Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction To Geological Engineering
Introduction To Geological Engineering
Mercedes Ferrer
Instituto Geolgco y Minero de Espaa
7007TS-GONZALEZ-1003-01-FM.indd 3
11/23/2010 5:21:51 PM
CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
2011 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK
Typeset by Vikatan Publishing Solutions (P) Ltd, Chennai, India
Printed and bound in Poland by Poligrafia Janusz Nowak, Poznn
Authorized translation from the Spanish language edition, entitled INGENIERA GEOLGICA by GONZLEZ DE VALLEJO, LUIS, published
by Pearson Educacin, S.A. Copyright Pearson Educacin, S.A., 2002.
English translation by Bill Newton, Pauline Moran and Valerie Stacey from Gabinete Lingstico of the Fundacin General de la
Universidad Complutense de Madrid.
English technical review by M.H. de Freitas, Imperial College, London.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission in
writing from the publisher. Innovations reported here may not be used without the approval of the authors.
Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed
by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or
the information contained herein.
Published by: CRC Press/Balkema
P.O. Box 447, 2300 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
e-mail: Pub.NL@taylorandfrancis.com
www.crcpress.com www.taylorandfrancis.co.uk www.balkema.nl
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Applied for
ISBN: 978-0-415-41352-7 (Hbk)
7007TS-GONZALEZ-1003-01-FM.indd 4
11/23/2010 5:21:51 PM
Brief CONTENTS
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
xv
CONTRIBUTORS
xvii
FOREWORD
xix
PREFACE
xxi
PART I FUNDAMENTALS
1 Introduction to Geological Engineering
2 Soil mechanics and engineering geology of sediments
3
19
3 Rock mechanics
109
4 Hydrogeology
223
PART II METHODS
5 Site investigation
263
327
351
369
9 Slopes
401
10 Tunnels
451
501
12 Earth structures
535
555
14 Seismic hazard
595
625
7007TS-GONZALEZ-1003-01-FM.indd 5
11/23/2010 5:21:52 PM
vi
Brief CONTENTS
643
653
657
663
665
Index
671
7007TS-GONZALEZ-1003-01-FM.indd 6
11/23/2010 5:21:52 PM
CONTENTS
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
xv
CONTRIBUTORS
xvii
FOREWORD
xix
PREFACE
xxi
PART I FUNDAMENTALS
1 INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGICAL
ENGINEERING
15
16
16
Recommended reading
17
References
17
19
2.1 Introduction
The nature of soils
Soils in geotechnical engineering
20
20
20
23
23
23
7007TS-GONZALEZ-1003-01-FM.indd 7
Plasticity
Phase relationships
24
26
40
40
41
44
50
50
51
52
56
71
71
72
76
76
78
79
79
56
62
63
65
11/23/2010 5:21:52 PM
viii
contents
Types of test
The uniaxial compression test
2.7 Influence of mineralogy and fabric
on the geotechnical properties
of soils
Clay minerals in engineering geology
Physico-chemical properties
Geotechnical properties and mineralogical
composition
Microfabric of clayey soils
Geotechnical properties and microfabric
Summary
81
85
85
86
88
89
89
93
94
94
95
95
95
95
96
97
98
98
99
100
101
103
104
104
106
106
106
Recommended reading
107
References
107
3 ROCK MECHANICS
109
3.1 Introduction
Definition, objectives and scope
Rock and soil
Rock masses
110
110
112
113
7007TS-GONZALEZ-1003-01-FM.indd 8
116
116
118
122
124
125
Weathering processes
Weathering of intact rock
Weathering of rock masses
Groundwater
Permeability and water flow
Effects of water on the properties
ofrock masses
3.3 Stress and strain in rocks
Force and stress
Stress on a plane
Stress in three dimensions
Strength and failure
Basic concepts
Failure mechanisms
Stress-strain relationships in rock
Strength criteria
3.4 Strength and deformability
of intact rock
Strength and strength parameters
Effects of anisotropy and pore
pressure on strength
Failure criteria
Mohr-Coulomb criterion
Hoek-Browns criterion
Deformability
Strength and deformability
laboratory tests
Uniaxial compression test
Triaxial compression test
Tensile strength tests
Sonic velocity
Limitations of laboratory tests
3.5 Discontinuities
Influence on rock mass behaviour
Types of discontinuities
Characteristics of discontinuities
Shear strength of discontinuity planes
Barton and Choubey criterion
Discontinuities with infilling
Direct shear strength laboratory test
Permeability and water pressure
3.6 Strength and deformability of rock
masses
Rock mass strength
Failure criteria for isotropic
rock masses
Failure criteria for anisotropic
rock masses
125
126
127
129
129
129
131
131
132
138
139
139
140
141
144
147
147
147
149
149
150
150
154
154
159
162
164
164
165
165
166
168
170
172
175
175
177
179
179
181
186
11/23/2010 5:21:52 PM
contents
Summary
Rock mass deformability
In situ deformability tests
Geophysical methods
Empirical correlations
Permeability and water pressure
Scale effect
3.7 In situ stress
Origin and types of in situ stress
Geological and morphological factors
which influence the state of stress
Methods for measuring in situ stress
Measuring the direction of stresses by
geological methods
Estimating stress magnitude from
empirical relationships
Instrumental methods for measuring
orientation and magnitude of stress
187
187
188
188
189
193
195
Pumping tests
Injection tests
Tracer tests
238
248
249
251
251
252
253
255
255
256
257
257
258
207
259
207
PART II METHODS
201
201
203
205
206
215
216
216
Recommended reading
220
References
221
4 Hydrogeology
223
224
224
227
228
230
230
231
232
233
233
233
234
235
236
236
237
237
238
7007TS-GONZALEZ-1003-01-FM.indd 9
5 SITE INVESTIGATION
263
264
264
264
268
268
269
269
270
273
275
5.3Engineering geophysics
Surface geophysics
Electrical methods
Seismic methods
Electromagnetic methods
Gravity methods
Magnetic methods
Borehole geophysics
Geophysical logging
Seismic logging inside boreholes
Seismic tomography
275
276
276
277
282
285
285
286
286
287
288
289
289
289
291
292
ix
11/23/2010 5:21:52 PM
contents
Special boreholes
Number and depth of boreholes
Borehole data presentation
Trial excavations
Geotechnical sampling
Borehole logging
293
293
293
293
294
297
Filling
Seepage
342
343
343
344
344
347
349
Recommended reading
349
References
350
351
7.1 Definition
352
352
352
354
354
357
357
357
358
358
358
360
360
360
7.5 Applications
Land and urban planning
Engineering
361
361
361
Recommended reading
365
References
365
301
301
302
303
305
305
306
319
319
Recommended reading
325
References
325
327
6.1 Methodology
328
331
331
332
332
332
8 Foundations
369
335
335
336
337
338
340
341
8.1 Introduction
Basic design criteria
Stages in foundation design
370
370
371
371
371
372
372
7007TS-GONZALEZ-1003-01-FM.indd 10
308
310
311
311
312
313
313
316
316
316
316
317
322
324
373
11/23/2010 5:21:52 PM
contents
374
375
375
376
378
378
379
379
380
382
382
382
383
384
384
404
405
408
408
409
410
410
411
411
412
413
414
414
415
415
415
417
426
432
433
433
434
434
435
435
436
439
440
441
443
445
447
Recommended reading
449
References
449
10 Tunnels
451
10.1 Introduction
452
385
386
387
389
391
391
392
392
394
394
396
396
396
397
397
398
398
Recommended reading
400
453
References
400
9 SLOPES
401
9.1 Introduction
402
403
404
404
454
457
458
459
460
461
462
464
7007TS-GONZALEZ-1003-01-FM.indd 11
xi
11/23/2010 5:21:53 PM
xii
contents
464
464
465
466
466
471
471
472
472
476
480
481
483
10.7 Excavability
483
484
487
489
489
491
491
492
480
493
493
493
494
495
Recommended reading
499
References
499
501
11.1 Introduction
502
503
503
504
504
506
7007TS-GONZALEZ-1003-01-FM.indd 12
507
507
508
508
508
508
509
509
513
513
513
514
514
515
515
515
516
516
516
516
517
517
517
518
519
519
519
521
521
523
523
523
524
527
528
529
532
Recommended reading
533
References
533
12 Earth Structures
535
12.1 Introduction
536
11/23/2010 5:21:53 PM
contents
537
12.3 Materials
Earthfill embankments
Rockfill embankments
Coarse rockfill
540
540
541
545
545
548
550
551
555
13.1 Introduction
556
556
557
557
560
561
562
562
563
565
567
567
568
569
569
570
570
574
576
580
581
582
582
585
585
586
587
587
589
589
7007TS-GONZALEZ-1003-01-FM.indd 13
583
591
591
592
Recommended reading
593
References
593
14 SEISMIC HAZARD
595
14.1 Introduction
596
596
596
597
598
599
600
600
604
606
606
608
609
610
610
xiii
611
613
613
615
616
617
617
617
619
Recommended reading
622
References
622
626
627
631
638
11/23/2010 5:21:53 PM
xiv
contents
639
Recommended reading
641
References
642
APPENDIX A
Charts for circular and wedge
failure analysis
643
APPENDIX B
Pressure units conversion chart
653
7007TS-GONZALEZ-1003-01-FM.indd 14
APPENDIX C
Symbols and acronyms
657
APPENDIX D
LIST OF BOXES
663
APPENDIX E
PERMISSIONS TO REPRODUCE FIGURES
AND TABLES
665
Index
671
11/23/2010 5:21:53 PM