HERBICIDES:

An a substance used to kill un-

wanted plants.

TRANSLOCATION: It moves from the

point of initial application to circulate throughout
plant the circulation of toxin ensures the kill of the
entire plant.

ABSORPTION: The act or process

of absorbing or sucking in anything, or of being
absorbed and made to disappear; as, the
absorption of bodies
TYPES OF HERBICIDES :
Chlorophenoxy acid herbicides:
Chlorophenoxy acid herbicides cause toxicity to plants by mimicking their natural
hormone-like auxins, and thereby causing lethal growth abnormalities.
Triazine herbicides:
Triazine herbicides are mostly used in corn agriculture, and sometimes as soil
sterilants. These chemicals are not very persistent in surface soils, but they are
mobile and can cause a combination of groundwater
Organic phosphorus herbicides:
Organic phosphorus herbicides are few, but they include the commonly used chemical, glyphosate
(N-phosphonomethyl-glycine). Glyphosate has a wide range of agricultural uses, and it is also an
important herbicide in forestry.
TRANSLOCATION OF WHEAT:
Translocation and assimilation of N during grain filling are involved in determining grain protein content in
wheat (Trificum aestivum L.). Considerable controversy on the physiological basis for high grain protein
concentration exists. These aspects of N movement within the plant were studied in field experiments with the
spring wheat cultivars Anza and Cajeme 71 and 96 F5 lines from the cross of these cultivars. Cajeme 71 had
higher grain protein concentration, higher translocation, translocation efficiency, and a higher proportion of N
in the grain than Anza, but no relationship between any of these three parameters and grain protein
concentnation was found in the F5 lines. The ratio of N harvest index to grain harvest index, which gives a
rough estimate of the relative proportioning of N and carbohydrate in the grain, was positively related to grain
protein concentration (r=0.39 to 0.45, P < 0.01), emphasizing the need to consider both N and carbohydrate
partitioning while studying the genetic basis of high grain protein concentration. A relatively simple genetic
basis was postulated for the observed variation. A two-gene additive model fit the F5 frequency distribution
observed in both low and high N experiments. The F5 lines that assimilated more N after anthesis than required
for their yield level, identitied by regression of N assimilation after anthesis on grain yield (Le., high positive
residuals), and that had high N translocation were found to be high in grain protein concentration. Excess
assimilated N, the sum of translocation and these residuals (positive or negative), was closely related to grain
protein concentration (r=0.8 to 0.9, P < 0.01). Further, these data for excess N conform closely to theoretical
calculations of the additional N requirement for a 1% increase in grain protein concentration.

ABSORPTION OF WHEAT:
Fractional calcium absorption from wheat products and the influence of co-ingested wheat products on
calcium absorption from milk were measured in a series of randomized crossover studies in healthy adult
women. The wheat had been intrinsically labeled with 45Ca during growth. In the first study, fractional calcium
absorption from leavened whole-wheat bread averaged 0.817 ± 0.124. By comparison, absorption from milk,
ingested at a comparable load in the same women, averaged only 0.589 ± 0.111. When labeled bread was co-
ingested with milk, at the same aggregate load as for bread alone, bread calcium absorption fell to 0.748 ±
0.103 (P < 0.05). In a second study, calcium absorption from an extruded cereal prepared from intrinsically
labeled wheat bran was compared with milk. Calcium absorption from the cereal (0.223 ± 0.046) was
significantly less than from milk (0.375 ± 0.072) (P < 0.001). When the two were co-fed at the same total load,
milk calcium absorption fell to 0.258 ± 0.055 (P < 0.001). In a third study, the effect of phytate hydrolysis
through yeast fermentation and of Maillard browning on calcium absorption was investigated using leavened
bread and underbaked and overbaked cookies, each made with intrinsically labeled wheat flour. Calcium
absorption from cookies was not affected by the extent of browning and averaged 0.652 ± 0.087. However,
calcium absorption from bread in these same women averaged 0.703 ± 0.108. This was significantly more than
from the cookies (P < 0.01). We conclude that absorption of calcium from wheat flour products compares
favorably with absorption from milk (except in phytate-concentrated products such as wheat bran), that bran
interferes with absorption of co-ingested calcium, and that leavening improves the already good absorbability
of the flour-based products.
Translocation of organic herbicide and a systemic
fungicide by Barley:
A comparative study has been made of the uptake by and translocation from roots of
intact barley plants of six herbicides and a systemic fungicide (four triazines, diuron,
2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and ethirimol). Relationships between uptake
and transpiration rate are discussed in the light of the physico-chemical properties of
these compounds, notably their partition coefficients in oil/water systems and their
dissociation constants. Apart from 2,4-D, sorption of these compounds appears to be a
passive process. At pH4 the uptake of 2,4-D seems to be influenced by metabolism;
not only may the concentration of this compound in the transpiration stream be
considerably greater than that in the medium surrounding the roots but absorption by
roots is markedly reduced at low temperatures and by sodium azide.
The initial rate of uptake of these compounds correlates reasonably well with their
partition coefficients in olive oil/water or n-dodecane/water systems; likewise the
concentration in the transpiration stream is greater for lipophilic than for lipophobic
substances.
Whereas the hydrogen ion and calcium concentrations of the ambient medium appear
to have no effect on the uptake of compounds with low pK's, the uptake of those
substances which protonate between pH4 and pH6 is affected by them. These findings
are discussed from the viewpoint that the pathways of transport of lipophilic and
lipophobic compounds across the roots may differ.
Although there is some evidence that retention by roots can limit transport to shoots,
there is no simple inverse correlation between the total concentration of the different
substances in the roots and that in the transpiration stream
Absorption by Barley:
The factors affecting the absorption and translocation of simazine by young barley plants in short-
term experiments in water culture have been investigated. Chromatographic examination of the
xylem sap indicated no extensive breakdown of the herbicide in the transpiration stream. Under
varying conditions of humidity, light intensity, temperature, and in the presence of metabolic
inhibitors, the concentration of simazine in the transpiration stream relative to that in the uptake
medium was always less than unity. This could, in part, be attributed to retention of simazine at a
higher concentration on a fresh weight basis in the root tissues than in the ambient medium. There
was little evidence that the absorption and translocation of simazine was influenced by metabolism
except in so far as this affected movement of water, and micro-organisms present on the plant roots at
ambient laboratory levels had no effect on the uptake and transport of the herbicide.
Simazine brings about a decrease in the rate of transpiration and a reduction in the total uptake of
rubidium and phosphate at relatively high concentrations. However, when the phosphate
concentration in the ambient medium was below the level at which translocation of this ion is
affected by the rate of transpiration, the herbicide did not reduce uptake of phosphate. There is
therefore no evidence that in short-term experiments simazine has an effect on active transport
processes.
EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES IN WHEAT:

INTRODUCTION:
Human beings practically attain all their food directly or indirectly
from plants. Cereal crops belonging to Gramineae (Poaceae) family
produce edible grains, which provide about one-half of man's food
calories and a major portion of his nutrient requirements. Wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) is foremost among cereals and indeed among all
crops, as a direct source of food for human beings. In Pakistan, its ranks
first among the cereal crops and occupies about 66% of the annual food
crop area, providing protein and caloric requirements to one third of the
world population. Wheat is a staple food of 160 million Pakistanis’. It is
the cheapest source of food for a great deal of population of the world,
and supplies 73 percent of the calories and protein in the average diet
principally in the form of chapattis, roati, nans, breads,
cakes, biscuits, porridges, and other products.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

“Study of various herbicides for weed
control in wheat under irrigated conditions” was conducted at
Malakandher Research Farm, N.W.F.P. Agricultural University,
Peshawar during the Rabi Season 2004-2005 using the wheat variety
Ghaznavi-98. Wheat was sown on November, 2004. The experiment
was laid out in a RCBD design with four replications. In each
replication, there were six treatments each with size of 5m x 1.8m.
Row to row distance was kept at 30 cm. All the herbicides were applied
as post emergence as detailed in Table-1.

Table-1. Treatments used in the experiment.

Herbicides Common names Rate (kg a.i. ha-1)
Buctril super 60EC bromoxynil+MCPA 0.45
Puma super 75EW fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 0.75
Topik 15 WP clodinafop-propargyl 0.04
Isoproturon 50 WP isoproturon 1.00
Aim 40 DF carfentrazone-ethyl 0.02
The herbicides were applied with the help of a knapsack sprayer
21 days after sowing when the crop was in the 5-6 leaf stage. The
weed present at the time of application were Avena fatua, Phalaris
minor, Gallium aparine, Fumaria indica, Sinapis arvinse, Convolvulus
arvensis, Melilotus indica and Cirsium arvense. Most of the weeds
mentioned above were in the seedling stage except Cirsium arvense.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Weed control efficiency (%)

The analysis of the data showed that there were significant
effects of different herbicides on weed control. The data regarding
weed control efficiency is presented in Table-2. Comparison of the
treatment means reflects that maximum weed control efficiency (85.4)
was recorded where isoproturon 50 WP was sprayed followed by
Buctril super 60 EC (77.3). This means that the Isoproturon 50 WP
and Buctril super 60 EC have effectively controlled weeds that resulted
in increased yield.

Table-2. Weed control efficiency (%) and fresh weed biomass

as affected by different herbicide treatments in
wheat.

Treatments Weed control efficiency (%) Fresh weed

biomass(kg ha-1)
Buctril super 60 EC 77.0 1330
Puma super 75 EW 36.0 1525
Topik 15 WP 47. 0 1610
Isoproturon 50 WP 85.0 1015
Aim 40 DF 39.0 1775
Weedy check --- 3175
LSD value at 5% á level 15. 110
Advantages of Herbicides:

They effectively kill a broad array of weeds and

other interfering plaints.

They prevent sprouting from stumps and

root systems.

They do not disturb the soil surface

or effect site productive potential.

Disadvantages of Herbicides:

Available chemicals may not kill all target

species, especially if they are not applied at an
appropriate time of year or in proper dosages..

The chemical methods serve only the

narrow purpose of killing unwanted
vegetation poisoning or repelling pests,
and supplementary nutrient deficiencies.

Chemical methods leave

combustion that may serve as fuel
and in the fire hazards.