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Determinants
Singular / Non Singular

A Square Matrix A is said to be Singular if

 . Otherwise it is said to be

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Non-Singular.

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Adjoint of A

Let A = [ aij ] be a square matrix of order n. Let Aij be the cofactor of aij. The
adjoint of A is nothing but the transpose of the cofactor matrix [Aij ] of A.

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Theorem

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If A is a Square matrix of order n, then

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A (Adjoint A) =

In = (adjoint A) A
where In is the identity matrix of order n.

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Theorem

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If a matrix A possesses an inverse then it must be unique.

Theorem
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If A is a non singular matrix, there exists an inverse which is given by


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Reversal Law for Inverses

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If A, B are any two non-singular matrices of the same order, then AB is also
non-singular and    
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Reversal Law for Transposes

If A and B are matrices conformable to multiplication, then    

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Inverses and Transposes

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For any non-singular matrix A,     

Matrix Inversion Method

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For a system of n linear non-homogeneous equations in ‘n’ unknowns is

represented by AX = B, then its unique solution is given by X = A-1B.

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Properties of Determinants

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• The Value of a determinant is unaltered by interchanging its rows and

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columns

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• If any two rows (columns) of a determinant are interchanged the

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determinant changes its sign but its numerical value is unaltered.

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• If two rows (columns) of a determinant are identical then the value of the
determinant is zero.
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• If every element in a row (or column) of a determinant is multiplied by a
constant “K” then the value of the determinant is multiplied by K.
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• If every element in any row (column) can be expressed as the sum of

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two quantities then given determinant can be expressed as the sum of

two determinants of the same order with the elements of the remaining
rows (columns) of both being the same.
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• A determinant is unaltered when to each element of any row (column) is

added to those of several other rows (columns) multiplied respectively
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by constant factors.
Cr

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Rank of a Matrix

The matrix A is said to be of rank r, if

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• A has atleast one minor of order r which does not vanish

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• Every minor of A of order (r+1) and higher order vanishes

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In other words, the rank of a matrix is the order of any highest order non
vanishing minor of the matrix.

The rank of A is denoted by .

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The rank of an m x n matrix A cannot exceed the minimum of m and n.

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i.e.,     .

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Elementary Transformation on a Matrix
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Let A be an mxn matrix. An elementary row (column) operation on A is of any
one of the following three types.
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• The interchange of any two Ith and jth rows (columns). i.e.,     

• Multiplication of a Ith row (column) by a non zero constant C. i.e.,

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• Addition of any multiple of one row (column) with any other row
(column).
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i.e.,       

Echelon Form
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A matrix A (of order m x n) is said to be in Echelon form (Triangular form) if

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• Every row of A which has all its entries 0 occurs below every row which
has a non-zero entry.
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• The first non zero entry in each non zero row is 1.

• The Number of zeros before the first non zero element in a row is less
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than the number of such zeros in the next row.

Note :
• Any matrix can be brought to Echelon matrix form.
• The Rank of a matrix in Echelon form is equal to number of non zero
rows of the matrix.
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Cramer’s Rule Method ( Determinant Rule)

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For a system of non-homogeneous equation with 3 unknowns, the system is
Consistent and has Unique Solution, if  ! "

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# $ 
Solution is #  $    %   %"
  

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Consistency for a given System of Equations by using Rank Method

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•  !   & '(()* +,( - ++(  '+ +.* "

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•     ! /*0(,*  1 + &

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'(()* +,(- ++(  '2(  ( *0(,+.* +"

•      /*0(,*  1 + & cu

'(()* +,(- ++(  '2(* )*(+.* "
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Consistency for a System of Homogeneous Equation

A System of Homogeneous equations is always consistent.

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•      /*0(,*  1 + &

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'(,2.+.* +'(* )*(+.*

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•     ! /*0(,*  1 + &

'(+$+('+  ,2.+.*
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ea
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