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M53 Lec1.0 Review of Functions
M53 Lec1.0 Review of Functions
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
Review of Functions
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For today
Functions
Operations on Functions
Piecewise-defined Functions
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Functions
Definition
Let X and Y be nonempty sets. A function f from X to Y , denoted f : X Y , is
a rule that assigns to each element of X a unique element of Y .
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Math 53 deals with functions whose domain and range are subsets of
R.
Examples:
1
f ( x ) = x2
f (x) =
x2
R
dom f = R \ {1}
dom f =
2x 3
x+1
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f ( x ) = a n x n + a n 1 x n 1 + + a 1 x + a 0
where n
leading coefficient: an
degree of f : n
dom f =
R polynomial functions
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dom f =
R; ran f = {c}
f ( x ) = mx + b
with m 6= 0
dom f =
R; ran f = R
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f ( x ) = ax2 + bx + c
with a 6= 0
dom f =
R
b 4acb2
, 4a
graph: parabola with vertex at 2a
b2 , +
If a > 0: parabola opens upward, ran f = 4ac4a
, 4ac4ab
b
value of f is f 2a
4acb2
4a
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f (x) =
p( x )
,
q( x )
where p and q are polynomial functions, and q is not the constant zero function.
Domain: { x
R | q ( x ) 6 = 0}
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Graphs of Functions
Example
The graph of f ( x ) =
f (x) =
x2 2x 3
:
x+1
x2 2x 3
( x 3)( x + 1)
=
x+1
( x + 1)
= x 3 if x 6= 1
3 2 1
0 1
1
R
R
Domain: \ {1}
Range: \ {4}
Zero: x = 3
Positive: (3, +)
Negative: (, 1) (1, 3)
3
4
5
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f (x) =
n is odd: dom f =
x = x /n
1
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y=
x = y2 = x, y 0
0 1
The graph of x = y2
The graph of f ( x ) =
0 1
The graph of y =
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Example
2 x, y 0
2 y2 , y 0
2x
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1
2
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4 x2 .
1
2
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Trigonometric/Circular Functions
sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant functions
In Math 53, the trigonometric functions are viewed as functions on the set of
real numbers.
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Interval Method
In both cases, one must determine the numbers where the given mathematical
expression is zero or undefined.
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Example
Determine the intervals where the the graph of f ( x ) =
the x-axis.
2x2 x3
lies above
2x2 3x + 1
2x2 x3
>0
2x2 3x + 1
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x 2 (2 x )
2x2 x3
=
2
(2x 1)( x 1)
2x 3x + 1
Zero at: x = 0, 2, Undefined at: x = 21 , 1
(, 0)
x2
2x 1
x1
2x
x 2 (2 x )
(2x 1)( x 1)
0, 21
1
2, 1
(1, 2)
(2, +)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
The graph of f lies above the x-axis in the intervals (, 0) 0, 12 (1, 2).
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
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(, 0)
x 2 (2
x)
(2x 1)( x 1)
Sample point in 0, 12 :
0, 21
1
2, 1
(1, 2)
(2, +)
(1)2 (3)
(3)(2)
(+)(+)
()()
The graph of f lies above the x-axis in the intervals (, 0) 0, 12 (1, 2).
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5x
.
x2 1
5x
x2 1
(, 1)
(1, 0)
(0, 1)
(1, +)
Therefore,
dom f = (, 1) [0, 1)
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Operations on Functions
Definition (Operations on Functions)
Let f and g be functions, c
R.
Addition: ( f + g)( x ) = f ( x ) + g( x );
Subtraction: ( f g)( x ) = f ( x ) g( x );
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dom c f = dom f
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Operations on Functions
Example
Express the function F ( x ) = sin2 (3x 1) as a composition of three functions
listed among the basic types of functions.
Let
f (x)
g( x )
h( x )
=
=
=
x2
sin x
3x 1
Then
F ( x ) = ( f g h) ( x )
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Operations on Functions
Example
Let f ( x ) = x2 and g( x ) = x + h, where h is a nonzero constant. Find
1
[( f g) ( x ) f ( x )].
h
1
[( f g) ( x ) f ( x )]
h
=
=
=
=
=
=
1
[ f ( g( x )) f ( x )]
h
f ( x + h) f ( x )
h
( x + h )2 x 2
h
2
( x + 2xh + h2 ) x2
h
2xh + h2
h
2x + h
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Piecewise-defined functions
Piecewise-defined functions are functions that are defined by more than one
expression. Such functions can be written in the form
f 1 ( x ),
f 2 ( x ),
f (x) =
..
f n ( x ),
where X1 , ..., Xn
if
if
if
if
x X1
x X2
..
.
x Xn
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|x| =
x2
x, x 0
x, x < 0
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The graph of f ( x ) = | x |
3
2
1
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Example
Write f ( x ) = |2x 3| + x as a piecewise function.
(
Recall that | x | =
x
x
if x 0
if x < 0
f ( x ) = |2x 3| + x =
(2x 3) + x,
if 2x 3 0
(2x 3) + x, if 2x 3 < 0
3x 3, if x 23
x + 3,
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if x < 23
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Greatest Integer Function (GIF) [[ x ]]: greatest integer less than or equal to x
Example
1
2
[[2.4]] = 2
[[2]] = 2
3
4
[[2.1]] = 3
[[ ]] = 4
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As a piecewise function:
..
1,
0,
[[ x ]] =
1,
2,
..
.
..
.
1 x < 0
0x<1
1x<2
2x<3
..
.
In general,
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4
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
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f ( x ) = [[3x ]] = n
f ( x ) = [[3x ]] =
n 3x < n + 1
n+1
n
x<
3
3
for
..
.
0,
1,
2,
..
.
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..
.
0x<
1
3
2
3
x<
1
3
2
3
x<1
..
.
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Example
x2 4
| x 6|
Sketch the graph of f ( x ) =
| x 6| =
( x 6)
x6
if
if
if
if
x6 < 0
x6 0
x2 4
f (x) =
( x 6)
x6
x<2
.
x2
=
if
if
if
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( x 6)
x6
if
if
x<6
x6
x<2
2x<6
x6
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x6
x<2
2x<6
x6
if
if
if
5
4
3
2
1
3 2 1
0 1
1
10
2
3
4
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A = xy
Since the perimeter of the field is 240 meters,
2x + 2y
= 240
y = 120 x
A( x ) = x (120 x ) = x2 + 120x
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xy
= 14
y = x 14
P( x ) = x ( x 14) = x2 14x
P is a quadratic function with a minimum function value at
x=
(14)
=7
2(1)
The two numbers are 7 and 7, and the minimum product is P(7) = 49.
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
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Exercises
r
1x
.
2x2 + 3x
Simplify
Write f ( x ) =
g( x + h) g( x )
1
, if g( x ) = 2 .
h
x
2x2 x 1
as a piecewise function and sketch its graph.
| x 1|
(
[[ x ]] , if 1 x 1
Sketch the graph of f ( x ) =
2
x 4x, otherwise
Water is being poured into an inverted right circular conical container. If the
diameter of the base is 10 cm and the height is 20 cm, express the volume of
the water in the container as a function of its depth.
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