Alfred,LordTennyson

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AlfredTennyson,1stBaronTennyson,FRS(6
August18096October1892)wasPoetLaureateof
GreatBritainandIrelandduringmuchofQueen
Victoria'sreignandremainsoneofthemostpopular
Britishpoets.[2]
Tennysonexcelledatpenningshortlyrics,suchas
"Break,Break,Break","TheChargeoftheLight
Brigade","Tears,IdleTears"and"CrossingtheBar".
Muchofhisversewasbasedonclassical
mythologicalthemes,suchasUlysses,althoughIn
MemoriamA.H.H.waswrittentocommemoratehis
friendArthurHallam,afellowpoetandstudentat
TrinityCollege,Cambridge,afterhediedofastroke
agedjust22.[3]Tennysonalsowrotesomenotable
blankverseincludingIdyllsoftheKing,"Ulysses",
and"Tithonus".Duringhiscareer,Tennyson
attempteddrama,buthisplaysenjoyedlittlesuccess.
AnumberofphrasesfromTennyson'sworkhave
becomecommonplacesoftheEnglishlanguage,
including"Nature,redintoothandclaw"(In
MemoriamA.H.H.),"'Tisbettertohavelovedandlost
/Thannevertohavelovedatall","Theirsnotto
reasonwhy,/Theirsbuttodoanddie","Mystrength
isasthestrengthoften,/Becausemyheartispure",
"Tostrive,toseek,tofind,andnottoyield",
"Knowledgecomes,butWisdomlingers",and"The
oldorderchangeth,yieldingplacetonew".Heisthe
ninthmostfrequentlyquotedwriterinTheOxford
DictionaryofQuotations.[4]

TheRightHonourable

TheLordTennyson
FRS

1869CarbonprintbyJuliaMargaretCameron
Born

6August1809
Somersby,Lincolnshire,England

Died

6October1892(aged83)
Lurgashall,Sussex,England[1]

Occupation

PoetLaureate

Almamater CambridgeUniversity

Contents
1 Earlylife
2 Educationandfirstpublication
3 ReturntoLincolnshireandsecond
publication
4 Thirdpublication
5 PoetLaureate
6 TennysonandtheQueen

Spouse
Children

EmilySellwood (m.1850)
HallamTennyson,2ndBaron
Tennyson
Hon.LionelTennyson

6 TennysonandtheQueen
7 TheartofTennyson'spoetry
8 Partiallistofworks
9 Tennysonheraldry
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 Externallinks

Earlylife
TennysonwasborninSomersby,Lincolnshire,England.[5]Hewasbornintoamiddleclasslineof
Tennysons,butalsohadanobleandroyalancestry.
Hisfather,GeorgeClaytonTennyson(17781831),wasrectorof
Somersby(18071831),alsorectorofBenniworth(18021831)
andBagEnderby,andvicarofGrimsby(1815).Rev.George
ClaytonTennysonraisedalargefamilyand"wasamanof
superiorabilitiesandvariedattainments,whotriedhishandwith
fairsuccessinarchitecture,painting,music,andpoetry.Hewas
comfortablywelloffforacountryclergymanandhisshrewd
moneymanagementenabledthefamilytospendsummersat
MablethorpeandSkegness,ontheeasterncoastofEngland".
AlfredTennyson'smother,ElizabethFytche(17811865),was
thedaughterofStephenFytche(17341799),vicarofSt.James
Church,Louth(1764)andrectorofWithcall(1780),asmall
villagebetweenHorncastleandLouth.Tennyson'sfather
"carefullyattendedtotheeducationandtrainingofhischildren".
Tennysonandtwoofhiselderbrotherswerewritingpoetryin
theirteens,andacollectionofpoemsbyallthreewaspublished
locallywhenAlfredwasonly17.Oneofthosebrothers,Charles
TennysonTurner,latermarriedLouisaSellwood,theyounger
sisterofAlfred'sfuturewifetheotherwasFrederickTennyson.
AnotherofTennyson'sbrothers,EdwardTennyson,was
institutionalisedataprivateasylum.

AnillustrationbyW.E.F.Britten
showingSomersbyRectory,where
Tennysonwasraisedandbegan
writing.

Educationandfirstpublication
TennysonwasastudentofLouthGrammarSchoolforfouryears(18161820)[6]andthenattended
ScaitcliffeSchool,EnglefieldGreenandKingEdwardVIGrammarSchool,Louth.HeenteredTrinity
College,Cambridge,in1827,wherehejoinedasecretsocietycalledtheCambridgeApostles.[7]A
portraitofTennysonbyGeorgeFredericWattsisinTrinity'scollection.[8]

AtCambridge,TennysonmetArthurHenryHallamandWilliamHenryBrookfield,whobecamehis
closestfriends.Hisfirstpublicationwasacollectionof"hisboyishrhymesandthoseofhiselderbrother
Charles"entitledPoemsbyTwoBrotherspublishedin1827.[6]
In1829,TennysonwasawardedtheChancellor'sGoldMedalatCambridgeforoneofhisfirstpieces,
"Timbuktu".[9][10]Reportedly,"itwasthoughttobenoslighthonourforayoungmanoftwentytowin
thechancellor'sgoldmedal".[6]Hepublishedhisfirstsolocollectionofpoems,PoemsChieflyLyricalin
1830."Claribel"and"Mariana",whichlatertooktheirplaceamongTennyson'smostcelebratedpoems,
wereincludedinthisvolume.Althoughdecriedbysomecriticsasoverlysentimental,hisversesoon
provedpopularandbroughtTennysontotheattentionofwellknownwritersoftheday,including
SamuelTaylorColeridge.

ReturntoLincolnshireandsecondpublication
Inthespringof1831,Tennyson'sfatherdied,requiringhimto
leaveCambridgebeforetakinghisdegree.Hereturnedtothe
rectory,wherehewaspermittedtoliveforanothersixyears,and
sharedresponsibilityforhiswidowedmotherandthefamily.
ArthurHallamcametostaywithhisfamilyduringthesummer
andbecameengagedtoTennyson'ssister,EmiliaTennyson.

TennysonwithhiswifeEmily(1813
1896)andhissonsHallam(1852
1928)andLionel(18541886).

In1833Tennysonpublishedhissecondbookofpoetry,which
includedhiswellknownpoem,"TheLadyofShalott".The
volumemetheavycriticism,whichsodiscouragedTennysonthat
hedidnotpublishagainfortenyears,althoughhedidcontinue
towrite.Thatsameyear,Hallamdiedsuddenlyandunexpectedly
aftersufferingacerebralhaemorrhagewhileonvacationin
Vienna.Hallam'sdeathhadaprofoundimpactonTennyson,and
inspiredseveralmasterpieces,including"IntheValleyof
Cauteretz"andInMemoriamA.H.H.,alongpoemdetailingthe
"WayoftheSoul".[11]

Tennysonandhisfamilywereallowedtostayintherectoryfor
sometime,butlatermovedtoHighBeach,Essex,about1837,
[12]
leavingin1840. Anunwiseinvestmentinanecclesiasticalwoodcarvingenterprisesoonledtothe
lossofmuchofthefamilyfortune.TennysonthenmovedtoLondon,andlivedforatimeatChapel
House,Twickenham.

Thirdpublication
In1842whilelivingmodestlyinLondon,TennysonpublishedtwovolumesofPoems,ofwhichthefirst
includedworksalreadypublishedandthesecondwasmadeupalmostentirelyofnewpoems.Theymet
withimmediatesuccess.Poemsfromthiscollection,suchasLocksleyHall,"Tithonus",and"Ulysses"
havemetenduringfame.ThePrincess:AMedley,asatireonwomen'seducation,whichcameoutin
1847,wasalsopopularforitslyrics.W.S.Gilbertlateradaptedandparodiedthepiecetwice:inThe
Princess(1870)andinPrincessIda(1884).
Itwasin1850thatTennysonreachedthepinnacleofhiscareer,finallypublishinghismasterpiece,In
MemoriamA.H.H.,dedicatedtoHallam.LaterthesameyearhewasappointedPoetLaureate,
succeedingWilliamWordsworth.Inthesameyear(on13June),TennysonmarriedEmilySellwood,

whomhehadknownsincechildhood,inthevillageofShiplake.Theyhadtwosons,HallamTennyson
(b.11August1852)namedafterhisfriendandLionel(b.16March1854).
TennysonrentedFarringfordHouseontheIsleofWightin1853,andthenboughtitin1856.[13]He
eventuallyfoundthatthereweretoomanystarstrucktouristswhopesteredhiminFarringford,sohe
movedtoAldworth,inWestSussexin1869.[14]However,heretainedFarringford,andregularly
returnedtheretospendthewinters.

PoetLaureate
In1850,afterWilliamWordsworth'sdeathandSamuelRogers'
refusal,TennysonwasappointedtothepositionofPoetLaureate
ElizabethBarrettBrowningandLeighHunthadalsobeen
considered.[15]Heheldthepositionuntilhisowndeathin1892,
byfarthelongesttenureofanylaureatebeforeorsince.
Tennysonfulfilledtherequirementsofthispositionbyturning
outappropriatebutoftenuninspiredverse,suchasapoemof
greetingtoPrincessAlexandraofDenmarkwhenshearrivedin
BritaintomarrythefutureKingEdwardVII.In1855,Tennyson
producedoneofhisbestknownworks,"TheChargeoftheLight
Brigade",adramatictributetotheBritishcavalrymeninvolved
inanilladvisedchargeon25October1854,duringtheCrimean
War.OtheresteemedworkswritteninthepostofPoetLaureate
includeOdeontheDeathoftheDukeofWellingtonandOde
SungattheOpeningoftheInternationalExhibition.
Tennysoninitiallydeclinedabaronetcyin1865and1868(when
tenderedbyDisraeli),finallyacceptingapeeragein1883at
Gladstone'searnestsolicitation.In1884Victoriacreatedhim
BaronTennyson,ofAldworthintheCountyofSussexandof
FreshwaterintheIsleofWight.[16]HetookhisseatintheHouse
ofLordson11March1884.[6]

LordTennyson.

Tennysonalsowroteasubstantialquantityofunofficialpolitical
verse,fromthebellicose"Form,Riflemen,Form",ontheFrench
crisisof1859andtheCreationoftheVolunteerForce,to
"Steersman,benotprecipitateinthineact/ofsteering",deploring
Gladstone'sHomeRuleBill.
VirginiaWoolfwroteaplaycalledFreshwater,showing
TennysonashosttohisfriendsJuliaMargaretCameronandG.F.
Watts.[17]

FarringfordLordTennyson's
residenceontheIsleofWight

TennysonwasthefirsttoberaisedtoaBritishpeerageforhiswriting.Apassionatemanwithsome
peculiaritiesofnature,hewasneverparticularlycomfortableasapeer,anditiswidelyheldthathetook
thepeerageinordertosecureafutureforhissonHallam.
ThomasEdisonmadesoundrecordingsofTennysonreadinghisownpoetry,lateinhislife.They
includerecordingsofTheChargeoftheLightBrigade,andexcerptsfrom"Thesplendourfalls"(from
ThePrincess),"Comeintothegarden"(fromMaud),"Askmenomore","OdeonthedeathoftheDuke

ofWellington","ChargeoftheLightBrigade",and"Lancelot
andElaine"thesoundqualityisaspooraswaxcylinder
recordingsusuallyare.
Towardstheendofhis
lifeTennysonrevealed
thathis"religiousbeliefs
alsodefiedconvention,
leaningtowards
agnosticismand
pandeism":[18]Famously,
hewroteinInMemoriam:
"Therelivesmorefaithin
honestdoubt,believeme,
thaninhalfthecreeds."
[Thecontextdirectly
contradictstheapparent
StatueofLordTennysoninthe
meaningofthisquote.]In
chapelofTrinityCollege,
Maud,1855,hewrote:
Cambridge.
"Thechurcheshavekilled
theirChrist".In
"LocksleyHallSixtyYearsAfter,"Tennysonwrote:"Christian
loveamongthechurcheslook'dthetwinofheathenhate."Inhis
play,Becket,hewrote:"Weareselfuncertaincreatures,andwe
may,Yea,evenwhenweknownot,mixourspitesandprivate
hateswithourdefenceofHeaven".Tennysonrecordedinhis
Diary(p.127):"IbelieveinPantheismofasort".Hisson's
biographyconfirmsthatTennysonwasnotanorthodox
Christian,notingthatTennysonpraisedGiordanoBrunoand
Spinozaonhisdeathbed,sayingofBruno,"HisviewofGodisin
somewaysmine",in1892.[19]
Tennysoncontinuedwritingintohiseighties.Hediedon6
October1892atAldworth,aged83.Hewasburiedat
WestminsterAbbey.AmemorialwaserectedinAllSaints'
Church,Freshwater.Hislastwordswere"Ohthatpresswill
havemenow!".[20]Heleftanestateof57,206.[21]
Hewassucceededas2ndBaronTennysonbyhisson,Hallam,
whoproducedanauthorisedbiographyofhisfatherin1897,and
waslaterthesecondGovernorGeneralofAustralia.

TennysonandtheQueen

SketchofAlfredTennysonpublished
oneyearafterhisdeathin1892,
seatedinhisfavouritearbourathis
FarringfordHousehomeinthe
villageofFreshwater,IsleofWight.

Photographofthecedartreeat
SwainstonManor,IsleofWight.In
thelate1890s,LadySimeonat
Swainstontoldhernurse(mygreat
aunt)thatTennysonwrote"Maud"
underthistree.Notethesimilarities
insettingbetweenthisphotoandthe
arborabove.PhotosoftheGardensat
Swainstonunderthewikientryfor
SwainstonManor.

ThoughPrinceAlbertwaslargelyresponsibleforTennyson'sappointmentasLaureate,[15]Queen
VictoriabecameanardentadmirerofTennyson'swork,writinginherdiarythatshewas"muchsoothed
&pleased"byreadingInMemoriamA.H.H.afterAlbert'sdeath.[22]Thetwomettwice,firstinApril
1862,whenVictoriawroteinherdiary,"verypeculiarlooking,tall,dark,withafinehead,longblack

flowinghair&abeard,oddlydressed,butthereisno
affectationabouthim."[23]Tennysonmetherasecondtime
nearlytwodecadeslater,andtheQueentoldhimwhatacomfort
InMemoriamA.H.H.hadbeen.[24]

TheartofTennyson'spoetry
Assourcematerialforhispoetry,Tennysonusedawiderangeof
subjectmatterrangingfrommedievallegendstoclassicalmyths
andfromdomesticsituationstoobservationsofnature.The
influenceofJohnKeatsandotherRomanticpoetspublished
beforeandduringhischildhoodisevidentfromtherichnessof
hisimageryanddescriptivewriting.[25]Healsohandledrhythm
masterfully.TheinsistentbeatofBreak,Break,Break
emphasisestherelentlesssadnessofthesubjectmatter.
Tennyson'suseofthemusicalqualitiesofwordstoemphasisehis
rhythmsandmeaningsissensitive.Thelanguageof"Icome
fromhauntsofcootandhern"liltsandrippleslikethebrookin
thepoemandthelasttwolinesof"ComedownOmaidfrom
yondermountainheight"illustratehistellingcombinationof
onomatopoeia,alliteration,andassonance:

StainedglassatOttawaPublic
LibraryfeaturesCharlesDickens,
ArchibaldLampman,Duncan
CampbellScott,LordByron,Alfred,
LordTennyson,William
Shakespeare,ThomasMoore

Themoanofdovesinimmemorialelms
Andmurmuringofinnumerablebees.
Tennysonwasacraftsmanwhopolishedandrevisedhismanuscriptsextensively,tothepointwherehis
effortsatselfeditingweredescribedbyhiscontemporaryRobertBrowningas"insane",symptomaticof
"mentalinfirmity".[26]Fewpoetshaveusedsuchavarietyofstyleswithsuchanexactunderstandingof
metrelikemanyVictorianpoets,heexperimentedinadaptingthequantitativemetresofGreekand
LatinpoetrytoEnglish.[27]HereflectstheVictorianperiodofhismaturityinhisfeelingfororderand
histendencytowardsmoralising.HealsoreflectsaconcerncommonamongVictorianwritersinbeing
troubledbytheconflictbetweenreligiousfaithandexpandingscientificknowledge.[28]Likemany
writerswhowriteagreatdealoveralongtime,hispoetryisoccasionallyuninspired,buthispersonality
ringsthroughoutallhisworksworkthatreflectsagrandandspecialvariabilityinitsquality.Tennyson
possessedthestrongestpoeticpower,whichhisearlyreadersoftenattributedtohis"Englishness"and
hismasculinity.[29]Heputgreatlengthintomanyworks,mostfamousofwhichareMaudandIdyllsof
theKing,thelatterarguablythemostfamousVictorianadaptationofthelegendofKingArthurandthe
KnightsoftheRoundTable.Acommonthreadofgrief,melancholy,andlossconnectsmuchofhis
poetry(e.g.,Mariana,TheLotosEaters,Tears,IdleTears,InMemoriam),likelyreflectingTennyson's
ownlifelongstrugglewithdebilitatingdepression.[30]T.S.EliotfamouslydescribedTennysonas"the
saddestofallEnglishpoets",whosetechnicalmasteryofverseandlanguageprovideda"surface"tohis
poetry's"depths,totheabyssofsorrow".[31]OtherpoetssuchasW.H.Audenmaintainedamorecritical
stance,statingthatTennysonwasthe"stupidest"ofalltheEnglishpoets,addingthat:"Therewaslittle
aboutmelancholiahedidn'tknowtherewaslittleelsethathedid."[32]

Partiallistofworks
FromPoems,ChieflyLyrical(1830):

NothingWillDie[33]
AllThingsWillDie[34]
TheDyingSwan
TheKraken
Mariana
LadyClaraVeredeVere(1832)
FromPoems(1833):
TheLotosEaters
TheLadyofShalott(1832,1842)threeversions
paintedbyJ.W.Waterhouse(1888,1894,and
1916).AlsoputtomusicbyLoreenaMcKennitton
heralbumTheVisit(1991).
St.SimeonStylites(1833)
FromPoems(1842):
LocksleyHall
Tithonus
VisionofSin[35]
TheTwoVoices(1834)
AlfredTennyson,portraitbyP.
"Ulysses"(1833)
KrmerFriedrichBruckmann
FromThePrincessAMedley(1847)
"ThePrincess"
Godiva
NowSleepstheCrimsonPetalitlaterappearedas
asonginthefilmVanityFair,withmusical
arrangementbyMychaelDanna
"Tears,IdleTears"
InMemoriamA.H.H.(1849)
RingOut,WildBells(1850)
TheEagle(1851)
TheSister'sShame[36]
FromMaudAMonodrama(1855/1856)
Maud
TheChargeoftheLightBrigade(1854)anearly
recordingexistsofTennysonreadingthis.
FromEnochArdenandOtherPoems(1862/1864)
EnochArden
TheBrookcontainstheline"Formenmaycome
andmenmaygo,ButIgoonforever"which
Break,Break,Break,onthycoldgray
inspiredthenamingofamen'sclubinNewYork
Stones,oSea,aphotographby
City.
RudolfEickemeyer,Jr.Thetitleisa
Flowerinthecranniedwall(1869)
quotefromthe1842poem
TheWindowSongcyclewithArthurSullivan.(1871)
Harold(1876)beganarevivalofinterestinKingHarold
IdyllsoftheKing(composed18331874)
"Becket"(1884)[37]
CrossingtheBar(1889)
TheForestersaplaywithincidentalmusicbyArthurSullivan(1891)
Kapiolani(publishedafterhisdeathbyHallamTennyson)[38]

Tennysonheraldry

AnHeraldicachievementofAlfred,LordTennysonexistsinan
1884stainedglasswindowintheHallofTrinityCollege,
Cambridge,showingarms:Gules,abendnebulyorthereona
chapletvertbetweenthreeleopard'sfacesjessantdelysofthe
secondCrest:Adexterarminarmourthehandinagauntletor
graspingabrokentiltingspearenfiledwithagarlandoflaurel
Supporters:Twoleopardsrampantguardantgulessemedelys
andducallycrownedorMotto:RespiciensProspiciens[39]
("Lookingbackwards(is)lookingforwards").Thesearea
differenceofthearmsofThomasTenison(16361715),
ArchbishopofCanterbury,themselvesadifferenceofthearmsof
the13thcenturyDenysfamilyofGlamorganandSistonin
Gloucestershire,themselvesadifferenceofthearmsofThomas
deCantilupe(c.12181282),BishopofHereford,thenceforththe
armsoftheSeeofHerefordthename"Tennyson"signifies
"Denys'sson",althoughnoconnectionbetweenthetwofamilies
isrecorded.

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InternetArchive
WorksbyAlfred,LordTennyson(http://librivox.org/author/487)atLibriVox(publicdomain
audiobooks)
SettingsofAlfredTennyson'spoetryintheChoralPublicDomainLibrary
(http://www.choralwiki.org/wiki/index.php/Alfred_Tennyson)
TheLouvertureProject:AnacaonapoembyAlfredTennyson
(http://thelouvertureproject.org/index.php?title=Anacaona__poem_by_Alfred_Tennyson)Poem
abouttheTanoqueen.
SelectedWorksatPoetryIndex(http://www.poetryindex.net/AlfredTennyson.html)
SweetandLow(http://www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Sweet_and_low_(Joseph_Barnby))
RecordingofTennysonreciting"TheChargeoftheLightBrigade"
(http://www.poetryarchive.org/poetryarchive/singlePoem.do?poemId=1570)
Anonymous(1873).Cartoonportraitsandbiographicalsketchesofmenoftheday.Illustratedby
FrederickWaddy.London:TinsleyBrothers.pp.7884.Retrieved6January2011.
AsubstantialcollectionofTennyson'sworks
(http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/insrv/libraries/scolar/special/tennyson.html)areheldatSpecial
CollectionsandArchives,CardiffUniversity.
Courtoffices
Precededby
WilliamWordsworth

BritishPoetLaureate
18501892

Succeededby
AlfredAustin

PeerageoftheUnitedKingdom
Newtitle

BaronTennyson
18841892

Succeededby
HallamTennyson

Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson&oldid=701235920"
Categories: 1809births 1892deaths 19thcenturyEnglishpoets BritishPoetsLaureate
FellowsoftheRoyalSociety EnglishAnglicans PeoplefromLincolnshire
BaronsinthePeerageoftheUnitedKingdom AlumniofTrinityCollege,Cambridge
Victorianpoets 19thcenturyEnglishwriters BurialsatWestminsterAbbey
PeoplefromFreshwater,IsleofWight CultureontheIsleofWight
PeopleeducatedatKingEdwardVIGrammarSchool,Louth Mythopoeicwriters
TranslatorsfromOldEnglish Tennysonfamily 19thcenturytranslators Englishmalepoets
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