Allergen

An allergen is a substance that can cause an allergic reaction. In some people, the immune
system recognizes allergens as foreign or dangerous. As a result, the immune system reacts by
making a type of antibody called IgE to defend against the allergen. This reaction leads to allergy
symptoms.
An accident is an undesirable incidental and unplanned event that could have been prevented
had circumstances leading up to the accident been recognized, and acted upon, prior to its
occurrence. Most scientists who study unintentional injury avoid using the term "accident" and focus
on factors that increase risk of severe injury and that reduce injury incidence and severity.

An appointed person is
someone who is responsible for first aid equipment and procedures within an organisation, if the
organisation falls below the criteria requiring a formally trained first aider.
If your assessment indicates that you do not need a trained first aider in your workplace, you should
instead appoint someone who takes responsibility for all first aid arrangements. This person
should:
Look after first aid equipment and facilities
Be responsible for calling emergency services when required
Keep records of instances of illness or injury at work.
Even if you have one or more first aiders, an appointed person would take responsibility when the
trained first-aider is unexpectedly unavailable. An appointed person cannot stand in for a first aider
for expected absences (such as annual leave). In this case, more than one first aider should be
available.

An absolute duty is one that has to be carried out regardless of consequences and the effort
and cost of performing the duty. There is reason or excuse for not carrying out the duty.

Code of practice
Written guidelines issued by an official body or a professional association to its members to help them comply with
its ethical standards.

Competent person
The term "Competent Person" is used in many OSHA standards and documents. An OSHA
"competent person" is defined as "one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable
hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or
dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to

eliminate them" [29 CFR 1926.32(f)]. By way of training and/or experience, a competent
person is knowledgeable of applicable standards, is capable of identifying workplace hazards
relating to the specific operation, and has the authority to correct them. Some standards add
additional specific requirements which must be met by the competent person.

COSHH
The occupational use of nanomaterials is regulated under the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
(COSHH). COSHH is the law that requires employers to control substances that are hazardous to health
and includes nanomaterials.]
CARCINOGENIC -any substance or agent that tends to produce a cancer.

Carcinogenic A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that is an agent directly

involved in causing cancer. This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption
of cellular metabolic processes. Several radioactive substances are considered carcinogens, but
their carcinogenic activity is attributed to the radiation, for example gamma rays and alpha particles,
which they emit. Common examples of non-radioactive carcinogens are inhaled asbestos,
certain dioxins, and tobacco smoke. Although the public generally associates carcinogenicity with
synthetic chemicals, it is equally likely to arise in both natural and synthetic substances.
[1]
Carcinogens are not necessarily immediately toxic, thus their effect can be insidious.

DANGER th e p ossib ility tha t you will b e hurt or killed

: the possibility that som ething unp leasan t or bad will happ en

: a p erson or thing that is likely to cause in ju ry, pain , ha rm, or

loss

DERMATITTIS Dermatitis is a general term that describes an inflammation of the skin.

Dermatitis can have many causes and occurs in many forms. It usually involves an itchy
rash on swollen, reddened skin.

Skin affected by dermatitis may blister, ooze, develop a crust or flake off. Examples of
dermatitis include atopic dermatitis (eczema), dandruff, and rashes caused by contact
with any of a number of substances, such as poison ivy, soaps and jewelry with nickel in
it.
Dermatitis is a common condition that's not contagious and usually isn't life-threatening.
Even so, it can make you feel uncomfortable and self-conscious. A combination of selfcare steps and medications can help you treat dermatitis.
Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of
interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory,
principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system
performance.
Practitioners of ergonomics and ergonomists contribute to the design and evaluation of tasks, jobs,
products, environments and systems in order to make them compatible with the needs, abilities and
limitations of people.
ERROR
An error (from the Latin error, meaning "wandering") is an action which is inaccurate
or incorrect. In some usages, an error is synonymous with a mistake (for instance, a cook who
misses a step from a recipe might describe it as either an error or a mistake), though in technical
contexts the two are often distinguished. For instance, in statistics "error" refers to the difference
between the value which has been computed and the correct value.

ERROR RATE PREDICTION `The technique for human error-rate prediction (THERP) is a
technique used in the field of human reliability assessment (HRA), for the purposes of evaluating the
probability of a human error occurring throughout the completion of a specific task. From such
analyses measures can then be taken to reduce the likelihood of errors occurring within a system
and therefore lead to an improvement in the overall levels of safety. There exist three primary
reasons for conducting an HRA; error identification, error quantification and error reduction

Fire precautions
Means of escape
In the event of fire, people must be able to escape from the workplace in safety. Modern Building
Regulations go a long way to ensuring adequate means of escape, but the following points should be
borne in mind:

with the possible exception of very small workplaces, people should be able to turn away from
the point of the fire to escape. If they may have to pass a fire, in a corridor for example, the route
may need additional protection by fire-resistant partitioning and/or self-closing fire doors.
fire travels up natural chimneys, such as stairways. These will need adequate protection.

doors should open in the direction of travel, whenever possible - and particularly if they lead
from areas of high risk of fire, if they may be used by large numbers of people or if they are
situated at the foot of stairways, creating a risk of crushing.

all doors on escape routes must be capable of being easily and immediately opened from the
direction of escape - including those to the outside. There are a variety of fixtures available to
balance security with ease of escape. Advice can be obtained from the Fire Authority.

escape routes should be short and lead to the outside or to a 'place of safety' - that is, a place
which is adequately protected from the risk of fire by partitions/doors. Generally, two to three
minutes is considered a maximum safe time. People with mobility impairments will need to be
considered here. (See section on disabled people)

escape routes must not be obstructed and should be regularly checked to ensure that they are
free from clutter.

adequate lighting is vital on escape routes - including alternative means of illumination should
the electricity fail in the fire. Don't rely on natural light, the fire could occur in the winter, when it
is usually dark by 4pm.

if necessary, signs should be provided on doors and escape routes, clearly pointing the way
out. These must comply with standard legislation on type, size and design.

Further detailed guidance on factors to consider in means of escape is contained on the fire guidance
pages of the Communities website.

Fire fighting equipment

Most premises are provided with some means of fighting a fire. Unless staff are properly trained,
however, they can put themselves and others at risk in using this equipment.
It is vital that all staff are aware of who is trained and when it is safe to attempt to control or
extinguish a fire themselves, rather than evacuate the area and rely on the skills of the fire brigade.
As a general rule, fire fighting equipment should only be used to limit the spread of fire to enable safe
evacuation. Before tackling any fire, it is vital that the alarm is raised and the fire brigade are called.
Fire extinguishers
The most common form of fire fighting equipment are extinguishers.
Fires are broken into 4 classes, depending on the fuels involves:

Class A Fires involving ordinary combustible materials

Class B Fires involving flammable liquids or liquefiable solids

Class C Fires involving gases.

Class D Fires involving burning metals.

Different extinguishers are appropriate for different classes of fires:

Water (Colour Code: Red)
Suitable for Class A fires. Must not be used on live electrical fires, though can be safely used on
burning electrical equipment once the electrical supply has been isolated.
Foam (Colour Code: Cream)
Different foams can be suitable for different classes of fires. Some contain a water-based foam and are
not suitable for use on live electrical equipment. Usually foam extinguishers can be used either on
Class A or on Class A & B fires.
Powder (Colour Code: Blue)
Suitable for Class A fires - and some also suitable for Class B. Usually safe used on live electrical
equipment, but not ideal because it does not always penetrate inside spaces and causes clogging of
machinery which might otherwise be re-usable.
Special dry powders can be used on Class D fires.
Carbon Dioxide (Colour Code: Black)
Suitable for Class B fires and safe and clean if used on live electrical equipment. CO2 is an asphyxiant,
and great care must be taken in its use.
Vaporising Liquids (Colour Code: Green)
Suitable for Class B fires and on live electrical equipment. Older extinguishers of this type may contain
Halon gas, which is environmentally harmful.
Halon extinguishers should be replaced wherever possible. This type of extinguisher also produces
asphyxiant gases and the same care is needed as for CO2.
From January, 1997, all new extinguishers are now colour-coded in accordance with a new British and
European Standard (BS EN 3 Part 5), which states that all extinguishers should be coloured RED - with
an area of not more than 5% of the body coloured to denote the type of extinguisher.
This only applies to new extinguishers - existing ones do not have to be replaced or repainted before
the end of their useful life.
Other means of fire fighting
Hose reels may be available, and are longer lasting than water-based extinguishers. They should be
used in the same way and have the same suitabilities and restrictions.
Fire Blankets are good for smothering both small quantities of burning fats or oils and for clothing
which is on fire.

Sprinkler Systems are more often required by Insurance Companies, especially as a combined fire
detection and fire fighting mechanism.
'Gas flood' systems operate by releasing large quantities of inert gas into a contained area and are
very effective at protecting storage areas and electrical equipment rooms. There must be a failsafe
method to override any automatic release mechanism when people are present in the area.
Siting of extinguishers
It is important that people can pick up extinguishers readily. If they are provided to control specific
risks (e.g. CO2 extinguishers for VDUs), they need to be situated close to that risk - otherwise, the
fire may well have taken a good hold before someone can go and collect the extinguisher.
Extinguishers provided for general protection need to be located close to exit points from work areas
and on the escape routes.
Notices should be displayed to pinpoint the locations of fire fighting equipment, where this is not
immediately obvious. The notices should also specify the type of extinguisher and its suitable uses.

Fire prevention is a function of many fire departments. The goal of fire prevention is to educate the
public to take precautions to prevent potentially harmful fires, and be educated about surviving them.
It is a proactive method of reducing emergencies and the damage caused by them. Many fire
departments have a Fire Prevention Officer.
First aid is the assistance given to any person suffering a sudden illness or injury, with care provided
to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, and/or promote recovery. It includes initial
intervention in a serious condition prior to professional medical help being available, such as
performing CPR while awaiting an ambulance, as well as the complete treatment of minor
conditions, such as applying a plaster to a cut. First aid is generally performed by the layperson, with
many people trained in providing basic levels of first aid, and others willing to do so from acquired
knowledge. Mental health first aid is an extension of the concept of first aid to cover mental health.

FREQUENCY RATE FORMULA Lost-time injury frequency rates are the number of lost-time injuries
within a given accounting period relative to the total number of hours worked in the same accounting
period. This is calculated as follows and results in a measure of the number of lost-time injuries per hour
worked during the accounting period:
( Number of lost time injuries in accounting period )
--------------------------------------------------------------------( Total hours worked in accounting period )

The number of lost-time injuries per hour worked is always a very small number. Therefore, for ease of
interpretation, a multiplier of 1 million is used and LTIFRs are reported as the number of lost-time injuries
per million hours worked. This is calculated as follows:
( Number of lost time injuries in accounting period )
------------------------------------------------------------------( Total hours worked in accounting period )

1 000 000

physical or mental damage or injury : something that causes someone

or something to be hurt, broken, made less valuable or successful, etc.
HARM

A hazard is a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or environment. Most
hazards are dormant or potential, with only a theoretical risk of harm; however, once a hazard
becomes "active", it can create an emergency. A hazardous situation that has come to pass is called
an incident. Hazard and possibility interact together to create risk.

HSC The Health and Safety Commission (HSC) was a United Kingdom non-departmental public
body. The HSC was created by theHealth and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (HSWA). The
Commission consisted of a chairman and between six and nine other people, appointed by the
appropriate Secretary of State, latterly the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions, after
consultation. Its responsibilities covered England and Wales and Scotland. In Northern Ireland, its
functions were carried out by the Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland. It merged with
the Health and Safety Executive on 1 April 2008.
The Commission's duties were to:

Assist and encourage persons concerned with matters relevant to the operation of the
objectives of the HSWA;

Make arrangements for and encourage research and publication, training and information in
connection with its work;

Make arrangements for securing that government departments, employers, employees, their
respective representative organisations, and other persons are provided with an information and
advisory service and are kept informed of, and adequately advised on, such matters;

Propose regulations.

HSE The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is a non-departmental public body of the United
Kingdom with its headquarters inLiverpool, England. It is the body responsible for the
encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare, and for
research into occupational risks in England and Wales and Scotland. Responsibility in Northern
Ireland lies with the Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland. The HSE was created by
the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, and has since absorbed earlier regulatory bodies such
as the Factory Inspectorate and the Railway Inspectorate though the Railway Inspectorate was
transferred to the Office of Rail Regulation in April 2006. The HSE is sponsored by the Department
for Work and Pensions. As part of its work HSE investigates industrial accidents, small and large,
including major incidents such as the explosionand fire at Buncefield in 2005. Though it formerly
reported to the Health and Safety Commission, on 1 April 2008, the two bodies merged.
The Executive's duties are to:

Assist and encourage persons concerned with matters relevant to the operation of the
objectives of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974.

Make arrangements for and encourage research and publication, training and information in
connection with its work.

Make arrangements for securing government departments, employers, employees, their

respective representative organisations, and other persons are provided with an information and
advisory service and are kept informed of, and adequately advised on such matters.

Propose regulations.

INCIDENCE RATE FORMULA

Incidence Rates-Incidence
The basic incidence rate (sometimes called just incidence) is a measure of the frequency
with which a disease occurs in a population over a period of time. The formula for
calculating an incidence rate is:

The numerator (x)

should include only new cases of the disease that occurred during the specified
period.
should not include cases that occurred or were diagnosed earlier.
This is very important when working with chronic infectious diseases such as
tuberculosis, malaria and HIV.
The denominator (y) is the population at risk.
This means that the people included in the denominator should be able to develop
the disease in question during the time period covered. In practice, we usually use
census data for the denominator.
The denominator should also represent the population from which the cases in the
numerator arose. The population may be defined by geographic area (e.g., St.
Francois County) or by membership in a specific group (e.g., employee of Company
X, student at School Y). If we are studying a specific group such as students in a
school or residents in a long term care facility, we should use a census of that
population for an exact denominator.

INCIDENT
An event or occurrence.
A relatively minor event that is incidental to, or related to others
An event that may cause or causes an interruption or a crisis
In safety, an incident of workplace illness or injury
LOCK OFF - WALA

LOSS a person or thing or an amount that is lost: as

a : the act of losing possession : deprivation <loss of sight>
b : the harm or privation resulting from loss or separation c : an instance of losing
MANUAL HANDLING Manual handling relates to the moving of items either by lifting, lowering,
carrying, pushing or pulling. The weight of the item is an important factor, but many other factors can
create a risk of injury, for example the number of times you have to pick up or carry an item, the distance
you are carrying it, where you are picking it up from or putting it down (picking it up from the floor, putting

it on a shelf above shoulder level) and any twisting, bending stretching or other awkward posture you may
adopt while doing a task.

'Duration'
A measure of the sensitivity of the price (the value of principal) of a fixed-income investment
to a change in interest rates. Duration is expressed as a number of years. Rising interest
rates mean falling bond prices, while declining interest rates mean rising bond price.

MEANS OF ESCAPE

from fire-fire exit

What is a Fire Exit?

The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order (RRFSO) 2005, which came into force in October 2006,
charges the responsible person(s) in control of non-domestic premises with the safety of everyone,
whether employed in or visiting the building. Under Article 14 of the RRFSO, this duty of care includes
ensuring that routes to emergency exits from premises and the exits themselves are kept clear at all
times (14: 1) and that these emergency routes and exits must lead as directly as possible to a place of
safety (14: 2: a). In other words, the entire escape route up to and including the final exit from a building
must remain unobstructed at all times, while the distance people have to go to escape (the travel
distance) must be as short as possible.
In terms of fire safety, the final exits on an escape route in a public building are known as fire exits. They
may or may not be located on the usual route of traffic when the premises are operating under normal
circumstances. The final exit doors should open easily, immediately and, wherever practicable, in the
direction of escape, i.e. outwards into a place of safety outside the building. Sliding or revolving doors
must not be used for exits specifically intended as fire exits. The emergency routes and fire exits must be
well lit and indicated by appropriate signs, e.g. Fire Exit Keep Clear. In locations that require
illumination, emergency lighting of adequate intensity must be provided in case the normal lighting fails,
and illuminated signs used. This is because, as noted in the HM Government publication Fire Safety Risk
Assessment: Offices and Shops (May 2006): The primary purpose of emergency escape lighting is to
illuminate escape routes but it also illuminates other safety equipment.

MISTAKE to blunder in the choice of <mistook her way in the dark>

to misunderstand the meaning or intention of

: misinterpret

to make a wrong judgment of the character or ability of

to identify wrongly

: confuse with another

NARCOTICS

originally referred medically to any psychoactivecompound with any sleepinducing properties. In the United States it has since become associated with opiates and opioids,
commonlymorphine and heroin, as well derivatives of many of the compounds found within raw
opium latex; The primary three are morphine, codeine, and thebaine (while thebaine itself is only
very mildly psychoactive, it is a crucial precursor in the vast majority of semi-synthetic opioids, such
as hydrocodone). Legally speaking the term "Narcotic" is, today, imprecisely defined and typically
has negative connotations. When used in a legal context in the U.S., a narcotic drug is simply one
that is totally prohibited, or one that is used in violation of governmental regulation, such as heroin or
cannabis.
NEAR MISS - A near miss is an unplanned event that did not result in injury, illness, or damage
but had the potential to do so. Only a fortunate break in the chain of events prevented an injury,
fatality or damage; in other words, a miss that was nonetheless very near. The phrase "near miss"
should not to be confused with the phrases "nearly a miss" or "they nearly missed" which would
imply a collision. Synonymous phrases to "near miss" are "close call", or "nearly a collision".

NEGLIGENCE is a failure to exercise the care that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in
like circumstances. The area of tort law known as negligence involves harm caused
by carelessness, not intentional harm.
PERMIT TO WORK-- Permit To Work (PTW) systems are used in hazardous industries to request,
review, authorise, document and most importantly deconflict tasks to be carried out by frontline
workers.
PTW is a core element of ISSOW systems that along with Risk Assessment and Isolation Planning,
enable As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP) reduction of unsafe activities in non-trivial work
environments. PTW adherence is essential to achieve Process Safety Management.
PTW implementations usually utilise incompatible operations matrices i.e. preclude one workgroup
welding/grinding in the vicinity of another venting explosive/flammable gases. The PTW system is for
work being performed in accordance with preapproved procedures and that has been macro
scheduled, the purpose is to deconflict short term activities of different frontline workgroups to
prevent mutually hazardous interference.
Once a PTW has been issued to a workgroup, a tag-out or lock-out system is used to restrict
equipment state changes such as valve operations until maintenance is complete. Since the PTW is
the primary deconflictation tool all work activities in high risk environments should have a PTW,
specific hazardous operations will then have a second permit for activities such as Confined
Space or Hot Work. Here the Hot Work permit is minimising the risk of the individual task, the PTW
is minimising the risk of simultaneous activities.

PTW system permit authorisation and its trace-ability are crucial if it is to be beneficial. Ideally one
person should be delegated with this responsibility at any one time and all workers at that facility
should be fully aware of who that person is and when the responsibility is transferred.

POLICY-- A policy is a deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve rational
outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent, and is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies
are generally adopted by the Board of or senior governance body within an organization whereas
procedures or protocols would be developed and adopted by seniorexecutive officers. Policies can
assist in both subjective and objective decision making. Policies to assist in subjective decision
making would usually assist senior management with decisions that must consider the relative
merits of a number of factors before making decisions and as a result are often hard to objectively
test e.g. work-life balance policy. In contrast policies to assist in objective decision making are
usually operational in nature and can be objectively tested e.g. password policy.
The term may apply to government, private sector organizations and groups, as well as
individuals. Presidential executive orders, corporate privacy policies, and parliamentaryrules of
order are all examples of policy. Policy differs from rules or law. While law can compel or prohibit
behaviors (e.g. a law requiring the payment of taxes on income), policy merely guides actions toward
those that are most likely to achieve a desired outcome.
Policy or policy study may also refer to the process of making important organizational decisions,
including the identification of different alternatives such as programs or spending priorities, and
choosing among them on the basis of the impact they will have. Policies can be understood as
political, management, financial, and administrative mechanisms arranged to reach explicit goals. In
public corporate finance, a critical accounting policy is a policy for a firm/company or an industry
which is considered to have a notably high subjective element, and that has a material impact on
the financial statements.

PRACTICABLE-- capable of being put into practice or of being done or accomplished

QUALIFIED WORKER is any worker who has special skill, training, knowledge, and (usually
acquired) ability in their work. A qualified worker may have attended a college, university ortechnical
school. Or, a qualified worker may have learned their skills on the job. Examples of skilled labor
include software development, paramedics, police officers, physicians, crane operators,
painters, plumbers, craftsmen, and accountants. These workers can be either blue-collar or whitecollar workers, with varied levels of training or education.

Quantified risk assessment - Quantified Risk Assessment (QRA) is a structured approach to identifying
and understanding the risks associated withhazardous activities such as the operation of an industrial plant.
The assessment starts by taking inventory of potential hazards, their likelihood, and consequences. The
quantified risks are then assessed by comparison against defined criteria.
Quantified Risk Assessment provides valuable insights into the features of the industrial plant, highlighting those
aspects where failures may result in harm to operators, members of the public, the environment and or the asset
itself. QRA provides a basis for decision-making in the design and operation of the plant, and may also be
required to legally show fitness to operate.

Reasonable practicable- reasonably practicable mean a balance

between the level of risk and the resources necessary to control it.

Risk is the potential of gaining or losing something of value. Values (such as physical health, social
status, emotional well-being or financial wealth) can be gained or lost when taking risk resulting from
a given action or inaction, foreseen or unforeseen. Risk can also be defined as the intentional
interaction with uncertainty. Uncertainty is a potential, unpredictable, and uncontrollable outcome;
risk is a consequence of action taken in spite of uncertainty.
Risk perception is the subjective judgment people make about the severity and probability of a risk,
and may vary person to person. Any human endeavor carries some risk, but some are much riskier
than others.

A risk

assessment is not about creating huge amounts of paperwork , but rather about

identifying sensible measures to control the risks in your workplace. You are probably already
taking steps to protect your employees, but your risk assessment will help you decide whether you have
covered all you need to.

A SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK is a procedure that results

from a systematic examination of a working process,
that identifies hazards and specifies work methods
designed either to eliminate the hazards or controls
and minimise the relevant risks.

Safety is the state of being "safe, the condition of being protected against physical, social, spiritual,
financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational, or other types or

consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents,harm, or any other event that could be considered
non-desirable. Safety can also be defined to be the control of recognized hazards to achieve an
acceptable level of risk. This can take the form of being protected from the event or from exposure to
something that causes health or economical losses. It can include protection of people or of
possessions.

Safety audit--

Safety audits are conducted in order to assess the degree of compliance with the
applicable safety regulatory requirements and with the procedural provisions of a Safety Management
System if one is in place. They are intended to provide assurance of the safety management functions,
including staffing, compliance with applicable regulations, levels of competency and training.

A Safety Case is a structured argument, supported by evidence, intended to justify that a system
is acceptably safe for a specific application in a specific operating environment. Safety cases are
often required as part of a regulatory process, a certificate of safety being granted only when the
regulator is satisfied by the argument presented in a safety case. Industries regulated in this way
include transportation (such as aviation, the automotive industry and railways) and medical devices.
As such there are strong parallels with the formal evaluation of risk used to prepare a Risk
Assessment, although the result will be case specific. A vehicle safety case may show it to be
acceptably safe to be driven on a road, but conclude that it may be unsuited to driving on rough
ground, or with an off-center load for example, if there would then be a greater risk of danger e.g. a
loss of control or an injury to the occupant. The information used to compile the safety case may
then formally guarantee further specifications, such as maximum safe speeds, permitted safe loads,
or any other operational parameter. A safety case should be revisited when an existing product is to
be re-purposed in a new way, if this extends beyond the scope of the original assessment.

Workplace

Safety Committee

Many people, including the Nonprofit Risk Management staff, believe that workplace safety must be
everyone's concern and that the collective "everyone" needs a leader to consistently address and
promote safe practices in the workplace.
In most small to mid-size organizations a single person serves this purpose. The role of "workplace
safety coordinator" can be incorporated into someone's job description it does not have to be a
separate position. Various personnel must be able to perform specific steps to identify and control
hazards. In larger organizations, a safety director, safety manager or safety officer, sometimes under
the leadership of a professional risk manager, is in charge of the workplace safety program and
appoints a workplace safety committee to assist in implementing the workplace safety program.

Committee Chair
The committee is chaired by the workplace safety coordinator. The chair leads the committee,
schedules monthly safety meetings, serves as the contact with outside agencies on safety matters,
and retains all safety-related documents. The chair is able to function best with direct access to the
executive director or administrator of the organization.

Committee Functions

Create, carry out and watch over safety-specific programs.

Hold monthly safety meetings.

Hold monthly workplace safety inspections.

Run quarterly loss analysis.

Provide safety-related in-services.

Make advisory recommendations to the organization's managers.

Safety culture refers to the ways that safety issues are addressed in a workplace. It often
reflects "the attitudes, beliefs, perceptions and values that employees share in relation to safety. In
other words, "the way we do safety around here.
A SAFETY

INSPECTION is a formalized and properly documented process of identifying

hazards in the workplace. Safety inspections come in all different forms depending on the
environment being tested, but they generally compare results against acceptable standards to
ensure that a given environment falls within acceptable safety limits.
A safety inspection may also be called a safety audit.

Safety management system (SMS) is a term used to refer to a comprehensive business

management system designed to manage safety elements in the workplace.

Safety monitoring of a clinical trial is conducted by an independent physician with relevant

expertise. This is accomplished by review of adverse event, immediately after they occur, with timely
follow-up through resolution.
Responsibility for data and safety monitoring depends on the phase of the study and may be
conducted by sponsor or Contract research organization (CRO) staff or contractor, and/or by the
Principal clinical investigator/project manager conducting the study. Regardless of the method used,
monitoring must be performed on a regular basis. Oversight of the monitoring activity is the
responsibility of the sponsor.

A health and safety policy sets out your general approach and commitment
together with the arrangements you have put in place for managing health and safety in
your business. It is a unique document that says who does what, when and how.
The policy is usually made up of three parts:1. A Statement of Intent (what you intend to do) - A written policy statement which
shows your staff, and anyone else, your commitment to health and safety.
2. Organisation details (who will be involved) - This section names those who will
have responsibilities for health and safety matters in your company.
3. Arrangements (how you will put it in place) - This section explains how you will
control the main hazards that have been identified in your risk assessment.
Your health and safety policy will only be effective if it is acted upon and followed by you
and your staff. It should be reviewed regularly (at least annually) or sooner if there are
changes to work processes, plant, equipment or staff.

SAFETY SAMPLING is a method by which management studies people and

processes with the aim of making a safer workplace. This is accomplished by
identifying, detecting, and reducing the unsafe acts people and processes exhibit
prior to accidents. The purpose of this article is to present a case study of safety
sampling.
SAFETY SURVEY - a systematic review, to recommend improvements where needed, to provide assurance
of the safety of current activities, and to confirm conformance with applicable parts of the safety management
system.

SEVERITY RATE - - he time lost through injuries as calculated in total days

lost per 1000 hours worked

A SAFETY TOUR refers to walk arounds in the work place or the facility to obtain a
general appraisal of the working environment and safety practices. This is visual
management by the managers or seniors in an effort to monitor the compliance of
safety systems in force, find the flaws or malpractices and take appropriate corrective
actions to make things work as per the set standards and procedures.

TOXIC-- Carcinogenic, poisonous, or otherwise directly harmful to life in any form. Practically every substance
is toxic, the only difference is in the quantity (dose) that produces a toxic effect (see toxicity). Technically, a

substance is toxic if its (1) medial lethal dose (Lethal Dose 50 or LD50) is more than 50 milligrams (but not more
than 500 milligrams) per kilogram of body weight when administered orally to albino rats weighing between 200 to
300 grams each, (2) LD50 is more than 200 milligrams (but not more than 1000 milligrams or 1 gram) per
kilogram of body weight when administered by continuous contact for 24 hours (or less if death occurs within 24
hours) with the bare skin of albino rabbits weighing between 2 to 3 kilograms each, (3) median lethal
concentration (Lethal Concentration 50 or LC50) in air is more than 200 parts per million (but not more than 2000
parts per million) by volume of gas orvapor (or more than 2 milligrams per liter but not more than 20 milligrams
per liter of dust, fume, or mist) when administered by continuous inhalation for more than 1 hour (or less if death
occurs within 1 hour) to albino rats weighing between 200 to 300 grams each.

TOXIN-- A toxin is a poisonous substance produced within living cells or

organisms; synthetic toxicants created by artificial processes are thus excluded. The term was first
used by organic chemist Ludwig Brieger (18491919).
Toxins can be small molecules, peptides, or proteins that are capable of causing disease on contact
with or absorption by body tissues interacting with biologicalmacromolecules such
as enzymes or cellular receptors. Toxins vary greatly in their severity, ranging from usually minor
(such as a bee sting) to almost immediately deadly (such as botulinum toxin).

The WORKPLACE is the physical location where someone works. Such a place can range from
a home-office to a large office building or factory. For industrialized societies, the workplace is one of
the most important social spaces other than the home, constituting "a central concept for several
entities: the worker and his/her family, the employing organization, the customers of the
organization, and the society as a whole".The development of new communication technologies
have led to the development of the virtual workplace, a workplace that is not located in any one
physical space.