Slide 1

CHAPTER -3
LIMITS, FITS & TOLERANCE

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IMPORTANT TERMS
ACCURACY: Capability to get accurate measure of dimension
(Micrometer & Scale) accurate upto one millionth of metre(Micron)
PRECISION : How close together of readings
TOLERANCE: Permissible deviation from the desired value, Basic
size
SURFACE FINISH: Amount of geometric irregularity on the
surface
RELIABILITY: Probability of product functioning in a intended
manner
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TOLERANCE
Largest acceptable dimension
Basic size
Smallest acceptable
dimension

Tolerance
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MEASURING AND INSPECTION INSTRUMENTS

DIRECT MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Scale, Vernier Caliper, Micrometer
INDIRECT MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Simple Caliper, comparator
GAUGES:
To check the acceptability of a specified dimension
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THE GUAGE
Workpiece
tolerance

GO
NOGO

Upper limit
(Maximum
acceptable size)

GO NO GO

Lower limit
(Minimum
acceptable
size)

Dimension
of GO
opening

Dimension of
NOGO
opening

Gage
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GO AND NOGO GAUGE

GO

GO
NOGO

NOGO

GO

NOGO

Part

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LIMITS AND FITS
A system of limits and fits helps in:
Interchangeability and ease of assembly.
Eliminating the need for minor rectifications (fitting) during
assembly.
Eliminating unnecessary effort being spent in producing
dimensions to a higher degree of accuracy or surface finish than
what is needed for satisfactory operation.
For example, is uneconomical to limit the accuracy of a dimension
to 0.005 mm when 1 mm would prove satisfactory

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TOLERANCE
It is the acceptance of an error in mfg.
Difference between the maximum and minimum limit of size
Tolerance
Upper deviation
0

Upper deviation

Dn

Dmax
Dn

(a)

Dmin

Dmax
Dmin

Lower deviation

Lower deviation

(b)
(Not to scale)
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TOLERANCE
SELECTION OF TOLERANCE DEPENDS ON
The nominal size.
Manufacturing method used.
Accuracy and quality desired.
Type of fit required

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TOLERANCE
UNILATERAL AND BILATERAL TOLERANCE

0.025

Nominal size = 24.000

Tolerance = 0.030

Specified as:
+0.030
-0

24.000

24.000
or
24.030
24.000

0.005

24.000

0.030

Specified as:

24.000
or
24.025
23.995

+0.025
-0.005

(Not to scale)
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Slide 11

Specifications of Tolerances

Unilateral Tolerance
Bilateral Tolerance

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Slide 12

Allowance & Clearance

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FITS
It is the degree of tightness or looseness between
two mating parts
It is the characteristic of the assembly
TYPES OF FITS
Clearance fits
Interference fits
Transition fits
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CLEARANCE FIT
an internal member fits in an external member (as a shaft
in a hole) and always leaves a space or clearance between
the parts.
Minimum air space is 0.002.
This is the allowance and is
always positive in a clearance fit

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INTERFERENCE FIT
Ex: dowel pins, bearings in castings
Allowance- Negative Clearance
Maximum
interference

Minimum
interference

Shaft
Hole

(Not to scale)
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INTERFERENCE FIT- CONTD
The internal member is larger than the external member such that there is
always an actual interference of material. The smallest shaft is 1.2513 and
the largest hole is 1.2506, so that there is an actual interference of metal
amounting to at least 0.0007. Under maximum material conditions the
interference would be 0.0019. This interference is the allowance, and in an
interference fit it is always negative.

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TRANSITION FIT
Maximum
clearance

Maximum
interference

Shaft
Hole

(Not to scale)
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TRANSITION FIT CONTD--may result in either a clearance or interference condition. In the
figure below, the smallest shaft 1.2503 will fit in the largest hole
1.2506, with 0.003 to spare. But the largest shaft, 1.2509 will
have to be forced into the smallest hole, 1.2500 with an
interference of metal of 0.009.

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GRADES OF TOLERANCE

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EXAMPLES
Find the type of fit obtained in the following case :Size of the hole : 29.00
Size of the shaft : 29.00
Maximum clearance = Maximum size of hole Minimum size of shaft

= 29.013 28.987
= 0.026 mm
Minimum clearance = Minimum size of hole Maximum size of shaft

= 29 29
= 0 mm
Since, both clearances are greater than or equal to zero, the resulting

fit is clearance fit.

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EXAMPLES
Solution:

Maximum size of shaft = 50 0 = 50 mm

Minimum size of shaft = 50 0.011

Maximum size of hole = 50 0.026

Minimum size of hole = 50 0.0625

= 49.989 mm
= 49.974 mm
= 49.935 mm
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