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FM HM Lab Manual Aug 2011
FM HM Lab Manual Aug 2011
FM HM Lab Manual Aug 2011
ii
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PREFACE
The problems, man encountered in the fields of water supply, irrigation, navigation and water
power resulted in the development of Fluid Mechanics. Some two hundred years ago man kinds
centuries of experience with the flow of water began to crystallize in scientific form. Experiments in this
field are intended to make the students understand the different methods of flow rates in pipe flow
and open channel flows, conversion of hydraulic energy possessed by the water in running turbines
and how pumps are used to increase the hydraulic energy of the water etc.
The Laboratory for FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERIES complements the
learning experience of the lecture. Laboratory exercises provide opportunities for direct study of fluid
behavior. All of the laboratory experiments reinforce material presented during lecture. Some of the
experiments will also expose material that is not presented during lecture. A student is responsible for
the union of the laboratory and lecture experience, not their intersection. The laboratory must be used
as a chance to enhance understanding of FLUID STATICS and DYNAMICS. The following Learning
Objectives for the laboratory give guidance in taking an active role in education.
1. Gain familiarity with physical manifestations of FLUID MECHANICS.
The Experiments deal with the basic fluid properties: Viscosity and Pressure.
i. Static Fluid Forces.
ii. Dynamic Fluid Forces.
iii. The relation between pressure and velocity in a flowing fluid.
These experiments give a first hand experience with fluid behavior. As a result of
performing these experiments one should be able to recognize the effects of fluid pressure
and to relate measurements of pressure to velocity in a moving fluid. In addition to learning
about fluid behavior, one should be able to recognize the Physical Equipment in the
laboratory and explain the basic Operating Principles of the Equipment. One should learn how
to operate the equipment properly and safely.
2. Develop and reinforce measurements skills.
The student should know how to read Gauges, Manometers, Flow Meters, Spring
Scales, and Balance Scales. He should be able to time events with a Stopwatch. He should
strive to measure quantities with the maximum precision of the instruments provided in the
laboratory.
3. Developing and reinforcing skills in documenting observations.
The student should develop good habits in the organization and recording of raw data
in a notebook, and take care to document the data such that it can be analyzed at a later
time. He should sketch the physical apparatus used in the experiment. In doing so, he must
pay special attention to the specific mechanical and operational details that enable the
apparatus to achieve the purpose for which it was designed. He should be able to list and
describe the steps used to obtain the desired measurements. He should be able to identify
whether any actions were taken to improve the outcome of the experiment. Likewise, he
should be able to identify any actions that may have contributed to undesirable outcomes.
4. Developing skills at writing laboratory reports.
The student will create reports to document his measurements in the laboratory. He will
use a writing style and format that is common to technical documentation used in Civil and
Mechanical Engineering. The reports should be complete, yet concise. By writing the report, he
should develop a clear understanding of the laboratory exercise, and communicate that
understanding in his written words.
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CONTENTS
S. No
Page No
1.
2.
3.
4.
13
5.
17
6.
21
7.
25
8.
29
9.
33
10
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Experiment No. 1
Theory:
When a jet of water is directed to hit the Vane of any particular shape, a force is exerted on it
by the fluid. This force is large in magnitude, acts as long as the jet is making impact with the plate. It is
termed as Impact Force. The magnitude of this force exerted on the Plate/Vane depends on the
Velocity of Jet, Shape of Vane, Fluid Density and Area of Cross Section of the jet. More importantly, it
also depends on whether the Vane is Moving or Stationary.
In our present experiment, we are concerned about the force exerted on the Stationary
Plates/Vanes. The following are the theoretical formulae for different shapes of vane, based on flow
rate.
1) Flat Plate :
Ft = A V2
2) Flat Plate inclined at angle from horizontal:
Ft = A V2 cos
3) Hemi Spherical:
Ft = 2 A V2
4)
However the actual force as observed by the Weight Balance is lesser than the one
calculated from above equations. For a given setup the ratio of Actual Force to the Theoretical Force
remains constant. This experiment is aimed at finding the same.
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Observation Table:
Type of Vane
S No
Reading in Weight
balance, W (grams)
1a.1
a
Flat
1a.2
1a.3
1b.1
b
Curved Plate
1b.2
1b.3
Formulae:
Q=
A tank x
t
A=
d2
4
Fa =
W + WP
9.81
1000
Where,
Atank Area of Measuring Tank (0.3 X 0.3 m2)
x Height of water considered in meter (from the table above)
d - Nozzle Diameter (8 mm or 0.008 m)
Ft Theoretical Force
Fa Actual Force (from the spring balance)
Density of water = 1000 Kg/m3
A Area of nozzle
V Velocity of jet
W Spring balance reading in grams
WP Mass of the plates (For Flat Vane: 225 and for Curved Vane: 175)
Calculation Table:
S No
V = Q/A
Ft
Fa
Co-efficient
Fa/Ft
1a.1
1a.2
1a.3
1b.1
1b.2
1b.3
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Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Precautions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Result:
The Actual Value of Force is always lesser than the Theoretically calculated value because:
a. The velocity of water reduces while rising.
b. There is reduction in velocity while water moves on the Vane.
c. All the water from nozzle doesnt make impact with the Vane.
The average co-efficient of impact was calculated and found out to be
a. For Flat Plate_______.
b. For Curved Vane _______.
Applications:
The Force of Impact calculated in this experiment is useful in determining the work done and
torque exerted by the jet of water on moving vanes in Impact Turbines (Pelton Wheel).
Questions:
1. Out of the plates, which one has the maximum force of impact?
2. Even though the hemispherical vanes have the maximum force of impact, why they are not
used in Pelton wheel?
3. What is the effect of density of fluid on force of impact?
4. What is the relationship between Newton force and kg. force?
5. What is the conversion factor for l.p.m. to m3/s?
6. What is the difference between Mass and Weight?
7. Why is the Actual Force value lesser than the Theoretically calculated value?
8. What is a nozzle?
9. What is Bernoullis theorem?
10. What is the Formula for Force if you know the momentums of the fluid before and after
impact?
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Experiment No. 2
Theory:
Any Fluid flowing through a pipe experiences resistance from the walls of the pipe due to
Shear Forces or in simple terms - Viscosity. The amount of loss depends on the Velocity of Flow and
Area of contact between the Pipe and Fluid Particles. It also depends upon the Type of Flow, i.e.
Laminar or Turbulent. This Frictional Resistance causes loss of Pressure in the direction of flow as shown
in the figure below.
hf =
4.f.L.V 2
2.d.g
f=
hf .2.d.g
4.L.V 2
Where,
hf Drop of head (got from the manometer difference).
f Coefficient of Friction
L Length of pipe (1 meter)
V Velocity of flow,
g Acceleration due to gravity, 9.8m/s2
d Diameter of the pipe
The Value of Coefficient of Friction is not constant and depends upon roughness of Pipe inside
Surface and Reynolds number. Any oil content in water also affects its value.
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Observation Table:
Type of Pipe
Manometric Reading
S No
h1
h2
h = h1 h2
a.1
A (GI)
d=_____
a.2
a.3
b.1
B (GI)
d=_____
b.2
b.3
Formulae:
Atank x
t
Q=
hf =
V=
f=
SHg
Sw
-1 h
Q
A
hf .2.d.g
4.L.V 2
Where,
Atank Area of Measuring Tank (0.3 X 0.3 m2)
x Height of water considered in m(from the table above)
t Time taken for x cm of water collection.
hf head loss due to friction in pipe
d Pipe Diameter
g acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)
L Length of the pipe in meters
V Velocity of water flow
Result Table:
A
S No
V = Q/A
faverage
a.1
For D=20mm
A=_________
a.2
a.3
b.1
For D=15mm
A=_________
b.2
b.3
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Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Make sure the Water in Sump Tank is free of any Oil Content.
Open all the Outlet Valves, Close all the Valves of Manometer and Start the Pump.
Close all Valves, except the Outlet Valve of the Pipe to be tested.
Remove all the Air Bubbles from Manometer and Connecting Pipes.
Adjust the Flow to get Suitable Readings.
Note down the Manometric Readings and time t for height x cm of water collection in
Measuring Tank.
7. Change the Flow Rate and take similar readings.
8. Repeat the procedure for other pipes.
Note: While measuring the heads, slight variation may occur due to voltage changes, valves etc. in
such cases, average readings may by taken.)
Precautions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Result:
1. Head Loss due to Friction is proportional to Length of Pipe and Square of Velocity.
2. Head Loss is inversely proportional to inside diameter of pipe.
3. Average value of coefficient of friction, f for
a. 15 mm GI pipe : _________
b. 20 mm GI pipe: _________
Applications:
The coefficient of Friction lets us easily calculate the losses if the total length of the pipe is
known and hence lets us easily decide the design parameter of a pipeline to be laid.
Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Experiment No. 3
V 1
1
hc = 2
2.g CC
It is possible to measure the Head Loss directly using Manometer. But holes need to be made
wherever it needs to be calculated, which may create Leakage problems. It can be calculated with
the above formula in case we know the Coefficient of Contraction which is constant for a given Fluid.
The formula for Cc becomes
CC =
1
2.g.h c
+1
V2
OR CC =
V2
( 2.g.h c + V2 )
Where,
hc Drop of Head (got from the manometer difference).
V2 Velocity of Flow after Contraction,
g Acceleration due to Gravity, 9.8m/s2
Cc Coefficient of Contraction
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Observation Table:
Manometric Reading
S No
h1
h2
h = h1 h2
Time for
x=___cm of water
1
2
3
Formulae:
Qa =
Atank x
t
S Hg
h c =
- 1 (h1 - h 2 )
Sw
A2 =
V2 =
Qa
A2
CC =
Where,
Atank
x
t
hc
d2
g
V2
A2
(d 2 )2
V2
( 2.g.h c + V2 )
Result Table:
S No
hc
V2
Cc
1
2
3
Average of CC = _________
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Procedure:
1. Make sure the Water in Sump Tank is free of any Oil Content.
2. Open all the Outlet Valves, Close all the Valves of Manometer and Start the Pump.
3. Close all Valves, except the Outlet Valve of the Pipe with Sudden Contraction to be
tested.
4. Open the Side Valves A and B of the Manometer.
5. Remove all the Air Bubbles from Manometer and Connecting Tubes by opening the Upper
Valves (C and D) of Manometer.
6. Adjust the Flow to get Suitable Readings.
7. Note down the Manometric Readings and time t for height x cm of water collection in
Measuring Tank.
8. Change the Flow Rate and take similar readings.
9. Repeat the procedure for other pipes.
Note: While measuring the heads, slight variation may occur due to voltage changes, valves etc. in
such cases, average readings must be considered.
Precautions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Result:
The Coefficient of Contraction for the given Pipe combination is found to be ________.
Applications:
Many times in a pipeline the flow needs to go through Pipes of different diameters. Whenever
a Sudden contraction exists in a pipe there is a minor loss taking place at the joint which results in
head loss and hence the overall Head Loss is found to be more than that calculated due to Darcy
Weisbach Equation. If we know the value of Cc, this extra loss can also be calculated and the piping
design can be done for the precise value of head loss.
Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Experiment No. 4
CALIBRATION OF VENTURIMETER
Aim:
To find the Coefficient of Discharge for the given Venturimeter and hence to calibrate it.
Apparatus Required:
1.
2.
3.
4.
a1a 2 2gH
(a
2
1
a 22 )
m 3 /Sec
where,
a1 area of pipe or inlet section of Venturimeter
a2 area of throat of Venturimeter
g acceleration due to gravity, (9.81 m/s2)
H the head difference between inlet and throat of Venturimeter.
Co - efficient of Discharge is the ratio of Actual discharge to the theoretical discharge as given
by the equation:
Cd =
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Qa
Actual discharge
=
Theoretical discharge Q th
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Observation Table:
Manometer Reading
h1
h2
h = h1 h2
S No
1
2
3
4
5
6
Formulae:
1) Manometric Head
S Hg
- 1 h
H =
Sw
Where h is in meters
2) Theoretical Discharge:
Q th =
a1a 2 2gH
(a
2
1
2
2
m 3 /Sec
where,
a1 area of inlet section of Venturimeter =
(D2 / 4) m2
D Diameter of pipe = 25 mm
(d2 / 4) m2
a2 area of throat of Venturimeter =
d Diameter of the throat = 13.5 mm
g acceleration due to gravity, (9.81 m/s2)
H the head difference between inlet and throat of Venturimeter.
Substituting the values of a1, a2 & g, the formula reduces to:
Qth = 662.84 x 10-6 x
3) Actual Discharge:
Qa =
Atank x
t
where,
x Height of water considered
t Time taken for the x height of water discharge
4) Co - efficient of Discharge:
Cd =
Q
ActualDischarge
= a
TheoreticalDischarge Q th
Calculation Table:
S No
Qa
Qth
Cd (Qa/Qth)
1
2
3
4
5
6
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Procedure:
All the necessary instrumentations along with its accessories are readily connected. It is just
enough to follow the instructions below:
1. Make sure the water in sump Tank is free of any oil content.
2. Open all the outlet valves and start the pump.
3. Open the outlet valve of the Venturimeter and close the valve of orifice meter.
4. Remove all the air bubbles from manometer and connecting pipes.
5. Adjust the flow at suitable rate.
6. Note down the manometric readings.
7. Close the gate valve of measuring tank & determine the timet for height x cm of
water collection in measuring tank.
8. Change the flow rate and take similar readings.
Precautions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Graphs:
Draw a graph of Actual Discharge Vs Theoretical Discharge and Find the Slop of the resultant
straight line.
Result:
1. The average co-efficient of discharge was calculated and found out to be _______.
2. The Slope of the Straight line in the curve is found to be __________.
Applications:
Venturimeter is used to measure Flow rate in pipelines carrying different fluids under pressure
where it is not possible to make use of a collecting tank and stop watch. Examples: Petroleum
pipelines, Water Pipelines etc.
In places like Dams Pressure needs to be retained for conversion to Mechanical Power and
hence a Venturimeter is a best replacement for Collecting Tank.
As the set up cost of a Venturimeter is high, it is only used where the losses have to be
maintained minimum, and cost is not a problem.
Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Experiment No: 5
CALIBRATION OF ORIFICEMETER
Aim:
To find coefficient of Discharge and hence Calibrate Orifice meter.
Apparatus Required:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Theory:
An ORIFICE METER is another simple device used for measuring the discharge through pipes.
Orifice meter also works on the same principle as that of Venturimeter i.e., by reducing the crosssectional area of the flow passage, a pressure difference between the two sections before and after
orifice is obtained and the measurement of the pressure difference enables the determination of the
discharge through the pipe. However, an orifice meter is a cheaper arrangement for discharge
measurement through pipes and its installation requires a smaller length as compared with
Venturimeter. As such where the space is limited, the orifice meter may be used for the measurement
of discharge through pipes.
An Orifice meter consists of,
1. An inlet section
followed by a
Sudden
Contraction,
2. A sudden enlargement
to the same
diameter as inlet.
Theoretical
Discharge
can be calculated using the
following formula:
Q th =
a1a 2 2gH
(a
2
1
2
2
m 3 /Sec
where,
a1 area of inlet section of Venturimeter
a2 area of throat of Venturimeter
g acceleration due to gravity, (9.81 m/s2)
H the head difference between the point just before orifice and at Vena Contracta.
Co - efficient of Discharge is the ratio of Actual discharge to the theoretical discharge as given
by the equation:
Cd =
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Qa
Actual discharge
=
Theoretical discharge Q th
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Observation Table:
Manometer Reading
S No
h1
h2
h = h1 h2
1
2
3
4
5
6
Formulae:
1) Manometric Head
S Hg
- 1 h
H =
Sw
Where h is in meters
2) Theoretical Discharge:
Qth =
a1a2 2gH
(a
2
1
a22
m3 /Sec
where,
a1 area of inlet section of Venturimeter
=________(D2 / 4) m2
D Diameter of pipe
a2 area of throat of Venturimeter =_______(d2 / 4) m2
d Diameter of the throat
g acceleration due to gravity, (9.81 m/s2)
H the head difference between inlet and throat of Venturimeter.
Substituting the values of a1, a2 & g, the formula reduces to:
Qth = 610.67 x 10-6 x
3) Actual Discharge:
Qa =
Atank x
t
where,
x Height of water considered
t Time taken for the x height of water discharge
4) Co - efficient of Discharge:
Cd =
Qa
Actual discharge
=
Theoretical discharge Q th
Calculation Table:
S No
Qa
Qth
Cd (Qa/Qth)
1
2
3
4
5
6
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Procedure:
1. Make sure the water in sump Tank is free of any oil content.
2. Open all the outlet valves and start the pump.
3. Open the outlet valve of the orifice meter and close the valve of Venturimeter.
4. Remove all the air bubbles from manometer and connecting pipes.
5. Adjust the flow at suitable rate.
6. Note down the manometric readings.
7. Close the gate valve of measuring tank & determine the timet for height x cm of water
collection in measuring tank.
8. Change the flow rate and take similar readings.
9. Repeat the procedure for other pipes.
Precautions:
1. Do not start the pump if the voltage is less than 180 V.
2. Do not forget to give electrical neutral & earth connections correctly.
3. There is no danger of water being not there in the sump tank, since the measuring tank is fitted
with overflow pipe.
4. Frequently (at least once in three months) grease / oil the rotating parts.
5. Initially, put clean water free from foreign material, and change once in three months.
6. At least every week, operate the unit for five minutes to prevent clogging of the moving parts.
Graphs:
Draw a graph of Actual Discharge Vs Theoretical Discharge and Find the Slop of the resultant
straight line.
Result:
1. The average co-efficient of discharge was calculated and found out to be _______.
2. The Slope of the Straight line in the curve is found to be __________.
Applications:
Orificemeter is used to measure Flow rate in pipelines carrying different fluids under pressure
where it is not possible to make use of a collecting tank and stop watch. Examples: Petroleum
pipelines, Water Pipelines etc.
In places like Dams Pressure needs to be retained for conversion to Mechanical Power and
hence a Orificemeter is a better replacement for Collecting Tank.
The Space and cost of setting up an Orificemeter is considerably less compared to
Venturimeter but its coefficient of discharge is less, so it is used at places where low cost is preferred
and Power loss is not a problem.
Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Experiment No. 6
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Aim:
To find the overall efficiency of a Centrifugal Pump and plot the following characteristics.
a. Hydraulic Efficiency (h) Vs Discharge
b. Overall Efficiency (o) Vs Discharge
Apparatus Required:
Stop Watch, Centrifugal pump test rig, which is a self contained unit operated on
Recirculation Basis. The Centrifugal Pump, AC Motor, Sump Tank, Collecting Tank, Control Panel are
mounted on rigid frame work with anti-vibration mounts and arranged with the following provisions:
1. Energy Meter to measure Electrical Input Power to the AC motor using.
2. Pressure Gauges for recording the Discharge and Suction Pressures.
3. A discharge pipe fitted with a Valve to Control the Rate of Flow.
4. A Collecting Tank with Piezometer for measuring the Rate of Discharge.
5. A Sump flow Pipe with Valve to allow water flow back into the Sump Tank.
Theory:
In general, a pump may be defined as a Mechanical Device which, when interposed in a
pipe line, converts the Mechanical Energy supplied to it from some External Source into Hydraulic
Energy, thus resulting in the flow of liquid from Lower Potential to Higher Potential.
The Pumps are of major concern to most Engineers and Technicians. The Types of Pump vary
in Principle and Design. The selection of the pump for any particular application is to be done by
Understanding their Characteristics. The most commonly used Pump for Domestic, Agricultural and
Industrial Purposes are : Centrifugal Pumps, Reciprocating/Piston Pumps, Axial Flow (Stage Pumps), Air
Jet, Diaphragm and Turbine Pumps. These Pumps fall into classes of Rotodynamic, Reciprocating
(Positive Displacement), Fluid (Air) Operated Pumps.
In Centrifugal Pump the liquid is made to rotate in a Closed Chamber (Volute Casing), thus
resulting in the Continuous Flow. These Pumps compared to Reciprocating Pumps are Simple in
Construction, more suitable for handling Viscous, Turbid (muddy) Liquids. But, their Hydraulic Heads
per stage at low flow rates is limited, and hence not suitable for very high heads compared to
Reciprocating Pumps of same Capacity. But, still in most cases, this is the only type of Pump which is
being widely used for Agricultural Purposes.
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Observation Table:
S
No
Discharge Pressure
Head Pd (kg/cm2)
Suction Vacuum
Ps
(in mm of Hg)
Calculations:
1. Discharge head
hd = Pd 10 m of water
2. Suction Head:
hs =
Ps 13.6
m of water
1000
3. Total Head:
ht = hd + hs + 2m of water
4. Discharge:
A x
Q a = tank m3/s
t
5. Water power (or Output Power)
WP =
.Q.h t
kW
1000
Where,
Specific Weight of water = 9810 N/m3.
Q Discharge (m3/sec).
ht Total head (m)
6. Electrical Input
Let time required for 10 rev. of energy meter disc be te-Sec.
Electrical Input Power, IP
IP =
n 3600
kW
EC
te
h =
WP
100 %
SP
o =
WP
100 %
IP
Result Table
S
No
ht
WP
IP
SP
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Procedure:
All the necessary instrumentations along with its accessories are readily connected. It is just
enough to follow the instructions below
1. Fill in the Sump Tank with clean water.
2. Open the priming nipple plug (at the top of pump) and pour water into it filling it up to the
nipple
3. Close the discharge valve.
4. Start the pump. As discharge valve is closed, no discharge will be observed, but discharge
pressure will be indicated. This is called Shut off head of the pump.
5. Slowly open the discharge valve, so that small discharge is observed.
6. Note down discharge head, suction vacuum, time required for 10 lit water discharge and 10
revolutions of energy meter disc.
7. Note down the observations at different valve openings.
8. Repeat the steps 3 to 7 for different speeds. Different speeds can be obtained by changing
the position of motor and belt for different pulley configurations.
Precautions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Priming is must before starting the pump. Pump should never be run empty.
Use clean water in the sump tank.
Use all the controls and switches carefully.
Do not disturb the pressure gauge connections.
Graphs:
Main characteristics Plot the following Graphs
a. Discharge vs Overall Efficiency
b. Discharge vs Hydraulic Efficiency
Result /Conclusion:
The overall efficiency for different speeds were calculated and graphs plotted.
Applications:
The most commonly used pumps for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes are;
Centrifugal pumps. These pumps fall into the main class, namely, Rotodynamic pumps.
Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Experiment No: 7
Introduction:
Centrifugal pumps are basically Roto-Dynamic Pumps, which develop Dynamic Pressures for
Liquids. In Centrifugal pumps, liquid in Impeller is made to rotate by external force, so that it is thrown
away from the Center of Rotation. As constant supply of fluid is needed at the center of rotation, its
supply can be taken from higher level.
Normally, head produced by a single impeller depends upon the peripheral speed of the
impeller. In order to produce higher heads, either rotational speed or diameter of the impeller has to
be increased, which increases stresses in the material of impellers. Hence, two pumps in series can be
used to produce higher heads. Now, this method is replaced by multistage pumps. In multistage
pumps, two or more impellers are arranged on a single shaft so that liquid discharged by first stage
impeller at certain head passes to the next stage impeller, where the head is increased till the liquid
finally enters into delivery pipe.
The unit consists of a two stage centrifugal pump driven by a 3-phase induction motor. An
energy meter provided measures electrical input to the motor and a measuring tank provided
enables to measure the discharge of the pump. A gate performance of the pump can be estimated
at various heads.
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Observation Table:
Discharge
Pressure, Pd
(kg/cm2)
S
No
Suction Vacuum,
Ps (mm of Hg)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Formulae:
1. Discharge head
hd = Pd 10 m of water
2. Suction Head:
hs =
Ps 13.6
m of water
1000
3. Total Head:
ht = hd + hs + 2m of water
4. Discharge:
A x
Q a = tank m3/s
t
5. Water power (or Output Power)
WP =
Where,
W Specific Weight of water = 9810 N/m3.
Q Discharge (m3/sec).
ht Total head (m)
W.Q.h t
kW
1000
6. Electrical Input
Let time required for 10 rev. of energy meter disc be te-Sec.
Electrical Input Power, IP
IP =
n 3600 kW
EC
te
8. Overall efficiency
WP
h =
100 %
SP
o =
WP
100 %
IP
Result Table
S
No
ht
WP
IP
SP
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Procedure:
1. Make sure the Sump tank is filled with water.
2. If the pump doesnt start discharging water, open the Priming Nipple and pour water till the
casing is fully filled.
3. Open the discharge valve fully.
4. Start the pump. As the discharge valve is closed, no discharge will be observed, but the
pressure gauge shows some reading. This is called shut off head of the pump.
5. Now slowly open the discharge valve, so the small discharge is observed.
6. Note down the discharge head (by pressure gauge on discharge pipe) and suction vacuum.
7. Note down time required for 25 ltr water collection in measuring tank.
8. Note down the time required for 10 revolutions of energy meter.
9. Repeat the procedure by varying the discharge valve opening, and fill up the observation
table.
Precautions:
1. Priming is must before starting the pump. Pump should never be run empty.
2. Observe the direction of rotation of pump. If it is reverse, interchange any two of the 3
connections of motor.
3. Use clean water in the sump tank.
4. Use all the controls and switches carefully.
5. Do not disturb the pressure gauge connections.
6. Drain all the water after completion of experiment.
Graphs:
Operating characteristics Plot the graph of Discharge vs Overall efficiency and Hydraulic
efficiency.
Result:
From the Operating Characteristics, it is noted that
a. Maximum efficiency occurs at the discharge of .. m3/sec & is
b. Maximum power input to pump is kW
c. Maximum discharge of pump is .. m3/sec.
Applications:
As Multistage Pump works as 2 Pumps in series, it has capacity to develop very high heads
which is not possible for a Single Stage Pump. These Pumps find application where high Head is
required. The number of stages can be decided based on the requirement. However it has been
found that increasing the stages beyond limit reduces the efficiency drastically.
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Observation Table:
S No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Speed of
Pump, Np (in
rpm)
Discharge
Pressure Head
Pd (kg/cm2)
Suction
Vacuum Ps
(in mm of Hg)
Time for
n=___rev of
Energy meter,
te (sec)
Experiment No: 8
RECIPROCATING PUMP
Aim:
To find the overall efficiency of a Reciprocating Pump and plot the following characteristics.
a. Hydraulic Efficiency (h) Vs Discharge
b. Overall Efficiency (o) Vs Discharge
Apparatus Required:
Reciprocating pump test rig, stop watch.
The present Reciprocating Pump Test Rig is a self-contained unit operated on Closed Circuit
(Recirculation) Basis. The main components are singe acting Single Cylinder Reciprocating Pump, AC
Motor, Sump Tank, Collecting Tank, control Panel are mounted on rigid frame work with anti-vibration
mounts and arranged with the following provisions:
1. Stepped Cone Pulley arrangement to run pump at 3 different speeds and AC Motor.
2. To measure the input horse power to the pump using energy meter reading.
3. To measure the speed in rpm of the motor and the pump, separately.
4. To measure the delivery and suction heads using pressure and vacuum gauges separately.
(The delivery head pressure tapping is connected, upstream of delivery valve, and that of the
suction tapping downstream of suction valve).
5. To change the head and flow rate using control valves.
6. To measure the discharge using collecting tank fitted with tank level indicator.
Specifications:
Reciprocating Pump
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Calculations:
Optional Calculations
1. Coefficient of discharge of pump
1. Discharge head
hd = Pd 10 m of water
Cd =
2. Suction Head:
hs =
Ps 13.6
m of water
1000
2. Slip
Slip =
3. Total Head:
ht = hd + hs + 2m of water
Q t - Qa
x100
Qt
4. Discharge:
A x
Q a = tank m3/s
t
Qt =
WP =
Qa
Qt
.Q a .h t
kW
1000
Where,
Specific Weight of water = 9810 N/m3.
Q Discharge (m3/sec).
ht Total head (m)
6. Electrical Input
Let time required for 10 rev. of energy meter disc be te-Sec.
Electrical Input Power, IP
IP =
n 3600
kW
EC
te
h =
WP
100 %
SP
8. Overall efficiency
o =
WP
100 %
IP
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WP
IP
31
SP
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Procedure:
All the necessary instrumentation along with its accessories are readily connected. It is just enough
to follow the instructions below:
1. Fill in the sump tank with clean water.
2. Full up the air vessel for about 2/3rd capacity.
3. Open the gate valve in the discharge pipe of the pump fully.
4. Close the gate valve and drain valve of the measuring tank.
5. Check nut bolts & the driving belt or proper tightening.
6. Divert the outlet pipe into funnel and slowly increase the pump speed, slightly close the
discharge valve. Note down the various readings in the observations table. Repeat the
procedure for different gate valve openings. Take care that discharge pressure does not rise
above 4 Kg/cm2.
7. Change the speed and take readings for different gate valve openings. Repeat the
procedure for different speeds and complete the observation table.
Precautions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Result /Conclusion:
The overall efficiency for different speeds were calculated and graphs plotted.
1. For default belt position, the overall efficiency was found out to be _________.
Applications:
These are called Positive Pumps because there is a fixed amount of fluid flow for a complete
rotation of crank shaft. As there is no fluid flow for zero displacement and vice versa the Head
developed is proportional to the load applied. These pumps find application in:
1. To drill oil from deep wells.
2. To pump any liquid, which is free from debris.
3. To pump precise amounts of fluids. Ex: Petrol Pumps
Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Experiment No: 9
Theory:
Hydro-Power is one of major cheap source of power available on earth, and hence it is widely
used for generation of electric power world wide. Water stored in the Dam contains potential energy.
This is utilized to run turbine, which then drives a generator. The output from the generator can be
transmitted to the areas of electric power requirement.
Turbines are basically of two types, viz. Impulse turbines
and Reaction turbines. In impulse turbines, water coming from
high head acquires high velocity. The high velocity water jet
strikes the buckets of the turbine runner and makes it to rotate by
impact force. In reaction turbine, total head of water is partly
converted into velocity head as it approaches turbine runner
and it fills the runner and pressure of water gradually changes as
it flows through runner. In impulse turbine, the only turbine used
now-a-days is Pelton Wheel Turbine. In reaction turbines, Francis
Turbine and Kaplan Turbine are the examples.
The Pelton wheel turbine consists of a runner mounted
over the main shaft. Runner consists of buckets fitted to the disc.
The buckets have a shape of double ellipsoidal cups. The runner
is encased in a casing provided with a Perspex window for
viewing the turbine. A nozzle fitted in the side of casing directs
the water jet over the 'Splitter' or center ridge of the buckets. A
spear operates inside the nozzle to control the water flow. On the other side of the shaft, a rope brake
is mounted for loading the turbine.
Impulse turbines convert all the energy of Water into Kinetic Energy at the nozzle. The jet
impinges on the turbine's curved blades and gets diverted (by about 160o). The resulting change in
momentum (impulse) causes a force on the turbine blades.
All the Pressure/Potential Energy is converted to kinetic energy by the nozzle and focused on
the turbine. No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades, and the turbine doesn't require a
housing for operation. Newton's second law lets us calculate transfer of energy for impulse turbines.
Impulse turbines are most often used in very high head applications, but the discharge used is less.
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Observation Table:
Table I : Constant Speed Characteristics
Method
: By keeping Butterfly Valve position fully open and changing the spear valve position to
get constant speed.
N in
rpm
Spear valve
position
Pressure P
in kg/cm2
F1
kgf
F2
kgf
F1
kgf
F2
kgf
% tur
% of Full
Load
Remarks
% tur
Remarks
Remarks
Pressure
P in kg /
cm2
Observation Table:
Table I : Constant Speed Characteristics
Turbine
Net head
Discharge
Speed
on Turbine
(flow rate)
N rpm
H m.
Q m3/sec
HPhyd
BHP
HPhyd
BHP
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specific
speed ns
Remarks
% tur
remarks
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Procedure:
1. Make sure the connections are properly done: Motor unit connected to 3 ph, 440V, 30A, electrical
supply, with neutral and earth connections and ensure the correct direction of pump-motor unit.
2. Keep the Butterfly valve and spear valve closed.
3. Keep the Brake Drum loading at minimum.
4. Press the green button of the supply pump starter. Now the pump picks-up the full speed and
becomes operational.
5. Slowly, open the spear valve so that the turbine rotor picks up the speed and attains maximum at
full opening of the valve.
a) To obtain constant speed characteristics:
1.
Keep the Butterfly valve opening at maximum
2.
For different Brake Drum loads on the turbine, change the spear rod setting, between
maximum and minimum so that the speed is held constant.
3.
Tabulate the results as per Table - I .
4.
The above readings are utilized for drawing constant speed characteristics Viz.,
b. Percentage of full load V/s efficiency.
c. Efficiency and BHP V/s discharge characteristics.
b) To obtain constant head characteristics:
1. Keep the spear rod setting and Butterfly Valve setting at maximum.,
2. For different Brake load, note down the speed, Head over notch
and tabulate the results as given in Table II.
c) To obtain run-away speed characteristics:
1. Keep the load on the brake , zero.
2. Keep spear rod and Butterfly Valve at maximum .
Note:
Run away speed is also influenced by the tightening in gland packing of the turbine shaft. More
the tightness, less the run away speed.
d) Performance under unit head Unit quantities:
In order to predict the behavior of a turbine working under varying conditions and to facilitate
comparison between the performances of the turbines of the same type but having different outputs
and speeds and working under different heads, it is often convenient to express the test results in terms
of certain unit quantities.
From the output of a turbine corresponding to different working heads (Table of Calculations
II) it is possible to compute the output which would be developed if the head was reduced to unit
(say 1 m..); the speed being adjustable so that the efficiency remains unaffected.
a. Unit Speed,
Nu =
H
P
b. Unit power, Pu = 3/2
H
c. Unit Discharge,
Qu =
Q
H
d. Specific Speed,
The specific speed of any turbine is the speed in rpm of a turbine geometrically similar to the actual
turbine but of such a size that under corresponding conditions it will develop 1 metric horse power
when working under unit head (i.e., 1 meter.).
The specific speed is usually computed for the operating conditions corresponding to the maximum
efficiency.
Nu =
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Calculations:
1. Net/Working head on the Turbine:
H=10 x Pd
2. Discharge (Flow rate)of water through the Turbine,
C xA xA 2xgxH m3/sec
Qa = d 1 2
A12 - A22
Where,
Cd -Coefficient of Discharge for Venturimerter = 0.9
BP =
D N g
(F1
60
F2 )
Where,
F1 and F2 are the spring balance readings in kgf
D Diameter of the Brake Drum (30 cm)
5. Turbine Efficiency (Output from the turbine),
BP
100
HP
c.
Unit Discharge, Qu = Q/ H
7. Specific speed,
N BP
Nu = 5/4
H
Obtained at maximum efficiency.
8. Percentage Full load =
Part load BP
100 (at any particular speed.)
Max. load BP
Graph:
Constant head characteristics
1. Unit discharge (Qu) vs. Unit speed (Nu).
2. Unit power (Pu) vs. Unit speed (Nu).
3. Percentage efficiency (%) vs. Unit speed (Nu).
Constant speed characteristics
1.Percentage efficiency (%) vs. percentage full load.
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Precautions:
1. Do not start pump set if the supply voltage is less than 300 V (phase to phase voltage).
2. Do not forget to give electrical earth and neutral connections correctly. Otherwise, the
RPM indicator gets burnt if connections are wrong.
3. Frequently, at least once in three months, grease all visual moving parts.
4. Initially, fill-in the tank with clean water free from foreign material. Change the water
every six months.
5. At least every week, operate the unit for five minutes to prevent any clogging of the
moving parts.
6. To start and stop the supply pump, always keep gate valve closed.
7. It is recommended to keep spear rod setting at close position before starting the turbine.
This is to prevent racing of the propeller shaft without load.
8. In case of any major faults, please write to manufacturer, and do not attempt to repair.
Result /Conclusion:
The unit head and other quantities were calculated from the knowledge of constant head
characteristics and the curves were drawn. Similarly the constant speed characteristics were
calculated and the percentage efficiency vs. percentage full load was drawn.
Applications:
The basic force used for driving Pelton wheel results from the Impact of jet on the blades. High
Heads are required to produce jets with more Impact Force. Hence these turbines are used in HydroElectric Power generation when High Head is available in the Reservoir.
Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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