2 - One Sphere in Stokes Flow

Three single sphere flows
Hydrodynamic force moments
Fax
en laws
Sphere in shear flow
One sphere in Stokes flow
Elisabeth
Guazzelli and Jeffrey F. Morris
with illustrations by Sylvie Pic
Adapted from Chapter 2 of A Physical Introduction to Suspension Dynamics
Cambridge Texts in Applied Mathematics
Elisabeth
Guazzelli and Jeffrey F. Morris with illustrations by Sylvie Pic
A Physical Introduction to Suspension Dynamics

Rotation
Translation
Straining

Force
Torque
Stresslet
Computing the hydrodynamic force
Faxen laws for the sphere
A sphere in simple shear flow
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws

Rotation
Translation
Straining

Force
Torque
Stresslet
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Fax
en laws
Decomposition of the relative motion about a point

Fluid motion near a point (Taylor series to linear order) = uniform
translation + linearly varying field
u (x) = u (x0 ) + u (x0 ) (x x0 )
= U + x + E x
Antisymmetric rate-of-rotation tensor
ij
1
=
2
"
uj
ui
xj
xi
1
1
can be expressed as rotation vector: i = 12 ijk

i
jk = 2 ( u )i = 2
Symmetric rate-of-strain tensor

Eij =
1
2
"
ui
xj
Elisabeth
uj
xi
#
Fax
en laws
Decomposition of shear into rotation and strain

Simple shear: contributions of rotation and strain equal in magnitude
u = + E
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Rotation

Rotation
Translation
Straining

Force
Torque
Stresslet
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Rotation
Sphere in a rotational field and sphere rotating
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Rotation
Disturbance problem for the sphere in a rotational field

Disturbance fields=velocity and pressure differences from those
existing in the imposed flow in the absence of the body
u(x) = uactual (x) u (x)
p(x) = p actual (x) p (x)
Homogeneous Stokes equations for the disturbance fields
u = 0
2 u = p
Boundary conditions
u = x
at
r = |x| = a
u and p 0
as
r = |x|
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Rotation
Solution for the pressure

p=
decaying harmonics
1
and its gradients,
r
3xi xj ij xk + ik xj + kj xi
5xi xj xk
xi ij
, 3 5 ,
,...
3
5
r r
r
r
r7
spherical solid harmonics:
p = scalar and linear in

p
i xi
r3
But pseudo-vector whereas p frame independent

p=0
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Rotation
Solution for the velocity

u=
decaying harmonics
5xi xj xk
1 xi ij
, 3, 3 5 ,
,...
5
r r r
r
r
r7
u = vector and linear in

u(x) = 1
x
r3
Velocity boundary condition 1 = a3

a 3
u(x) = x
r
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Rotation
Sphere in a rotational field and sphere rotating

Sphere in a rotational field
No pressure induced by the presence of the sphere
Disturbance velocity:
u(x) = x
a 3
r
decays as r 2 and retains the symmetry of the boundary condition

on the sphere
Sphere rotating at p
No induced pressure
Velocity:
u(x) = p x
Elisabeth
a 3
r
Fax
en laws
Translation

Rotation
Translation
Straining

Force
Torque
Stresslet
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Translation
Sphere in a translational field and translating sphere
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Translation
Disturbance problem for the sphere fixed in the uniform

stream u = U

u = 0
2 u = p
Boundary conditions
u = U
at
r = |x| = a
u and p 0
as
r = |x|
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Translation
p=
decaying harmonics
5xi xj xk
1 xi ij
, 3, 3 5 ,
,...
5
r r r
r
r
r7
p = scalar and linear in U

p = 1 U
Elisabeth
x
r3
Fax
en laws
Translation

Particular solution
u(p) = p x/2 =
1 xx
U
2 r 3
Homogeneous solution
P
u(h) =
decaying harmonics:
5xi xj xk
1 xi ij
, 3, 3 5 ,
,...
5
r r r
r
r
r7
u(h) = vector and linear in U

I
1
3xx
u(h) = 2 U + 3 ( 3 5 ) U
r
r
r
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Translation
Determination of constants
Continuity: u = 0 yields (after some work)

1
U x
ui
2
=
=0
xi
2
r3
2 = 1 /(2)
Boundary condition u = U at r = a
3 Uj
1
[ij 3ni nj ] = Ui
ni Uj nj + Ui +
2a
a3
1 = 3a/2 and 3 = a3 /4
Boundary conditions at
Automatically satisfied by decaying harmonics
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Translation
Disturbance velocity and pressure

Disturbance velocity
3a
ui = Uj
4
3a3
U
4 j
p p =
3a Uj xj
2
r3
xi xj
ij
+ 3
r
r
xi xj
ij
5
3r 3
r
Disturbance pressure
Disturbance solution
velocity induced by a sphere translating in otherwise quiescent
fluid at Up = U
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Translation
Streamlines for translation

Disturbance streamlines for a translating sphere and full streamlines for a particle fixed in
uniform stream
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Translation
Three features of this Stokes flow field

Slow decay of disturbance fields away from the translating
sphere, as r 2 for the pressure and as r 1 for the dominant
portion of the velocity
Fore-aft symmetry: instantaneous streamlines of the
disturbance velocity field converging above the particle and
diverging below
Disturbance twice as large at a point on the axis of symmetry
3Up a/2r as at a point at an equal distance in the
transverse direction 3Up a/4r (due to the pressure field
maintaining the flow as divergent-free)
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Straining

Rotation
Translation
Straining

Force
Torque
Stresslet
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Straining
Sphere fixed in a strain field
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Straining
Disturbance problem for the sphere at the origin in the

straining flow E x

u = 0
2 u = p
Boundary conditions
u = E x
at
r = |x| = a
u and p 0
as
r = |x|
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Straining

p=
decaying harmonics
5xi xj xk
1 xi ij
, 3, 3 5 ,
,...
5
r r r
r
r
r7
p = scalar and linear in second-rank tensor E

p
ij
xi xj
3 5
3
r
r
xi Eij xj
= 1
Eij
r5
because ij Eij = Eii = u = 0 (continuity)
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Straining

Particular solution
(p)
ui
p
1 xj Ejk xk
xi =
xi
2
2
r5
Homogeneous solution
P
u(h) =
decaying harmonics:
5xi xj xk
1 xi ij
, 3, 3 5 ,
,...
5
r r r
r
r
r7
u(h) = vector and linear in E

5xi xj xk
(h)
xj
ij xk + ik xj
ui = 2 Eij 3 + 3 Ejk
r
r5
r7
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Straining
Disturbance velocity and pressure

Determination of constants
Continuity: u = 0 2 = 0
Boundary conditions: 1 = 5a3
and
3 = a5 /2
Disturbance velocity: dominant portion decays as r 2

5xi xj xk
5a3 xi (xj Ejk xk ) a5 ij xk + ik xj
Ejk
ui =
2
r5
2
r5
r7
Disturbance pressure: decays as r 3 and quadrupolar form
p = 5a3
xi Eij xj
Elisabeth
r5
Fax
en laws
Straining
Streamlines for a sphere fixed in a strain field
Elisabeth

Rotation
Translation
Straining

Force
Torque
Stresslet
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Fax
en laws
Force

Rotation
Translation
Straining

Force
Torque
Stresslet
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Force
Hydrodynamic drag force

Hydrodynamic force on the particle
Z
h
n dS
F =
Sp
Force balance for inertialess motion

Fh + Fe = 0
Fe = external force (e.g. due to gravity or an interparticle force)
Stokes drag law (sphere held fixed in a uniform stream U )
Fh = 6aU
linear in U and in a
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Torque

Rotation
Translation
Straining

Force
Torque
Stresslet
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Torque
Hydrodynamic torque
Hydrodynamic torque on the particle
Z
h
x ndS
T =
Sp
Torque balance for inertialess motion

Th + Te = 0
Te = external torque
Stokes law (sphere held fixed in rotational flow x)
Th = 8a3
linear in and in a3
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Stresslet

Rotation
Translation
Straining

Force
Torque
Stresslet
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Stresslet
Stresslet
First moment of the surface traction over the surface
Z
xi jk nk dS
Mij =
Sp
Symmetric portion = stresslet

Z
1
Sij =
[ik xj + jk xi ]nk dS
2 Sp
Antisymmetric portion = same information as torque
Z
1
1
(xi jk xj ik )nk dS = ijk Tk
Aij =
2 Sp
2
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Stresslet
Stresslet for a solid sphere in a straining flow Ex
S=
20 3
a E
3
linear in E and in a3
Result of the resistance of the rigid particle to the straining motion
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws

Rotation
Translation
Straining

Force
Torque
Stresslet
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Direct computation of the hydrodynamic force from the

velocity field due to a sphere fixed in a uniform stream
Total traction on the sphere surface constant
n=
3
U
2a
Hydrodynamic force
Z
3
3
[ U ]dS =
Fh =
U 4a2 = 6aU
2a
2a
r =a
Stokes drag force for a particle moving with velocity Up in an
otherwise static fluid bath
Fh = 6aUp
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Simpler computation of the hydrodynamic force

Divergence theorem applied to the Stokes
momentum equations
Z
ij
dV =
xj
Sp
ij njout dS+
ij njout dS = 0
Drag force
Fih =
ij nj dS
Sp
Sp
=
Computation of dominant
stress decaying as R 2
Elisabeth
ij njout dS
ij njout dS
(2) out
nj dS
ij

Rotation
Translation
Straining

Force
Torque
Stresslet
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Fax
en laws
Faxen laws
Hydrodynamic force and force moments for a sphere in a general
ambient flow field
F = 6a

1+

a2 2
u (x = 0) Up
6
T = 8a3 [ (x = 0) p ]

a2 2
20
3
a 1 + E (x = 0)
S =
3
10
Additional pieces owing to the curvature of the flow 2 u (evaluated at
the position x = 0 occupied by the center of the particle) for the force
and stresslet but not for the torque!
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Lag of a sphere in a Poiseuille flow

Force-free suspended sphere at rs
Us
a2 2
]uz (rs )
6
2 a2
Umax
= uz (rs )
3 R2
= [1 +
Torque-free sphere in this situation has

rotation vector of p =
uz
= Umax 1
r 2
p = rUmax /R 2
(along the azimuthal coordinate )
Elisabeth

Rotation
Translation
Straining

Force
Torque
Stresslet
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Fax
en laws
Decomposition of a sphere in a shear

sphere in a rotation + sphere in strain
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Freely mobile sphere in simple shear flow

Homogeneous Stokes equations
u = 0
2 u = p
Boundary conditions
u = p x
at
r = |x| = a
as
r = |x|
uu
Faxen laws
Force-free: Up = u (x = 0)
Torque-free: p = (x = 0)
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Flow caused by a sphere held fixed in linearly varying

ambient flow field u = (y
, 0, 0) = (E + )x
Total velocity field
ui =
ui

5xi xj xk
5a3 xi (xj Ejk xk ) a5 ij xk + ik xj
Ejk
2
r5
2
r5
r7
Disturbance flow generated by the sphere only due to its resistance

to the straining component of the shearing flow because no
disturbance created by a freely-rotating sphere embedded in a
solid-body rotation
Rotationally dominated motion in the vicinity of the rotating sphere
closed streamlines
Elisabeth
Fax
en laws
Streamlines around freely mobile sphere in simple shear
Elisabeth

2 - One Sphere in Stokes Flow

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Three single sphere flows

Hydrodynamic force moments

Sphere in shear flow

One sphere in Stokes flow

A Physical Introduction to Suspension Dynamics

Three single sphere flows

Hydrodynamic force moments

Three single sphere flows

Hydrodynamic force moments

Faxen laws for the sphere

A sphere in simple shear flow

Sphere in shear flow

A Physical Introduction to Suspension Dynamics

Three single sphere flows

Hydrodynamic force moments

Three single sphere flows

Hydrodynamic force moments

Faxen laws for the sphere

A sphere in simple shear flow

Sphere in shear flow

A Physical Introduction to Suspension Dynamics

Three single sphere flows

Hydrodynamic force moments

Sphere in shear flow

Decomposition of the relative motion about a point

can be expressed as rotation vector: i = 12 ijk

Symmetric rate-of-strain tensor

Three single sphere flows

Hydrodynamic force moments

Sphere in shear flow

Decomposition of shear into rotation and strain

A Physical Introduction to Suspension Dynamics

Three single sphere flows

Hydrodynamic force moments

Sphere in shear flow

Three single sphere flows

Hydrodynamic force moments

Faxen laws for the sphere

A sphere in simple shear flow

A Physical Introduction to Suspension Dynamics

Three single sphere flows

Hydrodynamic force moments

Sphere in shear flow

Sphere in a rotational field and sphere rotating

A Physical Introduction to Suspension Dynamics

Three single sphere flows

Hydrodynamic force moments

Sphere in shear flow

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A Physical Introduction to Suspension Dynamics

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Hydrodynamic force moments

Sphere in shear flow

Solution for the pressure

p = scalar and linear in

But pseudo-vector whereas p frame independent

A Physical Introduction to Suspension Dynamics

Three single sphere flows