Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Compusoft, 3 (10), 1161-1166 PDF
Compusoft, 3 (10), 1161-1166 PDF
Compusoft, 3 (10), 1161-1166 PDF
ISSN:2320-0790
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University,
Tangail 1902
Abstract: Diabetic retinopathy is a vision threatening complication as a result of diabetes mellitus which is the main
cause of visual impairment and blindness in diabetic patients. In many cases the patient is not conscious of the
disease until it is too late for effective treatment. The prevalence of retinopathy varies with the age of diabetes and
the duration of disease. Early diagnosis by regular screening and treatment is beneficial in preventing visual
impairment and blindness. This paper presents the review of automatic detection of diabetic retinopathy.
Keywords: Diabetic retinopathy, exudates, neural network, microaneurysm and optic disk.
the primary abnormality occurring in the eye because of
diabetes. These are recognized by tiny, dark red spots or
haemorrhages that may occur as alone or in clusters and
light sensitive to retina. Haemorrhages are round in shape,
which are found in deep layer of the retina. Exudates are
two types: hard exudates and soft exudates. Hard exudates
are the fat and protein leaking out from the blood vessel,
which prevents light from reaching the retina and causes
visual impairment. There are some spots termed as soft
exudates are seems in the severe stages of diabetic
retinopathy called cotton wool spots. These caused by
nerve fiber layer blocked and the local nerve fiber axons
get blown up [16, 17]. Fig.1 shows the features of diabetic
retinopathy.
I. INTRODUCTION
Diabetes mellitus is a vital cause of visual morbidity that
affects an estimated 11.8 million diagnosed and 4.9 million
undiagnosed persons in the US [1, 2]. Among them 40.3%
have some degree of diabetic retinopathy and 8.2% have
vision threatening retinopathy. The rates of retinopathy and
vision-frightening retinopathy are higher in persons with
type 1 diabetes, occurring in 82.3% and 32.2% of affected
persons, respectively [3-6]. Persons with diabetic
retinopathy (DR) are 29 times more to become blind than
those without diabetes and it is estimated that diabetic
retinopathy is responsible for 5% of all the worlds
blindness cases The medical cost of DR has been estimated
to be US$500 million per year in the US alone [6-8].
Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of
diabetes and the common cause of damage to the retina of
the eye of the diabetic patient. The prevalence of
retinopathy varies with the age of diabetes and the duration
of disease. For the detection of diabetic retinopathy color
fundus photographs of the retina is required.
If the symptoms are identified in earlier stage, then proper
treatment can be provided [9-14]. The effective treatment
of diabetic retinopathy can inhibit the progression of the
diseases. Many patients are not aware of this disease. It is
point out that at least 90% of the new cases of diabetic
retinopathy could be reduced by giving proper treatment
and regular monitoring of the eye [15].
Diabetic retinopathy can be diagnosed by the defects of the
retina. The defects may include microaneurysms,
haemorrhages and exudates [14, 15]. Microaneurysms are
1161
COMPUSOFT, An international journal of advanced computer technology, 3 (10), October-2014 (Volume-III, Issue-X)
A. Detection by exudates
Automatic detection of hard and soft exudates using
histogram thresholding is described by Kavitha and
Duraiswmy [15]. They preprocessed the fundus images
using CIELab colorspace and then used mathematical
morphology for the detection of hard and soft exudates.
Capturing Image
(using fundus
camera)
Preprocessing
(image
enhancement)
Diabetic Retinopathy
detection methods and
image grading
Detection
by
exudates
Detection by
lesions,
vessels,
microaneurys
m
Detection
by optic
disk
Detection
by neural
network
Detection
by other
methods
COMPUSOFT, An international journal of advanced computer technology, 3 (10), October-2014 (Volume-III, Issue-X)
(b)
(b)
(d)
a)
b)
Fig. 4 Determination of the optic disk pixel (ODP): a): (A) Original
image, (A-1) OD pixel returned by the maximum difference method, (A2) OD pixel returned by the maximum variance method, (A-3) OD pixel
returned by the low-pass filter method, (A-4) the three pixels are close, so
the location of the final ODP (the black dot) is the average of their
locations. (images taken from Ref. [31]), and b): (A-5) Optic disk
detected by [20].
1163
COMPUSOFT, An international journal of advanced computer technology, 3 (10), October-2014 (Volume-III, Issue-X)
III.
DISCUSSIONS
COMPUSOFT, An international journal of advanced computer technology, 3 (10), October-2014 (Volume-III, Issue-X)
3)
V. REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
Nathan Silberman,
Kristy Ahlrich,
Rob Fergus and
Lakshminarayana Subramanian Case for automated Detection of
Diabetic Retinopathy, http://ai-d.org/pdfs/Silberman.pdf
[8]
[9]
1165
COMPUSOFT, An international journal of advanced computer technology, 3 (10), October-2014 (Volume-III, Issue-X)
examination in screening for diabetic retinopathy. Diabet. Med.
2003, 20, pp.528-534.
[13] Iqbal, M.I Aibinu, A.M Gubbal, N.S and Khan, A Automatic
Diagnosis Of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Fundus Images,
http://paper.ijcsns.org/07_book/200812/20081230.pdf
[39] Ahmad Fadzil, et. Al, Analysis of Foveal Avascular Zone in Colour
Fundus Images for Grading of Diabetic Retinopathy Severity, 32nd
Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS Buenos Aires,
Argentina, August 31 - September 4, 2010, pp. 5632-5635.
1166