INDEX

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CERTIFICATE

INTRODUCTION
NUTRITIONAL CONTENTS OF COCONUT WATER

BENEFITS OF COCONUT WATER

AIM

CHEMICALS REQUIRED

APPARATUS

PHYSICAL OBSERVATION

PROCEDURE

OBSERVATION TABLE

RESULT

CONCLUSION

REACTIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am immensely thankful to my teacher Mrs.
Neha Nitika Nithaniel, (PGT Chemistry, Queen
Marys School, Northend, Delhi), who gave me
this opportunity to work on a project of my
interest. I am highly obliged for her guidance and
constant supervision throughout the project and
for her support in completion of the project.
I take this pleasure in expressing my heartfelt
gratitude to Mr. Manoj (Lab assistant, Chemistry
Laboratory, Queen Marys School, Northend,
Delhi), for his constant help and continuous
support during the term of the project.

Sanskriti
XII A
Roll No Queen Marys School
Northend, New Delhi

This is to certify that the project work titled "Analysis of the

contents of Coconut Water" being submitted as a Project
Report for the fulfillment of curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD OF
SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE), is a record of a bonafide
work carried out by Sanskriti from Queen Marys School,
Northend under my guidance and supervision during the
session April 2015 March 2016.

EXAMINER
Mrs. Neha Nitika Nithaniel
PGT (Chemistry) Teacher
Queen Marys School
Model Town, Delhi

Coconut

water

is the clear liquid inside young

green coconuts . Botanically, coconut plant belongs to
the Arecaceae family of palm trees, and has the scientific
name: Cocos nucifera.

In early development, it serves as a suspension for

the endosperm of the coconut during their nuclear phase of
development. Coconut water is largely consumed as a
refreshing drink. From coconut fruit, it is possible to obtain
some commercial products such as coconut milk, coconut

water, and grated coconut, which are used in the preparation

of other food products .They are often sold by street vendors ,
can also be found in ordinary cans, tetra packs, or plastic
bottles .

In recent years, coconut water has been marketed as a

natural energy or sports drink having low levels of fat,
carbohydrates, and calories. Coconut water has long been a
popular
drink
in
the tropics,
especially
in India, Brazilian Coast, Southeast
Asia, Pacific
Islands,
Africa, and the Caribbean, where it is available fresh, canned,
or bottled. In the Philippines, it is known as 'buko'.

Harvesting
Fresh coconuts are typically harvested from the tree while
they are green. A hole may be bored into the coconut to
provide access to the liquid and meat. In young coconuts, the
liquid and air may be under some pressure and may spray
slightly when the inner husk is first penetrated. Coconuts
which have fallen to the ground are susceptible to rot and
damage from insects or animals.

Nutritional value per 100 g

(3.5 oz)
Energy

63 kJ (15 kcal)

Carbohydrat
es

3.71 g

Sugars

2.61 g

Dietary fibre

1.1 g

Fat

0.2 g

Protein

0.72 g

Vitamins
Vitamin A equiv.

(0%)

beta-carotene

0 g

lutein zeaxanthin (0%)

0 g
0 g
Thiamine (B1)

(3%)
0.03 mg

Riboflavin (B2)

(5%)
0.057 mg

Niacin (B3)

(1%)
0.08 mg

Pantothenic
acid (B5)

(1%)

Vitamin B6

(2%)

0.043 mg
0.032 mg

Folate (B9)

(1%)
3 g

Vitamin C

(3%)
2.4 mg

Vitamin E

(0%)
0 mg

Vitamin K

(0%)
0 g

Trace metals
Calcium

(2%)
24 mg

Iron

(2%)
0.29 mg

Magnesium

(7%)
25 mg

Phosphorus

(3%)
20 mg

Potassium

(5%)
250 mg

Zinc

(1%)
0.1 mg

Other constituents
Water

94.99 g

1. Hydrating Properties
Coconut water is widely known to replace the minerals and fluids that
we lose during physical activities. People who work out on a regular
basis should drink a lot of coconut water.
2. Cardiovascular Health
Coconut water is rich in magnesium and potassium and is helpful for
people who suffer from low blood pressure. It also reduces the risk of
heart attacks. Coconut water regulates the blood circulation and
prevents the formation of plaque. Drinking coconut water regularly
contributes to health and prevents heart strokes. Coconut water also
helps to increase good cholesterol which makes it a wonderful
treatment for maintaining good cardiovascular health.
3. Increases Metabolic Rate
Regular consumption of coconut water increases the metabolism rate
which helps to burn sugar a lot faster. As a result, the level of insulin
in a persons body burns faster. Thus a person has more energy and
loses fat faster.
4. Digestion
Coconut water is composed of bioactive enzymes such as folic acid,
phosphates, catalane, dehydrogenate, diastase, peroxides, RNA
polymerases and so on. These enzymes help in easy digestion and
metabolism. The water also has more minerals like calcium,
manganese and zinc than some fruits like oranges. It is also a good
source of Vitamin B such as riboflavin, thiamine, pyridoxine, and
foliates. Human body requires them from external sources to
replenish and hence it becomes very essential to the human body.
5. Dehydration
Coconut water has been used to treat dehydration caused by
dysentery, cholera, diarrhea and stomach ache. The electrolyte
balance and plasma content in coconut water has been found to be
similar to human blood.

6. Muscle Cramps
One of the biggest benefits of coconut water is that it prevents
muscle cramps. Coconut water is high in potassium, whose deficiency
can lead to muscle cramps.
7. Diuretic Properties
Coconut water is effective as a diuretic as it expedites the flow of
urine. Coconut water mixed with lemon juice not only aids
dehydration, but also helps to cure intestine worms in children.
8. Controls Diabetes
Coconut water also helps to control diabetes. Coconut water, when
consumed regularly has the ability to improve blood circulation within
the body. It helps to widen the blood vessels which get restricted due
to the formation of plaque within them and helps the blood to flow
smoothly through them. It also helps to fight against atherosclerosis.

9. Reduces Blood Pressure

Incorrect level of electrolytes can result in high blood pressure.
Coconut water contains a perfect balance of electrolytes hence; it can
be used as a balancing mechanism. Doctors sometimes
recommended that coconut water be consumed at the start of each
day by BP patients to balance electrolytes.
10. Fights Bacteria
Coconut water is naturally sterile and is especially good for pregnant
women as it helps to improve the immunity and the health of both
mother and the baby. The anti-bacterial, anti-fungal properties
prevent infection and illness during pregnancy.

AIM
To identify the presence of cations and anions in coconut

water.

THEORY

Coconut water (coconut liquid endosperm), with its many

applications, is one of the worlds most versatile natural
product. This refreshing beverage is consumed worldwide as it
is nutritious and beneficial for health. There is increasing
scientific evidence that supports the role of coconut water in
health and medicinal applications.
Coconut water is traditionally used as a growth supplement in
plant tissue culture /micropropagation. The wide applications
of coconut water can be justified by its unique chemical
composition of sugars, vitamins, minerals, amino acids and
phytohormones.

CHEMICALS REQUIRED
1)Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
2)Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)
3)Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)
4)Nitric Acid (HNO3)
5)Ammonium Carbonate ((NH4)2CO3)
6)Acetic Acid (CH3COOH)
7)Ammonium Oxalate ((NH4)2C2O4)
8)Ammonium Phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4)
9)Hydrogen sulphide (H2S Gas)
10) Hydrochloric Acid (Hcl)
11) Dilute Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4)
12) Conc. Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4)
13) Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)
14) Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)

 APPARATUS
1)Test tube
2)Tripod Stand
3)Wire Gauge
4)Filter paper
5)Funnel
6)Tongs
7)Beaker
8)Burner
9)Test tube stand
10) China Dish
11) Dropper
12) Platinum Wire
13) Watch Glass

PHYSICAL Observation:1)Physical state: Liquid

2)Color: Transparent
3)Odour: Fruity Smell

PROCEDURE:CATION TEST

1
.

2
.

Experiment

Observati Inferen
on
ce

Analysis of group
Zero (NH4+)
The solid salt is heated with
concentrated solution of
sodium hydroxide. In case,
ammonia gas is evolved,
NH4+ is present.

No Gas evolved.

Group zero is
absent.

No ppt. is
formed.

Group I is
absent.

Analysis of group I
(Silver Group)
If the original solution is
prepared in water, add dil.
HCl to it. In case the
original solution is prepared
in conc. HCl, dilute the
solution with cold water. If a
white ppt. is formed, first
group (Pb2+) is present.

3
.

Analysis of group
II (copper group)
Take about 2 ml of the
original solution in a test
tube. Make it acidic with dil.
HCl and warm the contents.
Through this solution pass
H2S gas from Kipps
apparatus .Formation of

No ppt. is
formed.

Group II is
absent.

black or yellow precipitates

indicate the presence of
group II radical.
4
.

Analysis of group
III(iron group)
Take about 5 ml of the
original solution and add 4-5
drops of conc. Nitric acid.
Boil the solution for some
time. Add to it about 2 g of
solid NH4Cl and boil again.
Cool the solution under tap
water. Add excess of
ammonium hydroxide to it
and shake. A ppt. shows the
presence of some cation of
group III.

5
.

Analysis of group
IV (Nickel group)
If there is no ppt. in third
group, then use the same
ammonical solution. Pass
H2S gas through the
solution. If some ppt. is
formed, presence of some
radical IV is indicated.

No ppt. is
formed.

No ppt. is
formed.

Group III is
absent.

Group IV is
absent.

6
.

Analysis of group
V (Calcium group)
To the original solution add
2-3 grams of solid NH4Cl,
boil, cool and add NH4OH
till the solution smells of
ammonia. Then add
(NH4)2CO3 solution.
Appearance of visible white
ppt. indicates the presence
of group V cation. Filter and
wash the ppt. with water.
Dissolve the ppt in hot dilute
acetic acid. Divide the ppt in
three equal parts.

White colored
ppt is formed.
Ba2+, Sr2+or
Ca2+ may be
present.

7. Analysis of group
VI
(Magnesium
Group)
A ppt is formed in ammonium
phosphate test.
White ppt is
formed.
Mg2+may be
present.

ANION TEST
Experiment

Observati Inferen
on
ce

1. Dilute Sulphuric acid test

No gas evolved.
Take a small amount of salt in
a test tube and add 1-2 ml of
dil. Sulphuric acid.
2. Conc. Sulphuric acid test
Take a small amount of salt
in a test tube and add 2-3 ml
of Conc. Sulphuric acid.
3. Sulphate Test
Boil a small amount of salt
with dil. HCl in a test tube.
Filter the contents and add
few drops of BaCl2 solution.
4.

CO32-,SO32-,S
2&NO2
absent.

Colorless gas
with pungent
smell.

Cl- may be
present.

No ppt formed

SO42- is
absent.

Phosphate Test
Add conc. HNO3 to the salt in
the test tube . Boil the
Yellow ppt
contents add excess of
formed.
ammonium molybdate
solution.

PO43- may be
present.

CONFIRMATORY TEST
Experiment

Observati Inferen
on
ce

1.Calcium
Ammonium Oxalate test
To a portion of group V
solution, add 1-2 ml of
ammonium oxalate solution.
Add a little ammonium
hydroxide to it and scratch the
sides.

White ppt.
formed

Calcium ion
(Ca2+) is
present.

White ppt. is
formed

Magnesium
ion (Mg2+) is
confirmed.

An orangeyellow flame is
obtained.

Sodium ion
(Na+) is
confirmed.

2. Magnesium
Ammonium phosphate test
To a part of original solution
add some solid NH4Cl and
NH4OH in slight excess. Then
add ammonium phosphate
solution and rub the sides of
the test tube with a glass rod.

3. Sodium
Flame Test
Take a platinum wire and dip
it in the solution of coconut

water and then heat strongly in

the burning flame.

4. Potassium

Add freshly prepared sodium

cobalt nitrite solution to 5ml
of coconut water.
To the second part of coconut

Yellow shiny
ppt. is formed.

Potassium
ion (K+) is
confirmed.

White ppt.
formed.

Chloride ion
(Cl-) is
confirmed.

Yellow ppt. is
formed.

Chloride ion
(Cl-) is
confirmed.

form add picric acid solution.

5.Chlorine

Silver Nitrate Test

Acidify a portion of aqueous
solution with dil. HNO3. Boil
for some time, cool and add
AgNO3 solution.
Chromyl Chloride Test
Mix a small quantity of the
salt with powdered potassium
dichromate. Take the mixture
in a test tube and add conc.
H2SO4.
Heat the tube and pass red
vapours evolved into the gas
detector containing NaOH
solution. To the yellow
solution thus obtained, add dil
CH3COOH and lead acetate
solution.

6. Phosphate
Ammonium molybdate test
To the aqueous solution add
conc. HNO3 and boil. Add
ammonium molybdate
solution in excess and boil
again.
Magnesia Mixture Test
Take a portion of aqueous
solution add magnesia mixture
(to prepare it, add solid NH4Cl
to magnesium chloride
solution. Boil, cool and add
NH4OH till a strong smell of
ammonia is obtained) and
allow to stand.

Deep yellow
ppt. is formed.

Potassium
ion (PO43-) is
confirmed.

White ppt. is
formed.

Potassium
ion (PO43-) is
confirmed.

RESULT:Cation: - Calcium (Ca2+), Magnesium (Mg2+),

Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+)
Anion: - Chlorine (Cl-), Phosphate (PO43-)

 REACTIONS:1. Calcium: Ammonium Oxalate Test

(CH3COO)2Ca + (NH4)2C2O4 2CH3COOHN4 + CaC2O4
(White ppt.)

2. Magnesium:
Ammonium Phosphate Test
MgCl2 + NH4OH + (NH4)2HPO4 Mg(NH4)PO4 +
2NH4Cl + H2O

3. Sodium:
Flame Test
Sodium imparts orange yellow color to the flame.

4. Potassium:

2KCl + Na3[Co(NO2)6] K2Na[Co(No2)6] + 2NaCl

K+ + No3[Co(No2)6] K2Na[Co(No2)6] (yellow ppt.)

+2Na+
K+ + C6H2(No2)3OHHCl + C6H2(No2)3OK (sodium picrate Yellow
ppt.)

5. Chlorine:

Silver nitrate :AgNo3 + NaCl AgCl (White ppt.) + NaNo3

AgCl + 2NH4OH [Ag(NH3)2]Cl (soluble complex) + 2H2O
Chromyl Chloride Test :4NaCl + K2Cr2O7 + 3H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2CrO2Cl2 (Chromyl
Chloride) + 3H2O + 2Na2SO4
CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH Na2CrO4 (Sod. chromate) + 2NaCl + 2H2O

(CH3COO)2Pb + Na2CrO4 PbCrO4 (lead chromate , yellow ppt.)

+ 2CH3COONa
6. Phosphate:

Ammonium molybdate Test :Na2HPO4 +12(NH4)2MoO4+23HNO3

(NH4)3PO4.12MoO3+2NaNo3+21NH4No3+12H2O
Magnesia Mixture Test :Na2HPO4 + MgCl2 + NH4OH Mg (NH4)PO4 ( White ppt. ) +
2NaCl + H2O

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books:1 Comprehensive Practical Chemistry by Laxmi Publications
(P) Ltd.
2 NCERT Chemistry class XII
3 Lab Manual Chemistry by Saraswati Publications

Websites:1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_water

2. www.nutrition-and-you.com/coconut-water.html

3. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii