Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PPE Lab Manual
PPE Lab Manual
PPE Lab Manual
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LABORATORY MANUAL
SUBJECT: POWER PLANT ENGINEERING
[SUBJECT CODE: 402047]
TYPES OF FBC:
FBC systems fit into essentially two major groups, atmospheric systems (FBC) and
pressurized systems (PFBC), and two minor subgroups, bubbling (BFB) and
circulating fluidized bed (CFB).
PRESSURISED FLUID BED COMBUSTION:
Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) is a variation of fluid bed technology
that is meant for large-scale coal burning applications. In PFBC, the bed vessel is
operated at pressure up to 16 atm (16 kg/cm2).
The off-gas from the fluidized bed combustor drives the gas turbine. The steam
turbine is driven by steam raised in tubes immersed in the fluidized bed. The
condensate from the steam turbine is pre-heated using waste heat from gas turbine
exhaust and is then taken as feed water for steam generation.
The PFBC system can be used for cogeneration or combined cycle power
generation. By combining the gas and steam turbines in this way, electricity is
generated more efficiently than in conventional system. The overall conversion
efficiency is higher by 5% to 8%.
EXPERIMENT NO.2
TITLE: Study of power plant instruments
AIM: Study of power plant instruments
THEORY:
In power plants the instruments are used for a number of reasons as to operate the
power plant as efficiently as possible. Instruments provide accurate information for
guidance to safe, continuous and proper plant operation.
CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS:
The two general classifications of instruments are:
1. Those employing purely mechanical methods
2. Those employing electro-mechanical methods
1. PRESSURE GAUGES:
Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and vacuum.
Instruments used to measure pressure are called pressure gauges or vacuum gauges. A
manometer could also be referring to a pressure measuring instrument, usually limited
to measuring pressures near to atmospheric. The term manometer is often used to
refer specifically to liquid column hydrostatic instruments. A vacuum gauge is used to
measure the pressure in a vacuumwhich is further divided into two subcategories,
high and low vacuum (and sometimes ultra-high vacuum). The applicable pressure
range of many of the techniques used to measure vacuums has an overlap. Hence, by
combining several different types of gauge, it is possible to measure system pressure
continuously from 10 mbar down to 1011 mbar.
2. THERMOMETERS:
Developed during the 16th and 17th centuries, a thermometer is a device that
measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety of different principles. A
thermometer has two important elements: the temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb on a
mercury thermometer) in which some physical change occurs with temperature, plus
some means of converting this physical change into a numerical value (e.g. the scale
on a mercury thermometer).
3. LIQUID LEVEL MEASUREMENT:
Level sensors detect the level of substances that flow, including liquids, slurries,
granular materials, and powders. Fluids and fluidized solids flow to become
essentially level in their containers (or other physical boundaries) because of gravity
whereas most bulk solids pile at an angle of repose to a peak. The substance to be
measured can be inside a container or can be in its natural form (e.g., a river or a
lake). The level measurement can be either continuous or point values. Continuous
level sensors measure level within a specified range and determine the exact amount
of substance in a certain place, while point-level sensors only indicate whether the
substance is above or below the sensing point. Generally the latter detect levels that
are excessively high or low. There are many physical and application variables that
affect the selection of the optimal level monitoring method for industrial and
commercial processes. The selection criteria include the physical: phase (liquid, solid
or slurry), temperature, pressure or vacuum, chemistry, dielectric constant of medium,
density (specific gravity) of medium, agitation (action), acoustical or electrical noise,
vibration, mechanical shock, tank or bin size and shape. Also important are the
application constraints: price, accuracy, appearance, response rate, ease of calibration
or programming, physical size and mounting of the instrument, monitoring or control
of continuous or discrete (point) levels.
4. FLOW METER:
Flow measurement is the quantification of bulk fluid movement. Flow can be
measured in a variety of ways. Positive-displacement flow meters accumulate a fixed
volume of fluid and then count the number of times the volume is filled to measure
flow. Other flow measurement methods rely on forces produced by the flowing stream
as it overcomes a known constriction, to indirectly calculate flow. Flow may be
measured by measuring the velocity of fluid over a known area.
5. HUMIDITY MEASUREMENT:
Humidity is a term for the amount of water vapor in the air, and can refer to any one
of several measurements of humidity. Formally, humid air is not "moist air" but a
mixture of water vapor and other constituents of air, and humidity is defined in terms
of the water content of this mixture, called the Absolute humidity. In everyday usage,
it commonly refers to relative humidity, expressed as a percent in weather forecasts
and on household humidistats; it is so called because it measures the current absolute
humidity relative to the maximum. Specific humidity is a ratio of the water vapor
content of the mixture to the total air content (on a mass basis). The water vapor
content of the mixture can be measured either as mass per volume or as a partial
pressure, depending on the usage. In meteorology, humidity indicates the likelihood of
precipitation, dew, or fog. High relative humidity reduces the effectiveness of
sweating in cooling the body by reducing the rate of evaporation of moisture from the
skin. This effect is calculated in a heat index table, used during summer weather.
There are various devices used to measure and regulate humidity. A device used to
measure humidity is called a psychrometer or hygrometer. A humidistat is used to
regulate the humidity of a building with a dehumidifier. These can be analogous to a
thermometer and thermostat for temperature control. Humidity is also measured on a
global scale using remotely placed satellites. These satellites are able to detect the
concentration of water in the troposphere at altitudes between 4 and 12 kilometers.
Satellites that can measure water vapor have sensors that are sensitive to infrared
radiation. Water vapor specifically absorbs and re-radiates radiation in this spectral
band. Satellite water vapor imagery plays an important role in monitoring climate
conditions (like the formation of thunderstorms) and in the development of future
weather forecasts.
6. IMPURITY MEASUREMENT:
Impurities are substances inside a confined amount of liquid, gas, or solid, which
differ from the chemical composition of the material or compound. Impurities are
either naturally occurring or added during synthesis of a chemical or commercial
product. During production, impurities may be purposely, accidentally, inevitably, or
incidentally added into the substance. The levels of impurities in a material are
generally defined in relative terms. Standards have been established by various
EXPERIMENT NO-3
TITLE:-Trial on steam power plant.
AIM:Trail On Steam Turbine Power Plant To Determine:A] Plant Efficiency, Rankin Efficiency Vs Load.
B] Steam Consumption and Specific Steam Consumption Vs Load.
C] Rate of Energy Input Vs Load
D] Heat Rate and Incremental Heat Rate Vs Load.
BOILER SPECIFICATION:
SPECIFICATION:Rated steam generation=Kg/hr
Working pressure of boiler= bar
Rated fuel consumption= Kg/hr
Time required for steam generation=min
Electricity supply=415 AC,3 PHASE
ELECTRICAL LOAD CONNECTED:
Blower motor= 3 HP
Feed water pump motor=1 HP
Fuel supply pump motor= 0.5 HP
Condensate extraction pump motor=0.5 HP
Soft water feed pump motor=0.5 HP
Pump motor for circulation of cold water into condenser= 3 HP
TURBINE DETAILS:TYPE= impulse turbine
No. of blade=130
No. of nozzle=06
Fuel supply pump motor= 0.5 HP
no.
no.
mm
mm
cm
DYNAMOMETER:
Eddy current dynamometer
Radius of armature= m
OBSERVATIONS:T1=temp.at the inlet to economizer in
C.
C.
P3
T2
P4
T3
P5
T4
P6
T5
P7
T6
T7
Mw
Ms
T8
T12
Water
Mass
flow
of
rate
fuel
P1
Load
P2
RPM
CALCULATION:
CONCLUSION:-
EXPERIMENT NO:-4
5. BIOGAS PLANT:
Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the biological
breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Organic waste
such as dead plant and animal material, animal dung, and kitchen waste
can be converted into a gaseous fuel called biogas. Biogas originates from
biogenic material and is a type of biofuel.
EXPERIMENT NO:5
TITLE: study of environmental impact of power plant.
AIM: study of environmental impact of power plant.
THEORY:GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
CLIMATE CHANGE:
The greenhouse effect means the absorption of some of the heat
radiated from the Earths surface by so-called greenhouse gases (water
vapor, CO2 and other compounds in the lower atmosphere). If the levels
of, e.g., CO2 in the atmosphere progressively increase as a result of
human activity, it is thought that this will eventually increase the natural
greenhouse effect and result in a rise of temperature in the lower
atmosphere leading to wide-spread climate change.
OZONE LAYER DEPLETION:
Ozone layer depletion is the destruction of the stratospheric ozone
layer that shields the earth from ultraviolet radiation that is harmful to
life. This destruction of ozone is mainly caused by the breakdown of
certain chlorinated, brominates or other halogenated hydrocarbons.
These compounds break down when they reach the stratosphere and
then catalytically destroy ozone molecules.
LOCAL AND REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ACIDIFICATION:
The environment can either be acidified by direct emissions of
acids to aquatic or terrestrial systems or through complex chemical
reactions. Such reactions occur when emissions of sulphur and nitrogen
compounds and other substances are transformed in the atmosphere,
often far from the original sources, and then deposited on earth in either
wet or dry form. The wet forms, popularly called acid rain, can fall as
rain, snow, or fog. The dry forms are acidic gases or particles.
Acidification is linked to adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems and
terrestrial plant life, especially in areas with poor neutralizing (buffering)
capacity. Acids can also leach out poisonous trace metals from the rock
matrix in the soil, thus causing damage to flora, fauna and humans. The
effects are very site-specific. Here an approach, in which the effect is
EXPERIMENT NO: 6
TITLE: Trial on diesel power plant
AIM:-
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Fuel
Sr.
no
Speed RPM
Load KG
consumption
Manometer
time for 30 ml
reading
CALCULATION :
CONCLUSION:
Performance curves are plotted and they are similar to the standard
performance Curves.