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Quantum Physics: Igure
Quantum Physics: Igure
Quantum Physics
4 000 K
3 000 K
2 000 K
0 1 2 3 4
Wavelength (µ m)
Figure 13.2
Intensity of blackbody radiation
versus wavelength at three
temperatures. Note that the amount
of radiation emitted (the area under
a curve) increases with increasing
temperature. The visible range of
wavelengths is between 0.4 m and
0.7 m. Therefore, the 4 000-K curve
has a peak that is near the visible
range and represents an object that
would glow with a yellowish-white
appearance. At about 6000 K, the
peak is in the center of the visible
wavelengths and the object appears
white.
Classical theory
Intensity Experimental
data
Wavelength
F I G U R E 13.3 Comparison
of the experimental results with
the curve predicted by classical
theory for the distribution of
blackbody radiation.
to n =
E n
4hf 4
3hf 3
2hf 2
ENERGY
hf 1
0 0
C E
Light
Variable power
supply
Figure 13.6
A circuit diagram for studying the photoelectric effect.
When light strikes the plate E (the emitter),
photoelectrons are ejected from the plate. Electrons
moving from plate E to plate C (the collector)
constitute a current in the circuit.
Current
High intensity
Low intensity
– Vs Applied voltage
Figure 13.7
Photoelectric current versus
applied potential difference for
two light intensities. The current
increases with intensity but
reaches a saturation level for
large values of V. At voltages
equal to or more negative than
2 Vs, where Vs is the stopping
potential, the current is zero.
Metal 1 Metal 2 Metal 3
K max
0
f
φ1
– φ2
φ3
Figure 13.8
A plot of results for Kmax of
photoelectrons versus frequency of
incident light in a typical
photoelectric effect experiment.
Photons with frequency less than the
cutoff frequency for a given metal do
not have sufficient energy to eject an
electron from the metal.
+200 V +600 V +1 000 V +1 400 V Vacuum
θ
f0, 0
f ,λ
θ = 90 Rotating crystal
′
0
X-ray
source
Ionization
chamber
θ=0
Primary beam
0
Intensity
θ = 45
θ = 90
Intensity
θ = 135
Intensity
F I G U R E 13.12 Scattered
x-ray intensity versus
wavelength for Compton
scattering at 0°, 45°, 90°,
and 135°.
F I G U R E 13.13 (a) Diagram of a transmission
Electron gun
electron microscope for viewing a thinly sectioned
Vacuum
Cathode sample. The “lenses” that control the electron beam
are magnetic deflection coils. (b) An electron
Anode microscope in use.
Electromagnetic Core
lens
Coil
Electromagnetic
condenser
lens Electron
beam
Specimen
goes
here
Specimen
(© David Parker/Photo Researchers, Inc.)
chamber
door
Screen
Projector
lens
Visual
transmission
Photo
chamber
(b)
(a)
x
0
(a)
Wave 1:
x
0
Wave 2:
x Figure 13.16
0
The beat pattern of Figure 13.14b,
with an envelope function (blue
curve) superimposed.
Number of electrons
detected per minute
Electrons x
θ
d θ
Electron
detector
F I G U R E 13.17 Electron interference. The slit separation d is much greater than the individual slit widths and much less
than the distance between the slit and the detector. The electron detector is movable along the y direction in the drawing and
so can detect electrons diffracted at different values of . The detector acts like the “viewing screen” of Young’s double-slit
experiment with light discussed in Chapter 12.
(a) After 28 electrons
(a – d, From C. Jönsson, Zeitschrift fur Physik 161:454, 1961; used with permission Springer Verlag)
(b) After 1000 electrons
Figure 13.18
(a, b, c) Computer-simulated
interference patterns for a beam of
electrons incident on a double slit.
(d) Photograph of a double-slit
interference pattern produced by
electrons.
2
x
a b
v
m
(a)
x
0 L
(b)
F I G U R E 13.21 (a) A
particle of mass m and velocity :v,
confined to bouncing between
two impenetrable walls separated
by a distance L. (b) The potential
energy function for the system.
2
ψ3 ψ3
n=3 n=3
2
ψ2 ψ2
n=2 n=2
2
ψ1 ψ1
n=1 n=1
x x
0 L 0 L
(a) (b)
Figure 13.22
The first three allowed states for a particle confined to a one-dimensional box. The states are shown superimposed on the
2
potential energy function of Figure 13.22b. (a) The wave functions for n 1, 2, and 3. (b) The probability densities
for n 1, 2, and 3. The wave functions and probability densities are plotted vertically from separate axes that are offset
vertically for clarity. The positions of these axes on the potential energy function suggest the relative energies of the states,
but the positions are not shown to scale.
n
4 E4 = 16E1
3 E3 = 9E1
E2 = 4E1
ENERGY
1 E1
E=0
Figure 13.23
Energy level diagram for a particle
confined to a one-dimensional box
of length L. The lowest allowed
energy is E1 h2/8mL2.
(IBM Research, Almaden Research Center. Unauthorized use prohibited)
I II III
Figure Q13.14
1.0
Relative intensity
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
400 500 600
Wavelength (nm)
Figure P13. 3
θ
Electron φ
beam Scattered
a electrons
Figure P13.21
Energy
L
U
E Electron
x
0
Rigel
High intensity
Probability
density
0 L