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G 228378 Lect 0503
G 228378 Lect 0503
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Mechanical properties
3. electrical properties: electric conductivity
4. Magnetic properties: permeability and susceptibility
5. Dielectric polarization: dielectric permittivity
6. Mix model: analytic model and empirical model
Analytic mix model
Empirical mix model
Archie's law and Waxman-Smits relationship
CRIM model
Introduction
People live on the surface of the earth, standing on rock and soil,
inside a bubble of gas, growing food in and from the fluid and solid
constituents, and exploiting natural resources like minerals, water
and petroleum. How well the occurrence and behavior of the
physical and chemical properties and processes in rocks, soils and
fluids are understood determines how well
buildings and dams are supported by their foundations (civil
engineering);
food is grown (agriculture);
resources are developed (petroleum, mining and
hydrogeological engineering);
the environment is protected (waste management and
environmental remediation); and
energy or data are transmitted (power, electrical engineering
and telecommunications).
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Mechanical properties
3. electrical properties: electric conductivity
4. Magnetic properties: permeability and susceptibility
5. Dielectric polarization: dielectric permittivity
6. Mix model: analytic model and empirical model
Analytic mix model
Empirical mix model
Archie's law and Waxman-Smits relationship
CRIM model
Youngs modulus E
Youngs modulus is the stress needed to compress the solid
to shorten in a unit strain.
F/A
E=
x / x
Poissons ration
Poissons measures the relativity of the expansion in the
lateral directions and compression in the direction in which
the uni-axial compression applies.
y / y
=
x / x
Bulk Modulus K
Imagine you have a small cube of the material making up
the medium and that you subject this cube to pressure by
squeezing it on all sides. If the material is not very stiff, you
can image that it would be possible to squeeze the material
in this cube into a smaller cube. The bulk modulus
describes the ratio of the pressure applied to the cube to the
amount of volume change that the cube undergoes. If k is
very large, then the material is very stiff, meaning that it
doesn't compress very much even under large pressures. If
K is small, then a small pressure can compress the material
by large amounts. For example, gases have very small Bulk
Modulus . Solids and liquids have large Bulk Modulus.
F/A
K=
v / v
Shear Modulus
The shear modulus describes how difficult it is to deform a
cube of the material under an applied shearing force. For
example, imagine you have a cube of material firmly
cemented to a table top. Now, push on one of the top edges
of the material parallel to the table top. If the material has a
small shear modulus, you will be able to deform the cube in
the direction you are pushing it so that the cube will take on
the shape of a parallelogram. If the material has a large
shear modulus, it will take a large force applied in this
direction to deform the cube. Gases and fluids can not
support shear forces. That is, they have shear modulii of
zero. From the equations given above, notice that this
implies that fluids and gases do not allow the propagation of
S waves.
F/A
=
y / x
Youngs modulus E
Youngs modulus is the stress needed to
compress the solid to shorten in a unit
strain.
E=
z / z
Poissons ration
Poissons measures the relativity of the
expansion in the lateral directions and
compression in the direction in which the
uni-axial compression applies.
r / r
=
z / z
F/A
=
x / y
Property
P-wave velocity
S-wave velocity
Vp/Vs
Porosity
Dielectric Permittivity
Magnetic Permeability
Resistivity
Bulk Modulus
Shear Modulus
Poisson's Ratio ()
Young's Modulus
Density
Units
km/s
km/s
ohm-m
GPa
GPa
N/m2
g/cm3
Iron
5.92
3.23
1.83
221
17.834
9E-08
100.2
95.2
0.14
22.564
Unsaturated Sand
4.18
3.42
1.22
0.36
6.25
1.0
1E+04
37
44
0.08
6.74
2.65
Saturated Sand
2.73
1.37
1.99
0.36
25
1.0
1E+02
3.01
Values From:
Carmichael, Robert S.. 1989. Practical handbook of physical properties of rocks and minerals.
Mavko, G., and others. 1998. The rock physics handbook: tools for seismic analysis in porous
media.
Schon, J.H.. 1996. Physical properties of rocks: fundamentals and principles of petrophysics
Calculated from field data at Otis MMR, Cape Cod, Massachusetts
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Mechanical properties
3. electrical properties: electric conductivity
4. Magnetic properties: permeability and susceptibility
5. Dielectric polarization: dielectric permittivity
6. Mix model: analytic model and empirical model
Analytic mix model
Empirical mix model
Archie's law and Waxman-Smits relationship
CRIM model
Electric Resistivity
Ohms Law:
V = RI
where V-voltage, I-current, and R-resistance. The Resistance is
proportional to the length of 2 points, and inversely proportional to the area
of the cross-section on which the current flow through. The proportional
coefficient, , is the resistivity, a material property to describe the capability
to resist the electric current flow.
L
R=
A
V = IR
L
R=
A
RA
=
L
So the unit for resistivity is ohm-meter
Resistivity (Ohm-meter)
3 x 10^-1
2 x 10^-3
4 x 10^10 - 2 x 10^14
1 x 10^12 - 1 x 10^13
30 - 1 x 10^13
9 x 10^12 - 1 x 10^14
100 - 1 x 10^6
1 x 10^3 - 1 x 10^6
10 - 1 x 10^7
50 - 1 x 10^7
1 - 1 x 10^8
20 - 2 x 10^3
100 - 10,000
1 - 1,000
1 - 100
0.5 - 300
0.2
Electric Conductivity
Electric conductivity is the reciprocity of
the electric resistivity :
= 1/
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Mechanical properties
3. electrical properties: electric conductivity
4. Magnetic properties: permeability and
susceptibility
5. Dielectric polarization: dielectric permittivity
6. Mix model: analytic model and empirical model
Analytic mix model
Empirical mix model
Archie's law and Waxman-Smits relationship
CRIM model
Magnetic Permeability
The magnetic constitutive relation:
B = H = 0 r H = 0 (1 + )H
where
B - magnetic flux density
H Magnetic field
- Magnetic Permeability
0 magnetic permeability in vacuum
r relative magnetic permeability
magnetic susceptibility
B = 0 H + 0 M = 0 H + 0 H = 0 (1 + )H = 0 r H
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Mechanical properties
3. electrical properties: electric conductivity
4. Magnetic properties: permeability and susceptibility
5. Dielectric polarization: dielectric permittivity
6. Mix model: analytic model and empirical model
Analytic mix model
Empirical mix model
Archie's law and Waxman-Smits relationship
CRIM model
Dielectric Permittivity
The dielectric constitutive relation:
D = E = 0 r E
where
D electric displacement density
E electric field
0 electric permittivity in vacuum
r relative electric permittivity
electric permittivity
r = / 0 = n , or n = r
2
= '+i "
tan = /
Membrane polarization
Membrane polarization occurs when
pore space narrows to within several
boundary layer thicknesses.
Electrode polarization
Domestic microwave
Oven f = 2.45 GHz
GPR f < 1.5 GHz
( s )
= +
(1 + 2 2 )
( s )
=
(1 + 2 2 )
where and s are the dielectric constants under
high frequency and static fields respectively.
4r
=
kT
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Mechanical properties
3. electrical properties: electric conductivity
4. Magnetic properties: permeability and susceptibility
5. Dielectric polarization: dielectric permittivity
6. Mix model: analytic model and empirical model
Analytic mix model
Empirical mix model
Archie's law and Waxman-Smits relationship
CRIM model
Porosity
(%)
Water
Saturation
(%)
Dielectric
Constant
Electrical
Conductivity
(mS/m)
EM
Velocity
(m/ns)
Attenuation
(Np/m)
Air
0.300
Water
81
0.033
0.021
47.7
Dry Sand
30
0.1
0.150
0.009
106
Wet Sand
30
100
17.2
25
21.3
10
0.072
0.060
0.97
0.38
1.0
2.6
Dry Clay
30
10
0.150
0.94
1.1
Wet Clay
30
100
17.7
16
31.3
100
0.071
0.075
1.40
4.71
0.7
0.2
Average Soil
30
16
20
0.075
0.94
1.1
Material
Skin
depth
(m)
fresh water
salt water
freshwater ice
air
clay (dry)
clay (saturated)
sand (dry)
sand (saturated)
dry concrete
conductivity
(miliS/m)
dielectric
constant
dielectric
permittivit
y
(picoF/m)
electromagnetic
wave velocity
v
(m/s)
skin
depth
(m)
transition
frequency
reference
t
(MHz)
12-50
81
735
33.3
95.1-22.8
16-68
150
81
716
33.3
7.6
209
Daily, et al (1995)
3.17
168.5
Arcone (1984)
2.5x10-14
1.0
8.85
300.0
0.28x10-11
Balanis (1989)
1-10
10
88.5
94.9
141-14.1
11-113
Telford et al (1990)
100-1,000
62.0
113.4
0.98-0.1
161-1614
Ulrikesen (1982)
0.001
4.5
39.8
141.4
63,412
0.25x10-1
Patel (1993)
0.1
30
266
54.8
4,227
0.38
Ulrikesen (1982)
5.6
49.6
126.8
Matthews et al (1998)
dry soil
3.9
34.5
151.9
13.7
116
Wakita et al (1996)
13
14.4
127.4
79.0
15.6
102
Wakita et al (1996)
granite (dry)
1 x10-5
44.2
134.2
7x106
0.23x10-3
Ulrikesen (1982)
granite (wet)
1 x10-1
62
113.4
7,045
1.6
Ulrikesen (1982)
Texas aggregates
0.0012
5.1
45.1
132.8
59,889
0.27x10-1
Saarenketo at al (1996)
6.8
60.2
115.0
2.3
20.4
197.8
asphalt
PCE
5.6x10-9
Hugenschmidt et al (1996)
5.8x109
0.27x10-6
Parallel Plate
Capacitors
Dielectric
Plates
1 1 2
= +
1 2
parallel model
= 1 1 + 2 2
series model
n = 1n1 + 2 n2 + ... = i ni
or
i =1
= 1 1 + 2 2 + ... = i i
i =1
b = (1 ) g + S w + (1 S ) a )
Archies law
= a S w
m
1
= ( w + BQv )
F
effective formation conductivity;
wpore water conductivity;
constant coefficient;
F Formation factor;
Qv Cation exchange capacity;
V
dV
I = = A
R
dL
From Darcys law
dH
Q = kA
dL
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Mechanical properties
3. electrical properties: electric conductivity
4. Magnetic properties: permeability and susceptibility
5. Dielectric polarization: dielectric permittivity
6. Mix model: analytic model and empirical model
Analytic mix model
Empirical mix model
Archie's law and Waxman-Smits relationship
CRIM model
Property
P-wave velocity
S-wave velocity
Vp/Vs
Porosity
Dielectric Permittivity
Magnetic Permeability
Resistivity
Bulk Modulus
Shear Modulus
Poisson's Ratio ()
Young's Modulus
Density
Units
km/s
km/s
ohm-m
GPa
GPa
N/m2
g/cm3
Iron
5.92
3.23
1.83
221
17.834
9E-08
100.2
95.2
0.14
22.564
Unsaturated Sand
4.18
3.42
1.22
0.36
6.25
1.0
1E+04
37
44
0.08
6.74
2.65
Saturated Sand
2.73
1.37
1.99
0.36
25
1.0
1E+02
3.01
Values From:
Carmichael, Robert S.. 1989. Practical handbook of physical properties of rocks and minerals.
Mavko, G., and others. 1998. The rock physics handbook: tools for seismic analysis in porous
media.
Schon, J.H.. 1996. Physical properties of rocks: fundamentals and principles of petrophysics
Calculated from field data at Otis MMR, Cape Cod, Massachusetts
v EM =
1 d1 1 d 2 1
=
+
E d E1 d E 2
d1
d2
= 1 + 2
d
d
d1 1 d 2 1
1
=
+
v RT
d v1 d v 2
Elastic property and seismic velocity of porous media effective medium theory
As long as the sizes of the pores, or the grains, or any other
significant heterogeneities associated with the pores, are much
smaller than the wave length of the seismic waves, or any other
means to detect the changes in elastic properties, we can use the
effective medium theory to get the overall mixed, or bulk, property of
the porous media consisting of solid matrix and pore fluids.
If the means to measure the material property has a resolution close
to the size of the heterogeneity, we need to adapt the corresponding
assumption. In using the seismic wave methods again, it is the ray
theory. The following compares the differences.
Material
Steel
Concrete
Density
(kg/m3)
7.9
2.4
Dynamic
Modulus
(Pa)
2.4 x 1011
3.5 x 1010
P-velocity
(m/sec)
5512
3819
References
Mavko, G, T. Mukerji, and J. Dvorkin, The Rock Physics Handbook,
Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Knight, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 29:229-255, 2001.
Topp, Davis, and Annan, Water Resource Res. 16(3):574-582, 1980.
Debye. P. Phys. Zs. 36, 100, 1935.
Homework:
1, what is the seismic S-wave velocity in the near surface earth given:
Density = 2500 kg/(mmm), the shear modulus = 10^10 Pa.
2, if the Poissons ratio is 0.25 (this is known as the Poisson condition
which can be a nominal value for the Poissons ratio of earth materials),
what is the P-wave velocity in the same material as in Question 1 (check
the relations of elastic parameters in the table).
3, for water the relative dielectric constant is 81, what is the velocity of
radar wave in water? How many time of this value is slower than that in
the air?
4, for a soil sample the resistivity is 100 ohm-meter, what is its
conductivity?