Indian mathematics emerged in the Indian subcontinent[1] from 1200 BC [2] until the end of the

18th century. In the classical period of Indian mathematics (400 AD to 1200 AD), important
contributions were made by scholars like Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, and Bhaskara II. The
decimal number system in use today[3] was first recorded in Indian mathematics.[4] Indian
mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the concept of zero as a number,[5]
negative numbers,[6] arithmetic, and algebra.[7] In addition, trigonometry[8] was further advanced
in India, and, in particular, the modern definitions of sine and cosine were developed there.[9]
These mathematical concepts were transmitted to the Middle East, China, and Europe[7] and led
to further developments that now form the foundations of many areas of mathematics.
Ancient and medieval Indian mathematical works, all composed in Sanskrit, usually consisted of
a section of sutras in which a set of rules or problems were stated with great economy in verse in
order to aid memorization by a student. This was followed by a second section consisting of a
prose commentary (sometimes multiple commentaries by different scholars) that explained the
problem in more detail and provided justification for the solution. In the prose section, the form
(and therefore its memorization) was not considered so important as the ideas involved.[1][10] All
mathematical works were orally transmitted until approximately 500 BCE; thereafter, they were
transmitted both orally and in manuscript form. The oldest extant mathematical document
produced on the Indian subcontinent is the birch bark Bakhshali Manuscript, discovered in 1881
in the village of Bakhshali, near Peshawar (modern day Pakistan) and is likely from the 7th
century CE.[11][12]
A later landmark in Indian mathematics was the development of the series expansions for
trigonometric functions (sine, cosine, and arc tangent) by mathematicians of the Kerala school in
the 15th century CE. Their remarkable work, completed two centuries before the invention of
calculus in Europe, provided what is now considered the first example of a power series (apart
from geometric series).[13] However, they did not formulate a systematic theory of differentiation
and integration, nor is there any direct evidence of their results being transmitted outside Kerala.

Prehistory
Excavations at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and other sites of the Indus Valley Civilization have
uncovered evidence of the use of "practical mathematics". The people of the IVC manufactured
bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1, considered favorable for the stability of a
brick structure. They used a standardized system of weights based on the ratios: 1/20, 1/10, 1/5,
1/2, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500, with the unit weight equaling approximately 28 grams
(and approximately equal to the English ounce or Greek uncia). They mass produced weights in
regular geometrical shapes, which included hexahedra, barrels, cones, and cylinders, thereby
demonstrating knowledge of basic geometry.[18]
The inhabitants of Indus civilization also tried to standardize measurement of length to a high
degree of accuracy. They designed a rulerthe Mohenjo-daro rulerwhose unit of length

(approximately 1.32 inches or 3.4 centimetres) was divided into ten equal parts. Bricks
manufactured in ancient Mohenjo-daro often had dimensions that were integral multiples of this
unit of length.[19][20]

Vedic period
See also: Vedanga and Vedas

Samhitas and Brahmanas

The religious texts of the Vedic Period provide evidence for the use of large numbers. By
the time of the Yajurvedasahit (1200900 BCE), numbers as high as
were being
[2]
included in the texts. For example, the antra (sacrificial formula) at the end of the
annahoa ("food-oblation rite") performed during the avaedha, and uttered just
before-, during-, and just after sunrise, invokes powers of ten Classical

Period

(400 1200)
This period is often known as the golden age of Indian Mathematics. This period saw
mathematicians such as Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, Bhaskara I, Mahavira, and
Bhaskara II give broader and clearer shape to many branches of mathematics. Their contributions
would spread to Asia, the Middle East, and eventually to Europe. Unlike Vedic mathematics,
their works included both astronomical and mathematical contributions. In fact, mathematics of
that period was included in the 'astral science' (jyotih stra) and consisted of three subdisciplines: mathematical sciences (gan ita or tantra), horoscope astrology (hor or jtaka) and
divination (samhit).[46] This tripartite division is seen in Varhamihira's 6th century compilation
Pancasiddhantika[61] (literally panca, "five," siddhnta, "conclusion of deliberation", dated
575 CE)of five earlier works, Surya Siddhanta, Romaka Siddhanta, Paulisa Siddhanta,
Vasishtha Siddhanta and Paitamaha Siddhanta, which were adaptations of still earlier works of
Mesopotamian, Greek, Egyptian, Roman and Indian astronomy. As explained earlier, the main
texts were composed in Sanskrit verse, and were followed by prose commentaries.[46]
from a hundred to a trillion:[2]

ARYA BHATTA AND HIS CONTRIBUTION:In the history of indian mathematics,Aryabhatta is a very respectable name.Thereby
it is difficult to ascertain how many mathematicians of this name had been in
ancient India.However it is quite certain that there were atleast two Aryabhatas.One
of them was born in476AD at Kusumapura,the city of flowers(Patliputra) near

present city of Patna in Bihar and wrote the book 'Aryabhatiya,is known as
:Aryabhata first".The other mathematician bearing the same name who wrote the
book"Maha Arya Siddhant" in 950 AD is known as Aryabhata Second.The period of
Aryabhata First has been the golden period of indian mathematics.
This work of Aryabhata shows his greatness,originality and creativity in the field of
mathematics by bringing into light some of his following contributions:1)Aryabhata invented a notation system consisting of alphabet numerals.Digits are
denoted by alphabet numerals in this system.Devnagri script contains varga
letters(consonants) and Avarga letters(vowels).Digits from 1 to 25 are denoted by
the first 25 varga letters.
2)Although earlier to Aryabhata,the method of extracting squareroot was evolved by
Jain mathematician,yet Aryabhata is known for giving its simple and clear
explanation.He writes as:-"One should always divide the Avarga by twice
the(square)root of the (preceding) varga.After subtracting the square(of the
quotient)from the varga,the quotient will be the square root to the next place.
3)He put more appropriate uses of the decimal system.
4)He gave almost all the formulae for knowing area of different figures like
square,rectangle,triangles,rhombus,circl and volumes of sphere and cone etc.
5)He for the first time in the world gave the value of pie.
6)Not only in arithmetic but in algebra also Aryabhata contributed a lot.He has
given the method of addition,subtraction,division of simple and compound algebric
quantities.He mentioned the algebric formula like(a+b)^2=a^2+b^2+2ab
ab=[(a+b)^2-(a^2+b^2)]/2
7)The identities like the following are found in Aryabhatiya for the first time in the
history of maths1^2+2^2=..........+n^2=n(n+1)(2n+1)
1^3+2^3+.......................+n^3=n^

Raj Chandra Bose (19 June 1901 31 October 1987) was an Indian American
mathematician and statistician best known for his work in design theory and the
theory of error-correcting codes in which the class of BCH codes is partly named
after him. He was notable for his work along with S. S. Shrikhande and E. T. Parker in
their disproof of the famous conjecture made by Leonhard Euler dated 1782 that
there do not exist two mutually orthogonal Latin squares of order 4n + 2 for
every n.