Deir el Qalaa

A Zubaida
& the
queduct of
Ió«HR ôWÉæb
Archaeological Promenade

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Deir el Qalaa
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Towards
Beirut
Site Limits

Modern House
7a

7b

Residential 7c
7d

Area 7

6
10 9

11
5

The Residential
Complex
5

The Monastery 4

Area

The Monastery

10m 50m 100m

2

1
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Deir el Qalaa
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Beit Meri
Deir el Qalaa, located near the village of Beit Meri in the
mountains 15km east of Beirut, is a Roman temple complex
and Byzantine residential-industrial complex built on a
promontory 800 meters above sea level. The name Deir
(meaning “monastery” in Arabic) refers to the fact that a
monastery was built at this site by Maronite monks during the
18th century. The monastery was built over a Roman temple
dating back to the first century A.D. This temple is considered
to be the third largest Roman temple in Lebanon, after the
Baalbeck and Niha temples.
 Visiting the site
™bƒªdG IQÉjR
1– The Great Temple
The Great Temple was built to worship Baal Marqod, the Semite
god of thunder, lightning, and earthquakes. The Greeks and the
Romans considered Baal Marqod to be equivalent to their gods
Poseidon and Neptune, who were not only the gods of the sea,
but also capable of generating earthquakes. The worshipers
and priests of Baal Marqod performed ceremonies with intense
dancing symbolizing the shakes of the earthquakes. Baal
Marqod was also believed to be equivalent to the “Baal” of
Mount Carmel in Palestine, who was mentioned in the Biblical
text about the confrontation between the prophet Elias and the
priests of Baal (I Kings 18:23).
Because the church and monastery were built on top of and
next to the temple, it is difficult to have a clear view of the
original temple architecture. Furthermore, after the Roman era,
this site was used as a quarry for extracting ready-made building
blocks, especially after Roman Emperor Theodosius I banished
all pagan cults at the end of the 4th century A.D. Nevertheless,
studies of the original temple describe it as having a front
portico, followed by a cella and an adytum, or Holy of Holies,
where the statue of the god was located.
The four corners of the temple correspond to the four cardinal
points (north, south, east, and west), and the entrance faces
northwest. An altar used to stand in front of the entrance,
similar to the altar of the Jupiter Temple in Baalbeck. The Great
Temple measures 40 meters long and 17 meters wide.
Residential
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The Monastery
1

Visiting the site
™bƒªdG IQÉjR
2– Church of Saint John the Baptist
The Church of Saint John
the Baptist (2) was built over
the front part of the Great
Temple of Baal Marqod (1)
during the end of the 19th
century. The church has a
single nave composed of
two sections with crossed
vaults. An inscription carved
on a stone over the main
door of the church gives
1768 as a construction
date; however, studies done
on the plan and remains of
the church indicate that there was an earlier church built on
the same site between 1748, when the Maronite monks took
the place, and 1750. The second church was built after Residential
the
collapse of the first church around 1768. This second church Area
also collapsed towards the end of the 19th century. When the
monks rebuilt the new (current) church, they reinserted the old
inscription from the second church in the new structure.
3– The Juno Temple
In most Roman temple
complexes in this region,
near the temple of the great
god there was a smaller
temple built to worship his
mate, the mother goddess.
In Deir el Qalaa, this tradition
is maintained. The Temple
of Juno (3) was built on a
slope 100 meters to the
north of the Baal Marqod
The Monastery
Temple (1). It measures
about Area
11 meters in length
and 8 meters in width, and it
follows the same orientation as the Great Temple. The goddess
Juno was worshiped in Rome as the goddess of the heavens,
the spouse of Jupiter, and the protector of women.
From the remains of the temple, you can see that it had a
portico composed of four columns, followed by a cella, which
had two doors in its walls. Part of the adytum still remains
today, including the stairway and part of a stone base on which
the statue of the goddess used to stand.The Monastery
2
The Monastery 4
Area
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10
 Visiting the site
™bƒªdG IQÉjR
4– The Gate
In front of the Juno Temple (3) is a gate (4) with a Latin
inscription, which states that the gate was built by purple dye
merchants to honor the Emperor Trajanus (117-198 A.D.). This
gate could have been the entrance or exit of the cultic complex
surrounding the Juno Temple.
Residential
5– The Colonnaded Altars
Among the dispersed architectural fragments surrounding the
Juno Temple (3), you can see the remains of memorial altars
(5). Some were carved into the bedrock, and others were built
with cut stones. These
altars were composed of a
platform on top of a square
stone, which was built over
a stone base. A series of
small columns surrounded
the square stone and
platform. It is possible
that these altars, which
exist in many Roman cultic
complexes in Lebanon,
were used to hold statues
or steles on their tops.
The Monastery
Area
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The Monastery 4 Modern House
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 Visiting the site
™bƒªdG IQÉjR

The Byzantine Residential-Industrial Complex »æµ°ùdG ™ªéªdG

To the east of the main road leading to the Great Temple (1)
stands the residential complex of Deir el Qalaa. It is composed
of a built area with residences, roads, and shops, in addition to
a Byzantine church, a bath, an industrial area, and a nympheum
(a monumental fountain). The residential complex is not related
to the cultic complex that includes the temples. It is the result
of a settlement in this location during the Byzantine period,
which lasted from the end of the 4th century A.D. to the end of
the 6th century A.D.
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6– The Built Area »fGôª©dG RƒëdG -6

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Towards
Beirut
to small shops or small houses. Some of these houses had hCG Iô«¨°U ø«cÉcO ≈dEG »°†ØJ Ióeƒ©e ábhQCÉH áWÉëe ¿É«MC’G ¢†©H »a âfÉc É¡fq CGh
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Site Limits
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addition to a large number of doorsills. Many of the roads had ¢Uƒn °üH
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of rainwater and sewage. Ö©∏J á«q àëJ äGƒæ≤H Iõ¡q ée âfÉc RƒëdG ôÑ©J »àdG äÉbô£dG ¢†©H ¿CG ôcòdÉH ôjóédG
Modern House
7a
.ôjQÉéªdG QhO
7b

Residential 7c
7d

Area 7

6
10 9

11
5

The Residential
Complex
5

The Monastery 4

Area
 Visiting the site
™bƒªdG IQÉjR

7– The Byzantine Church á°ù«æµdG -7

This Byzantine-era church follows the typical plan of a basilica,
with three naves (7a,b,c) separated by two colonnades (7d).
Today, only the bases of the columns remain. The central nave
has a semi-circular apse to its east side.
A central wall separates the main hall of the church into two
sections, one to the east and the other to the west. Only a
small part of this wall remains, and on it you can see a carving
of a cross inside a circle. The altar was built in the eastern
section of the main hall, between the wall and the apse.
The floor of the church is covered with a mosaic that was
restored by the Directorate General of Antiquities. It is decorated
with geometrical motifs and other designs inspired by natural
Towards
elements, such as plants and birds.
Beirut
The construction of a modern house to the west of the church,
before the discovery of the site, destroyed the western part of
the nave.
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»a Ö«≤æàdG
8

Modern House
7a

7b

Residential 7c
7d

Area 7

6
10 9

11
5

The Residential
Complex
5

The Monastery 4

Area
 Visiting the site
™bƒªdG IQÉjR
8– The Bath
Towards
Beirut ΩɪëdG
� -8
Site Limits
The bath (8) was built to the north of the Byzantine church (7) ™ªq ée º«bCG á°ù«æµdG øe ∫ɪ°ûdG ≈dEG
and was separated from it with a paved corridor. The bath was øeh .§∏q Ñe ôq ªe É¡æY ¬∏°üØj »eɪq M
8
composed of the three traditional sections – cold, warm, and øµªªdG øe Ωɪq ëdG Gòg ÉjÉ≤H ∫ÓN
hot. The floors were raised on columns made of piled ceramic âfÉc »àdG á«q °ù«FôdG ¬eÉ°ùbCG ójóëJ
discs, and the open space underneath the floor was used to Modern House á«æHo ájq C’ á«q °SÉ°SC’G ô°UÉæ©dG πµq °ûJ
circulate hot air. Some of these columns can be seen in the 7a
Qɶàf’G áYÉb øe ,áØ«XƒdG √òg π¨°ûJ
areas where the floors are destroyed. The remains of ceramic 7b
IôJÉØdÉa IOQÉÑdG äÉYÉ≤dG ≈dEG í∏°ûªdGh
Residential
tubes that were used to circulate the hot air through the walls
7c
7d

¢†©H äÉ«q °VQCG ∫ÓN øeh .áæNÉ°ùdÉa

are Area
also visible today. This bath was probably built during 7 IóªYCG IógÉ°ûeøµªj,Iôeq óªdGäÉYÉ≤dG
the same period as the Byzantine church and was used as a äÉ«q °VQC’G ∂∏J πªëJ âfÉc »àdG QÉ qîØdG
baptistery on some occasions. 6 AGƒ¡dG Qhôe ¬æ«Y âbƒdG »a π¡q °ùJh
10 IógÉ°ûe 9øµªj ɪc ,É¡àëJ øNÉ°ùdG
¥ôàîJ âfÉc »àdG ájq QÉ qîØdG πWÉ°ù≤dG
™ªq éªdG øe á«q ∏NGódG AGõLC’G QoóLo
9
.É¡∏NGO»aøNÉ°ùdG AGƒ¡dG QhôªHíª°ùJh
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11 Ωóîà°ùjo ¬∏©L É¡æe ¬Hôb ¿CGh ,á°ù«æµdG
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!á°†ëe á«q fɪ∏Y ¢VGôZC’ Ék °ü°üîe
q
The Residential
Complex
5

astery 4

onastery

10m 50m 100m

 Visiting the site
™bƒªdG IQÉjR
9– The Industrial Area á«YÉæ°
� üdG á≤£æªdG -9
ards
Oil presses (9) were constructed on both sides of the portico ábhQC’G …P •ô°ùdG »ÑfÉL ≈∏Yh ,»fGôª©dG RƒëdG øe á«q bô°ûdG á«q dɪ°ûdG á¡édG ≈dEG
irut located to the east of the built area (6). Many elements of these ,Égô°UÉæY ¢†©ÑH ßØàëJ âdGR Ée »àdG âjõdG ô°UÉ©e øe mOóY AÉ°ûfEG ºJq ,Ióeƒ©ªdG
presses are visible today, including the grinding stones, the âjõdG ™ªL ¢VGƒMCG ≈dEG ä’Éq≤ãdG IQÉéM ≈dEG ¢ùѵdG ¢VGƒMCGh ≈MôdG IQÉéM øe
weights, and the vats used to collect the Siteoil.
Limits ô°ü©dG »a zá©∏≤dG ôjO{ ájôb OÉ°üàbG »MGƒf ¢†©H ¿CG ≈dEG ô«°ûjo …òdG ôeC’G .√ó«bôJh
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These remains 8allow us to understand some aspects of the ,Öjôb øeR ≈qàM â«≤H »æµ°ùdG zá©∏≤dG ôjO{ ™ªq ée »a IôgÉX ÉgQÉKBG âdGR Ée »àdG
economy of Deir el Qalaa, which relied on oil production and ¢†©H »a øjô°û©dG ¿ô≤dG øe »fÉãdG ∞°üædG »a áãjóëdG ô°UÉ©ªdG QÉ°ûàfG Iôàa ≈qàMh
commerce during the Byzantine period. The same types of ¿ƒàjõdG ô°üY ¿hDƒ°T ≈WÉ©àJ ICÉ°ûæeo ájq C’ á«q °ù«FôdG AGõLC’G πµq °ûJ ,á«q fÉæÑ∏dG ≥WÉæªdG
industrial
Modern House
7a
devices for olive pressing and oil extraction continued .¬æe âjõdG êGôîà°SGh
to be7b used in Lebanese villages until the mid 20th century,
before
7c new
7d industrial techniques were introduced.

6
10 9

11

The10&11–
Residential The Cistern and Nympheum √É«ªdG ¿GõN -11 h 10
Complex …ôFɪ©dG AɪdG π«Ñ°Sh
To the south of the colonnade in the built area (6), the road leads Towards
to a structure that looks like a cistern for water collection and Beirut •ô p°ùdG øe á«q HƒæédG á¡édG ≈dEG
conservation (10). To the south of the cistern, the road leads ≈dEG »°†Øjo ≥jôW ∑Éæg óeƒ©ªdG
to a nympheum (11), or monumental fountain, built around a √É«ªdG ™«ªéàd Ék fGqõN ¿ƒµJ ób ,á«æHo
circular well. This structure could have been used as a private Gòg øe ܃æédG ≈dE8Gh .É¡¶ØM hCG
water source for the surrounding houses. ≈dEG ¬æ«Y ≥jô£dG »°†Øj ,¿GqõîdG
äGP ôÄHm ∫ƒM º«bCG …ôFɪY AÉe π«Ñ°S
á°SGQO∫ÓNøehóÑjh.Iôjóà°ùeágƒa
Modern House

É¡«dEG ájqODƒªdG ÜQódGh á«æÑo dG √òg ™bƒe

7a

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7b

Residential 7d

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7c

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.É¡H ᣫëªdG
6
10

9
10m 50m 100m

11
5

The Residential
Complex
5
 The Aqueduct of Zubaida
Ió«HR ôWÉæb

The Aqueduct of Zubaida Ió«HR ôWÉæb

The name of Beirut means “the city of wells,” which refers to the
large number of wells spread throughout the city to supply water
to its inhabitants. Beirut also used to get its running water from
an area called Ras en-Nabaa (“the head of the spring”), situated
at the southern end of the city. However, with the expanding
urbanization during the Roman period, the demand for running
water grew dramatically, and the existing wells and springs were
not large enough to accommodate the growing demand.
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√É«ªdG ó«côàd ∑m ôn ÑH Iõ¡q ée âfÉc ɪc ,á¡L øe ¬Ø«¶æJh ÉgGôée áÑbGôªd í∏°üJ
.É¡©e ™aóæJ âfÉc »àdG IQÉéëdGh áHôJC’G øe ¢ü∏q îàdG ≈∏Y É¡JóYÉ°ùeh

~ 225 meters

Road
Inspection
Shaft

Upper Channel
Water Channel Water Coming From
Going Towards Daychouniyeh Source
Beirut
~ 40 m
Road

West Bank East Bank 2m 10m 20m

Beirut River

Original Drawing taken from : Davie, M. et al., 1997, "Les Qanater Zubaydè et l'alimentation en eau de Beyrouth et de ses environs à l'Époque romaine", BAAL 2, p.272.
 The Aqueduct of Zubaida
Ió«HR ôWÉæb
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The solution was to get water from one of the springs located
along the Beirut River. The nearest spring was the Daychouniyeh
source, situated 20km southeast of Beirut. To transport this
water to Beirut, the Roman architects built a water channel.
Part of the channel was constructed from stone and part was
carved directly into the rock. The channel had openings in its
ceiling to control the water flow and to clean the inside of the
channel when needed. It also had many installations used to
clean the sand and gravel residues from the water.

Since the Daychouniyeh water source was situated on the

eastern side of the Beirut River, at some point the water had
to be transferred to the western side of the river to channel it
onward to Beirut. This was done with an aqueduct, which was
built over an arched, bridge-like structure known today as the
Aqueduct of Zubaida, or “Qanater Zubaida.” The aqueduct is
240 meters long and 40 meters high. It is composed of three
levels of arched structures, with the channel running along the
top.
 The Aqueduct of Zubaida
Ió«HR ôWÉæb
The aqueduct structure was restored many times since the
Roman period, and major parts of the channel seem to have
been restored during the Byzantine period. Today, the central
part of the aqueduct, over the river, is completely destroyed.
The exact location of the channel that brought the water from the
Aqueduct of Zubaida to Beirut is controversial, and there are two
possible paths. The first path would have run from the foothills
of Hazmiyé (southeast of Beirut), towards Furn el Chebak and
turning around the east side of the hill of Achrafiyé (east of
Beirut), and then turning left in the direction of the city center.
The second path would have run from the foothills of Hazmiyé,
turning left before reaching the hill of Achrafiyé following the
path of the Damascus road, through the area of Ras en-Nabaa
(south of Beirut), and then running north toward the city center.
The second hypothesis is believed to be the most likely one,
because Roman architects typically tried to avoid construction
in hilly areas, especially if they had other, simpler options.
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Beirut
Beirut River
Achrafiyé

First path

Ras en-Nabaa

Sin el-Fil
Second path

Hazmiyé

The Aqueduct of Zubaida

The aqueduct’s name, “Zubaida,” is related to an old popular

story. Most likely it refers to the wife of Abbasid Caliph Haroun
el-Rachid (786-809 A.D.), whose name was “Zubaidah.” Many
historic monuments in the region, especially aqueducts, are
attributed to her.

● Original text in Arabic by Dr. Hassan Salamé-Sarkis، .¢ù«cô°S áeÓ°S ¿É°ùM

q QƒàcódG ¢üf ●
● English Translation by Assaad Seif.
● Maps: Assaad Seif.
.∞«°S ó©°SCG :§FGôîdG OGóYEG ●
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 Glossary

Adytum: A sacred inner space in a temple that

the public was forbidden to enter.

Altar: Raised platform or structure where sacrifices

are offered and religious rites are performed.

Apse: A semi-circular area at the east end of

a church, often with a domed or vaulted roof.

Aqueduct: A conduit used to convey water over

a long distance.

Basilica: Large church with three naves.

Cella: The central space in a temple.

Colonnade: A set of evenly spaced columns.

Nave: The central space in a church.

Nympheum: A monumental fountain.

Portico: Covered walkway in the form of a roof

supported by columns or pillars.

Stele: A monolithic stone slab that serves as

a monument and can sometimes have
an inscription.

Vault: An arched structure forming a ceiling

or a roof.