the beauty and the terror there?
A woman's
with serpent-locks,
countenance,
in death on Heaven
from those wet rocks.
Gazing
Become
Of
to be
seminal fragment explains, in a somewhat
enigmatic way
fascination with the
sure, one important reason for the Romantic
Medusa. Praz might have found the lines somewhat less
objectionable
had he been aware of the
poem's additional stanza, unpublished
until recently:6
This
It is a woman's
countenance
divine
With
there
everlasting beauty breathing
Which
from a stormy mountain's
peak, supine
Gazes
into the
night's trembling air.
It is a trunkless head, and on its feature
Death
has met life, but there is life in death,
The
The
is frozen?but
blood
Seems
Nature
unconquered
to the last?without
struggling
of an uncreated
fragment
a breath
creature.
the blue
surface
surge,
some
Of
the horizon
The
even
fierce Maenad,
to the zenith's
locks of the
approaching
(18-23)
In one sense, then, both of these poems are about the terrible vigor
7which can
life out of death, spring
of "unconquered Nature,"
bring
nor the ode is
out of winter. But neither theMedusa
merely
fragment
a
natural
Both
of
processes.
poems are terrible,
symbolic transcription
which
ode is "the trumpet of a prophecy"
threatening. The
uttered on a grand scale in Prometheus Unbound:
the death
Shelley
12 (1961),
10.
and the Visual Arts," KSMB,
Rogers,
"Shelley
to
Of
refers
the
Medusa's
character.
But
course,
7.
Shelley's
phrase
directly
or natural
he believed
human
that all transcendent
had their analogues,
qualities
in the world
of seasonal flux.
metaphors,
6. Neville
THE
BEAUTY
OF THE
MEDUSA
JEROME
J.McGANN
more
seen a
ambiguous and
variety of bats, mice, and other
faintly
sinister creatures. Several other bats and toads are clearly delineated,
at the
head from the ground or the air. Out of the
looking
Gorgon
a whitish cloud of breath, the
mouth
issues
"thrilling
half-open
to
referred
vapour"
by Shelley.
Before we
in terms of the
mythological
interpret these details
we should look
own inter
at some of
background,
again
Shelley's
as the second
in the poem. This unusual Medusa,
assertions
pretative
stanza tells us, is not murderous but
humanizing. The fascination she
arouses has been translated into a
sympathetic process because she
is the symbol of victimization, of a beauty cursed through no fault of
or the poem.
her own anywhere evident in the
the
myth,
painting,
she
forever
the
Moreover,
upon
impresses
sympathetic observer
the very essence and source of her
dazzling beauty: her image is
on the
is
turned to
which
sculptured
gazer's soul,
receptive stone; or,
the
her
musical
the
hues of
of
alternatively,
melody
painted
beauty,
her
rendered
both
become
the
of
likeness,
part
exquisitely
gazer's
now humanized and harmonized
stanza asserts, in other
life. The
words, the transference of the creative power of the imagination
to the
from theMedusa
sympathizing gazer.
source of
The
of
is her most
the
Medusa
"grace"
important
astonishment. But her "horror" is also important, and not only
because it emphasizes her victimization. The
second time Medusa's
are evoked is in stanza four, where
petrifying energies
Shelley
suggests the imminent destruction of a "ghastly bat" and a "poisonous
eft." Such creatures appear elsewhere in
as
Shelley's poetry
symbols
of corrupted forms of civilization. This aspect of the Medusan
gaze
is not a grace or
as the
beauty but death and destruction,
image of
the moth and the taper reminds us.8 In fact, if her
gaze is in one
sense beneficent, a
it
also
represents the complementary
"preserver,"
destructive aspect of all creative energy. Such a
in the
duality
was
a fundamental
of
imagination's function
part
always
Shelley's
thought in both politics and art, and he must have been pleased to
find that classical authorities sanctioned a similar view of theMedusa.
tells us that she had two blood systems and that the
Apollodorus
some of each after her death. The one
physician Asclepius collected
he used to revive the dead, the other to
destroy his enemies. What
theMedusa does, then, at least in its destructive
aspect, is to represent
the horror which has been laid upon man and his world as a curse.
Prometheus will not curse the tyrant who has
put him in chains; to
was
8.
Shelley
probably
large and gruesome moth
inspired
hovering
to this
which
shows
THE
BEAUTY
OF THE
MEDUSA
to the
to perpetuate the initial curse denounced
does iswhat Prometheus does:
the Medusa
world
What
by Jupiter.
an
which is the reflex of the
of
horror
and
present
suffering
image
cursed heart which has caused that suffering. Swinburne will tell us
later that she is another divinity grown diabolic in ages that would
a
not accept her as divine. To
corruption has invaded the
Shelley,
his poem turns her death
of the Medusa's
but
form;
original
beauty
event
into an
and
apocalyptic
distinguishing the forces of light
a
at
once
is
darkness. Her
heaven
triumphant
impassive gaze upon
rebuke of the powers of the air, an image of the
of
undying vitality
her
and
and
defiant
Nature,"
"unconquered
definitively petrifying
gesture: the gods of death will not survive this stony glance.
Thus the "mailed radiance" and "brazen glare" of the serpents,
forces alike "Of all the
and the terror there," are meant to
beauty
tone
we see
the
of
defiance
which
full
suggest
again in theMedusa's
our
to
and
calls
which
attention
in
the
addi
face,
Shelley explicitly
tional fragment. Further, the swarm of snakes as well as theMedusa's
whole
attitude derive their power (are "kindled")
from
threatening
an "inextricable error."Whatever
else Shelley may have had inmind,9
it seems clear
enough that this phrase refers to Medusa's
original
"sin," punished so harshly by Minerva
(a powerful if complicated
a fatal
trope, the words
suggest
entrapment in snaky coils). All
these details
to the central
subordinates
in
Shelley properly
image
the painting: the weird
which
issues from the
"thrilling vapour"
Medusa's beautiful dead mouth.
This too is a powerful if
complex image, for Shelley clearly wishes
to suggest both the soul
at death and the con
escaping the body
densed vapour of breath in cold air.
sets the head
on
high up
(Shelley
a mountain and
refers to its "frozen" blood.) The
specifically
strange
vapour truly mirrors the entire scene since it captures at once a
whole set of
ambiguities related to cold and warmth, death and life.
The vapour is a central
image because it suggests that "Death has met
but
there
is
life
in
death."
life,
do so would
be
Anne
out to me that
Pippin Burnett has pointed
Shelley's descrip
tion of the Medusa
seems a deliberate recollection of a famous
passage in the Prometheus Bound of Aeschylus, where Prometheus
expresses his sympathy for another snaky figure, Typhon, who was
confined beneath a mountain after
being struck with the thunder
bolts of Zeus.
to breathe out defiance and
continued
Typhon
resistance.
Rogers,
op. cit., p.
16, discusses
the
Virgilian
echo
in the
phrase.
10
JEROME
J.McGANN
an
of Shelley's vapour that he is
analogue for
deliberately making it
us in the
the mirror of Perseus, thus
Athena's
placing
position of
champion.
In any case, this breath is the
in
equivalent of the "Phantom"
sonnet
in
the
the
tradi
Shelley's political
Pegasus
(quoted above),
some
tional legend, the new life
prophesied in the ode. It represents
an
was
to
in
force
the
which
able
Perseus
Medusa,
energy
undying
count on later to
of
win
numbers
his enemies and
his love-ideal,
slay
Andromeda. Minerva aswell
this
deathless
Medusan
force
recognized
and sought to
for
the
it
her
herself:
of
power
appropriate
aegis
on her famous shield, is the Medusa's
head. Thus,
represented
to suggest that even in death the Medusa
turns
aims
poem
Shelley's
or fear.
to stone?attracts or
with
Medusa
slays
Shelley's
beauty
seeks to terrorize whatever in the observer is still committed to evil
and to invigorate in him
that strives for life.
everything
In either case the aim is sensational,
To say
literally, "thrilling."
this is not to suggest a subordination of didactic purposes to mere
nervous titillation.
a
a severe moral
poet with
Shelley is always
an
The
is
that
like
number
of writers
he,
program.
point
increasing
to
come
since the
had
century,
mid-eighteenth
glimpse the truth
inherent in the aggressive maxim of Antonin Artaud: "In our present
must
state of
degeneration, it is through the skin that metaphysics
not refine
be made to re-enter the mind." 10
does
of
course,
Shelley,
this method the way Artaud, or many other artists influenced by
surrealist ideas, have done. A member of the earlier movement which
did much to generate surrealism, the Romantic Shelley yet anticipates
Artaud's position, as Mario Praz clearly recognizes when he de
nounces at
and days of Romantic
anarchism,
length the works
anti-rationalism.
and
sensuality,
II
is dispersed in various
The English inheritance of Shelley's Medusa
directions. The prophetic power of fear and horror is Swinburne's
as we shall see in a moment, but Pater follows
special province,
to the Uifizi Medusa
and
for purposes more
equivocal
Shelley
io. "The
and
Theatre
Its Double
(New
of Cruelty
(First Manifesto),"
York: Grove
Press, Evergreen
in
7 of The
chapter
Books,
1958).
Theatre
THE
BEAUTY
OF THE
11
MEDUSA
none of the
searching. Pater's description of the painting has
definitiveness we find in the
the
latter is a
Shelley passage, though
an
most
Pater's
translation
and
of
the
fragment
example
exquisitely
finished prose. Yet we see Pater's essential
point very clearly. He
a
praises the picture for uniting, in series of tense collisions, various
of
and
transience.
permanence
symbols
The
But
it is a
subject
that may
well
be
a
once the basic
Shelley's poem is, in way, enigmatic;
symbol system
one
is clearly
has no
the
apprehended, however,
difficulty putting
to
a criticism will not exhaust
such
Needless
pieces together.
say,
the poem's beauties; it
us to
more
merely allows
respond
precisely
to their
resonances.
on the
This
passage from The Renaissance,
large
other hand, ismuch more
elusive than the Shelley poem.
radically
What
from
is its lack of bold
distinguishes Pater's Medusa
Shelley's
ness. Pater's
like his mind, is much more sensitive and
writing,
nuanced than Shelley's poetry and intellectual ideals. Pater's
response
to the
painting is exceedingly self-conscious, whereas Shelley seizes
it and forces it to express what it stirsmost
deeply in himself. Their
Medusas
a contem
reflect the difference between an
aggressive and
a
a
between
Romantic who believed that
was
plative mind,
struggle
engaged to purge the world of its evils, and one who saw the same
as its own end.
struggle
is another attempt to
Shelley's Medusa
symbolize that central
to
experience brought
perfection in Prometheus Unbound. Equally
central to his own
thought, Pater's translation of the Uffizi painting
is an alternative
rendering of that key Paterian experience, La
Gioconda.
In the Medusa Pater sees that "fascination of
corruption
...
in every touch [of] its
exquisitely finished beauty," while of
La Gioconda
he can say: "like the
vampire, she has been dead many
times, and learned the secrets of the grave" (125). These women
emanate an odor of death and
alike. But ifneither theMedusa
nobility
ii. The
Renaissance
to this volume
(London:
Macmillan,
and appear in the text, unless
citations
are
12
JEROME
J.McGANN
nor La Gioconda
is the head
are
eyelids
have etched
make
are come,"
all "the ends of the world
and the
upon which
. . .All
a little
the thoughts
of the world
and
weary.
experience
and moulded
to refine and
there, in that which
they have of power
the outward
form,
expressive
the reverie of the middle
age with
of Greece,
the lust of Rome,
its spiritual ambition
and imaginative
loves,
the return of the
the sins of the Borgias.
She
is older
than the
Pagan world,
a
to
she sits. . . .The
rocks among which
life, sweeping
fancy of
perpetual
ten thousand
con
is an old one; and modern
gether
thought has
experiences,
as
the idea of
ceived
upon by, and summing up in itself, all
humanity
wrought
modes
of thought and life. Certainly
stand as the embodiment
Lady Lisa might
of the old
fancy,
the symbol
the animalism
of the modern
idea.
(125-26)
The
its heart.
The
Medusa
It
is Pater's anticipatory symbol of La Gioconda.
nexus
two
that
is
moment.
which
the
intense
The
essential
represents
features are the head and the snakes, and in Pater's final,
striking
to each other we see the
between
portrait of their relation
struggle
the dark, animal, "Chthonic"
forces12 (the snakes) and the cool,
smooth stone of the Apollonian
head. The snakes burst
that
against
12. Pater
this favorite
of his, in Hellenic
terms, in the
opposition
or
note of the medieval
church
melancholy
What
should we
have
thought of
by Greek
anticipated
polytheism!
. . .The Dorian
at the very centre of Greek
the vertiginous
prophetess
religion?
. . ,
of
to the sad Christian
is the
divinities,
worship
always opposed
Apollo.
Greek
itself.
sublimes
element, by force and spring of which
aspiring
religion
...
It was
to be able to transform
the privilege
of Greek
itself into
religion
an artistic ideal"
(203-04).
following
but was
expressed
way:
"Scarcely
a wild
THE
BEAUTY
OF THE
MEDUSA
13
14
JEROME
J.McGANN
a
there is more
head
than in these:
tragic attraction
divine
and subtle care;
sketched
and re
studied, with
in
and cruel beyond
and age, beautiful
desire
beyond
youth
always
and
fairer than heaven
and more
terrible than hell; pale with
pride
in one
three
separate
times
a silent
with
and man burns, white
and
anger against God
wrong-doing;
a head-dress
In one
her clear features.
she wears
of
repressed,
drawing
through
out of the artist's mind
eastern fashion rather than western,
but in effect made
in the likeness of
scales as of a chrysalid
serpent,
only; plaited
closely-welded
In some
in the likeness of a sea-shell.
raised and waved
and rounded
inexplicable
weary
seem to
all her ornaments
them
of her fatal nature, to bear upon
way
partake
her brand of
of
fresh from hell; and this through no vulgar machinery
beauty
no
or otherwise
bracelets
bestial
emblem:
the
and
symbolism,
rings
serpentine
are innocent
her flesh they
but in touching
in shape and workmanship;
enough
Broad
bracelets
have become
infected with
and malignant
deadly
meaning.
divide
of her firm and
the
of her arms; over the nakedness
shapely
splendour
a band
as of metal. Her
the neck, there is passed
luminous
breasts,
just below
are full of
lust after gold and blood;
her hair, close
and passionless
eyes
proud
seems
to shudder
into snakes. Her
in sunder
and divide
and curled,
ready
and arms, is
and hard to the eye as her bosom
throat, full and fresh, round
or
erect and stately, the head set firm on itwithout
of the chin;
lift
any droop
her mouth
woman's.
crueller
She
than a tiger's,
Venus
is the deadlier
colder
than
a snake's,
and beautiful
beyond
incarnate;
Bed
7T0\\17fl V OeOKTLKOVK CLVWVVflOS
for upon earth also many names might be found for her: Lamia
re-transformed,
not
a fuller
of all feminine
attributes
but divested
invested now with
beauty,
to
loveless and unassailable
Lamia
native to the snake?a
by the sophist, readier
drain life out of her lover than to fade for his sake at his side.18
and Studies
(London:
Chatto
andWindus,
1911), pp.
319-20.
THE
BEAUTY
OF THE
MEDUSA
15
any
case,
are
quite
clear.
16
JEROME
J.McGANN
our own
god,
buried lives.
on this demand
us
Nor will she
compromise
by encouraging
us in a
toward it,
of
her,
position
dependency upon
thereby placing
a
can
position that
only generate cycles of exploitation. Our respect
is for her solitary splendour, her absolute self-possession.
Worship
intolerable because
it demands that we never
of her is well-nigh
swerve in our faith,
though the goal of that faith is singularly fearful
and
barren.
We
can
place
only
trust
to
ourselves,
even
in our
adoration
to remain
and reverence. To worship
such a woman,
unceasingly
faithful to her despite her absence and indifference, is the
only way
to make ourselves
we
worthy of what she represents. In the end
a
must become what she is?noble,
stone
impassive, cold,
image self
own fearful
her
and
self-created
her lonely
petrified by
energies
by
faith in the hidden human
god.
one of the aspects which
Pater and Swinburne each
emphasize
sees in the Florentine Medusa. Moreover,
Shelley
they each drive the
extreme. We
to a
may not realize?
Shelleyan position
clarifying
not
have
how
much
realized?just
Shelley may
preserving energy
was
generated by his tempestuous Medusa. Pater does, just as Swin
burne calls back the deep truths in
Shelley's passion for destruction
case because out
and death. Swinburne's is a
particularly interesting
of his attachment to the Medusa's
horror comes,
fatally it would
which
seem, the very real Medusan
Shelley announced.
beauty
The natural extension of Swinburne's attitudes occurs not in
Eng
THE
BEAUTY
OF THE
MEDUSA
17
a Medusan
d'Annunzio
land but in Italy, where Gabriele
develops
ideal of sensuous and aesthetic intoxication. The confessed apostle
inherits the two paradoxical
of Swinburne's position, d'Annunzio
bases of the Englishman's poetic credo: an extreme care for matters
of poetic craft, and an emphatic commitment to irrational, or per
haps supra-rational, goals. On these grounds Praz will pronounce
him
damned?as both a Decadent
and a Barbarian.14
doubly
an extreme
for
Swinburne
Meanwhile,
became,
English poetry,
was
to
which
it
line from
The
beyond
scarcely possible
proceed.
to C. G.
to d'Annunzio
Swinburne
Medusan
Jung's fascinating
speculations is in fact direct,15 but in England that direction would
be refused for a Romantic
conclusion and summing up. Thus, the
we have to consider, William
next
the
Morris, approaches
figure
a Romantic
whole matter of Medusan
with
and
imagery
stability
seen before. The fact that he is
self-consciousness we have
scarcely
the first of our poets to present a Medusa who will
actually speak
for herself illustrates very well the sort of
change involved here.We
are no
is not
longer dealing with beautiful severed heads. Morris
a
poet who throws open the doors of an imprisoned perception but
an artist who
to an
what pre
explains
already visionary company
the new revelations entail.
so much
in
his work
cisely
Despite
which is fantastic, even surreal, his is a Romanticism not of
surprise
but of calculation.
Ill
Morris'
Medusa
is the
center of "The Doom
of King
symbolic
one
of
the
finest
of
the
narratives
in The Earthly Paradise.
Acrisius,"
The theme of this
states
long and neglected Romantic
epic Morris
in his
"Epilogue."
What
Whate'er
Their
Since
And
further
we men
tale's
then? Meseems
know
I would
of what
befell
not have
must
ending needs
call itDeath. Howe'er
it tell;
be the same:
it came
To
bitter
has made
this book,
those, whose
hope
With
other eyes, I think,
must look
they needs
as a
achievement
14. Praz, op cit., p. 387. The
neglect of d'Annunzio's
poet?
a very great one?is
to Praz's
famous
him
largely attributable
upon
judgments
a set of
in The
Romantic
attitudes
excusable
Agony,
negative
partisan
only
because
the poet was
the critic's countryman.
The
real basis for Praz's
animus
one to
is not a
set out at
is
but
pleasant
385-86.
contemplate,
pp.
clearly
crucial texts are d'Annunzio's
and Jung's Aion
15. The
great poem "Gorgon"
and Kegan
(London:
Paul,
1959), pp. 126-37.
Routledge
18
JEROME
J.McGANN
so
On
its real face, than when
long agone
would
They
thought that every good thing
If they might win a refuge from it.16
be won,
and the
reference here is to the Wanderers
of The
tales
tell
those
the
who
Elders of the city,
twenty-four
own
illustrate
like
their
whose
and
Paradise
stories,
lives,
Earthly
Medieval
"the bitter hope [that] made this book." The Wanderers,
to find
set
out
homeland
from their plague-ridden
had
Norsemen,
a
western
island populated
discover instead
the
earthly paradise; they
a remnant of ancient Greece,
of a group
the
descendants
clearly
by
of Greek heroes (Odysseus on his last voyage?) who had, centuries
before, set out on a similar adventure. The vain quest to conquer
death is
illustrated in the two groups of stories told by the
variously
and the islanders: thus is reinforced the idea that "each
Norsemen
Morris'
most
direct
The
shall ye hear,
of the King Acrisius
he could free his life from fear,
thinking
but death on him at last.17
that which
brought
double-meaning
16. The
17. Ibid.,
Earthly Paradise
1, 142.
in a later remark
(Boston:
Roberts
by
Danae
Brothers,
1871),
emphasizes
in,
393.
one
THE
BEAUTY
OF THE
MEDUSA
19
because
she is beautiful and she is suffering. Poe speaks for all
Romantics when he says that "the death of a beautiful woman
is,
18Medusa's
the most poetical topic in the world."
unquestionably,
at the
center of the narrative because of its
misery stands
symbolic
character:
peculiar
to take
it not
O, was
away
enough
The
and the light of day?
flowery meadows
to take away from me
Or not enough
The
once-loved
faces that I used to see;
...
To
take away sweet sounds and melodies
And wrap my soul in shadowy
hollow
peace,
Devoid
For
For me
Shut
in this fearful
Changed
For me
perpetual
anguish
all alone,
a
many
tormenting misery,
I know not if I e'er shall die.19
Because
Midst
in Morris'
version of the story, not Medusa
herself but
Thus,
circumstances are the focus of our horror. She is in no
Medusa's
an
sense whatsoever
object of loathing; quite the contrary, in fact,
aswe see from Perseus' reluctance to
slay her.
unseen did Perseus
stand,
softening heart, and doubtful
trembling hand
on his sword-hilt,
"Would
that she
muttering,
never turned her woful
face to me!"
there awhile
So
With
Laid
Had
Yet the woefulness of her undying face is the image not of her
own heart?her
wish is for death?but of all those who see
deepest
fear in a handful of dust. Like the other Romantic Medusas we have
is not suffering a moral death but, as in
met, Morris' wretched
lady
the very meaning of such an event.
Shelley especially, revealing
All her passion is hurled against the unmeaning of her fate, which is,
has been cursed with
in her case, her immortality. Morris' Medusa
an eternal, inhuman lifewhose
been ensured, para
has
persistence
18. "The Philosophy of Composition," in The Works
ed. E.
C.
Stedman
and G.
E. Woodberry
(New
York:
39
19. The
Earthly
Paradise,
1927),
vi,
20
JEROME
J.McGANN
attacking.
It also raises
the central question for which the Romantic
again
Medusa
is a persistent
the
symbolic focus: what should be
precise
relation of death and life, indeed, what are the meanings of death
and life? Just as Shelley's
and the poetic prose of
fragmentary lyric
had aimed to distinguish these ideas and
Pater and Swinburne
so Morris
is aiming to reveal how life and death can
experiences,
be made either a blessing or a curse. Specifically, Morris' story forces
the reader to see that human values are not a function of life or death
a life and
as such, indeed, that value and
are not
happiness
strictly
death issue at all. Acrisius, among others in the story, conceives
in such terms, but because the
happiness and the earthly paradise
tale forces us to see that the love of life can be evil and the love of
death just and necessary, we are driven to throw aside commonplace
evaluations of these ideas. A tale like "The Doom of King Acrisius"
reminds us that life and death should not be the objects of men's
desire on the one hand and fear on the other. In this story and the
whole of The Earthly Paradise, death and life are presented as the
are
terms within which
all human adventures take place. They
existential postulates, not values, and hence neither can nor should
or
In Morris'
be the object of
story, when Perseus
flight.
pursuit
THE
BEAUTY
OF THE
MEDUSA
21
Perseus
aims
to create
own
his
values.
IV
ofWilliam
Morris
sting.
Yet Rossetti's brief treatment of theMedusa
what is lost through this taming of the shrew.
ANDROMEDA,
graphically
illustrates
to see the
head:
day
Gorgon's
a fount he held it, bade her lean,
Hankered
each
Till
o'er
And
mirrored
in the wave
That
death
was
seen
safely
should
Its shadow
upon
save as well
life enough
as kill:
but be
for thee.20
20.
ed.W.
in The
Collected
"Aspecta Medusa,"
M. Rossetti
(London,
1890), 1, 357.
Works
of Dante
Gabriel
Rossetti,
22
JEROME
J.McGANN
Seest
thou
not
Fair
And
seems
I cannot
as if she moved
overcome
with
the thought
shackled
steps,
feet:
that she
Let it
Mephistopheles.
be?pass
can come of it?it is not well
No
good
it?it is an enchanted
To meet
phantom,
A lifeless idol; with
its
look,
numbing
and they
It freezes up the blood of man;
Who
Like
meet
its
those who
pale,
on?
to stone,
too true!
Faust. Oh,
eyes are like the eyes of a fresh corpse
no beloved
hand has closed, alas!
Which
to me?
is the breast which Margaret
That
yielded
Her
horrors
and Medusan
Praz begins his study of Romantic
agonies
we
have
with these lines from Goethe and the Shelley poem
already
discussed. For Praz, both excerpts suggest only a Romantic delight
in sadness, pain, and abnormality. As in the case of the Shelley
refused to apprehend the meaning
passage, however, Praz has clearly
21. Complete
Poetical
Works,
THE
BEAUTY
OF THE
MEDUSA
23
does
of the Faust passage at itsmost manifest level. Mephistopheles
lest he
not want Faust to look upon thisMedusan
of
betrayal
image
see in it the form of his own
But Faust cannot turn
betrayed love.
is
away from the awful figure of his lost love, and his compulsion
the sign that he has not abandoned his inspiration. To record the act
of primal betrayal, and to offer a means of redemption, Romantic
artists took the Medusa
for their muse, that they might be driven
toward their better selves. Her horror and her beauty are alike
divine because each focuses a demand made upon every man seeking
seen
woman
Faust is doppelganger,
to
by
change his life.Thus, the
an
"A lifeless idol" and his own Margaret,
of
simultaneously
image
the image of his persistent
because Faust must be at once terrified
by
evil and consoled with the figure of his essential love.
Indeed, in the Romantic treatment of the legend the mirror borne
Perseus becomes the manifest symbol of the equivalence between
by
is not only herself
the hero and his victim. For the Romantic Medusa
a doppelganger,
she is a recurrent figura of that other pervasive
Romantic
theme. Each man kills the thing he loves, but since his
attachments are divided between his highest goals and his merest
must
clear about his intentions. In this
possessions, he
keep himself
matter the Medusa
becomes his guide, coming to him in various
as his
guises. In Goethe, Shelley, Pater, and Swinburne she appears
now grown terrible, or diabolic, in the eyes
dispossessed emanation
of her
She accuses in order to reveal what has been
betrayer.
buried away, and thus makes possible a new life. InWilliam Morris'
explicit presentation of the full story, the death of the Medusa
life with Andromeda.
Not
accident does
generates Perseus'
by
Morris' poem enforce an identification between Medusa
and the
bride of Perseus: the new Romantic
is
mythology
inevitably driven
to assert that Andromeda
now released from her
is the Medusa
a world
ruled in Acrisius,
the spectre of the
imprisonment in
Romantic
hero. The Romantic
inclination to see avatars of the
in a
Medusa
variety of unexpected persons and places is already
and Pater, but it will become a
apparent in Swinburne
regular
device in poets like d'Annunzio
and mythologists
like Jung.
reason
is a peculiarly Romantic figura
Finally, the
why theMedusa
is helpfully elucidated in the
modern
poem.
following
Tableau
Perseus
Vivant
on an ornamental
charger,
sixteenth century,
work,
above the
Hovering
slumbering Medusa
or a
Like a
buzzing
fly
mosquito
On beaten,
His head averted
golden wings.
German
24
From
A
JEROME
J.McGANN
In his
her agate gaze.
right hand
in his left a mirror.
sword,
Helmeted
by night, slipshod by darkness.
to strike.
where
She looks
Wondering
asleep
As if dreaming
of petrified forests,
stone leaves, stone limbs,
Monumental
dryads,
Or of the mate that she will never meet
Who
will
look
live.22
22.
poem
Daryl
Hine,
Minutes
(New
York:
Atheneum,
1968), p. 45.
THE
BEAUTY
OF THE
MEDUSA
25
University
of Chicago