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The Analysis of Early Maladaptive Schemas Which Facilitate High Performance in Sports Games
The Analysis of Early Maladaptive Schemas Which Facilitate High Performance in Sports Games
ABSTRACT:
Starting with the assumption of the interdependence between
psyche and soma and considering the idea that performance is rooted in
the history of each athlete as a unique individual, but also in the
collective history of the team to which the athlete belongs, the present
study aims to identify those elements in terms of early maladaptive
schemas, part of each player's personal history that stimulates a "repair
and healing game" at group level, with reference to the specific sport
practiced, leading to high-level athletic performance.
In order to meet the objectives of the study we used the
psychological instrument YSQ (Youngs Schemas Questionnaire) as
individual assessment tool.
.
Existing data were obtained from the components of two national
teams, women, senior level, the national rugby 7s team, and the national
handball team. There were tested two hypotheses, specifically: (1) There
is a common spectrum of early maladaptive schemas for the rugby and
handball players; (2) There are significant differences in which it
concerns early maladaptive schemas between the rugby players and the
handball players.
Both hypotheses of the study confirm, the results outlining an
interesting dynamic in both sports considered.
INTRODUCTION:
Background and Significance
Rugby and handball
The specific characteristics of a team
Team functioning in sport has been considered predominantly from a
social perspective (Eccles & Tenenbaum, 2007, p. 265)
A sports game is an area in which the personality, the characteristics and
the personal experiences and history of each member of the team
interfere in a common space towards achieving a typical and mutual
goal. The dynamics in a team is a very fascinating element, and a very
delicate one, at least from a psychological point of view.
Some of the most important factors in which it concerns the team
dynamics are the following: homogeneity (especially emotional
Disconnection
and
rejection:
Abandonment/Instability;
Mistrust/Abuse; Emotional deprivation; Defectiveness/Shame;
Social isolation.
Impaired
limits:
Entitlement/Grandiosity;
Insufficient
selfcontrol/self-discipline
Other-directedness:
Subjugation;
Self-sacrifice;
Approvalseeking/Recognition seeking
Procedure
As we have been able to observe, general tests and questionnaires
specific to sport are the assessment procedures most utilized in Sport
Psychology and Physical Education. (GONZALES FERNANDEZ, 2010,
p.6)
Instruments
Young Schema Inventory Short 3 (YSQ-S3) is a 114-item
questionnaire that assesses 18 core beliefs. Each item is rated using a 6point Lickert scale. The 18 early maladaptive schemas are organized in
five domains which correspond to he frustration of 5 basic psychological
needs in childhood: secure attachment, autonomy, realistic limits, selfdirectedness and playfulness (Rafaeli, Bernstein , & Young , 2011, p.
184).
Early schemas relate to the basi emotiona needs of a child. When
these needs are not met in childhood, schemas develop that lead to
unhealthy patterns. Each of the 18 schemas represent specific emotional
needs that are not adequately met in childhood an adolescence (Young ,
Klosko, & Weishaar, 2003)
The 18 core beliefs can be resumed as it follows:
DATA ANALYSIS
Data were stored and analysed using the statistical application
SPSS.
Hypothesis 1: There are common early maladaptive schemas for women
players of rugby and handball.
Considering the fact that rugby and handball are two similar team
sports, it can be assumed that the players are characterized by
congruent particularities, considering the fact that they are members of a
team, each of the two sports involve body contact and aggressiveness,
and also object manipulation, respectively the ball.
From this perspective, we assume that taking into consideration
the criterion of team play, the participants are characterized by the selfsacrifice maladaptive schema. We assume the existence of this schema by
the fact that in choosing to practice a team sport stands a profound need
of focusing on the desires of the others in order to gain their love and
approval.
Hypothesis 2: There are significant differences in which it concerns early
maladaptive schemas between the rugby players and the handball
players.
We assume that in choosing to practice a certain sport stands more
profound needs that though that certain sport can be satisfied and each
sport can satisfy a certain range and combination of needs which are
specific. Despite of the personal history of each actor in the team, there
Rugb
y
18
16,7
16,7
38,9
0
5,6
16,7
22,2
5,6
11,1
Handb
all
27
%
0
0
7,4
3,7
0
0
0
0
3,7
Rugb Handb
y
all
18
27
Cases
3
0
3
0
7
2
0
1
1
0
3
0
4
0
1
0
2
1
5,6
83,3
16,7
77,8
3,7
77,8
14,8
85,2
1
15
3
14
1
21
4
23
50
11,1
37
3,7
9
2
10
1
50
16,7
55,6
3,7
3,7
14,8
9
3
10
1
1
4
persons rugby players were childhood - not built elements of stability and
emotional security.
Regarding the players of handball can notice a much smaller number of
early dysfunctional schemes, on average, each player registering an
average individual level 2-3 of the 18 maladaptive schemas evaluated,
and a variety of smaller them (12 of the 18 schemes valued).
In light of the differences between the averages for the players of rugby
and handball in early maladaptive schemas, we notice the following
differences which are statistically significant:
- Emotional Deprivation: Rugby
- Abandonment / Instability: Rugby
- Mistrust / Abuse: Rugby
- Failure: Rugby
- Dependence / Incompetence: Rugby
- Search Approval / Recognition: Rugby
- Penalty: Rugby
These statistical significant differences can be interpreted as it
follows:
- Emotional Deprivation: the perception that the others do not provide the protection and the
understanding that we need and they dont love us enough. There are three major forms of
emotional deprivation: a) caring deprivation (the lack of attention, love and closeness); b)
understanding deprivation (the perceived absence of empathy); c) protection deprivation (the
absence of directedness and guidance).
In addition, it is noted in both groups (rugby players and handball
players) the existence of 2 early maladaptive schemas, as it follows:
Unrealistic Standards / Hyper-criticism and Self-sacrifice. Considering
these results, we can launch the conclusion that the two schemas
facilitate performance in sport, by the following facts:
- Both sports (handball and rugby) satisfy the need of maintaining close
relationships with the members of the team, and the players love and
approval towards the others is conditioned by achieving the common
goals and by the construction tactics through certain inter-dependence.
- The presence of
Multidimensional analysis:
Analysis of early dysfunctional schemes for the players of rugby 7s
DISCUSSION
In situations relevant to an early maladaptive schema, an individual
experiences strong emotions (Thimm, 2013, p. 113)
Overcompensates for his and her schemas
REFERENCE