Wireless

Communication
and Networks
Upena Dalal

Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

Chapter 1
Fundamentals and
present scenario

Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

Key Topics

Fundamental terms of communication

Wireless communication link model
Bandwidth and Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Types of signals
Types of communication systems
Wired vs Wireless Communication
Types of wireless systems
Existing technologies and requirements
Evolution of wireless systems
First-to-fourth generation wireless systems
Licensed and unlicensed band communication
Spectrum policies

Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

Interdisciplinary learning model for wireless

communication

Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

Fundamental terms of communication

Information---It is analog/digital form messages or meaningful
data to be received
Modulation---It is Process by which a signal is transformed into
waveforms that are compatible with the channel requirements
Carrier---It is the frequency over which actual communication is
done
Transmitter---It is system that prepares the signal to transmit
over the channel
Channel---It is media through which signal propagates
Receiver---It is system that receives the signal and interpret the
messages

Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

Types of Channel
Simplex---one way

communication
Half duplex---bidirectional but on switching basis,
one way at a time
Full duplex---bidirectional and simulteneous

Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

Noise addition in the signal over the

channel

Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

Basic model of wireless digital

communication link

Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

About the blocks

Source Encoder-Decoder---Encoder does the job of digitization

and compression as per the information theory. Decoder does
the reverse tasks
Encryption and decryption are for secure presentation of the
message
Channel Coder-Decoder---Coder adds structured redundancy to
mitigate channel errors. Decoder tries to remove the error
Other peer stages are modulator-demodulator, IF to RF
frequency up converter at the transmitting end and RF to IF
down converter at receiving end

Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

Additional tasks at transmitter

Sending training sequences for channel estimation and

equalization and also for synchronization
Filtering for allowing certain frequencies, pulse shaping to
reduce the bandwidth and windowing to reduce out of band
components are few actions at the transmitter end.

Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

Additional tasks at the receiver

The peer and reverse tasks of that of transmitter mentioned in

the previous slide are performed at the receiver.
Apart from that estimation and equalization process for
channel corrections and phase corrections respectively.
Following are the desirable receiver characteristics:
Sensitivity
Selectivity
Fidelity
Noise Figure

Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

Bandwidth
No universally satisfying definition of bandwidth
Spectrum of a signal is the collective representation of all the
frequency contents along with their amplitude weights. It is used
to characterize a signal, which can be the input signal as well as
baseband or broadband to be transmitted. Correspondingly, this is
called the signal or transmission bandwidth.
Channel allocated to the user or application is identified as channel
bandwidth.
While designing the transceiver hardware, certain frequency
components are allowed, is called system bandwidth.
Transmission or system bandwidths must be less than or equal to
channel bandwidth.

Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.

Bit rate, symbol rate and baud rate

Bit is the smallest unit representing a binary level of the digital
signal. Digital data transfer is normally measured in bits per
second unit. Group of bits in general is called symbols or words.
When the number of bits are processed together at modulator
front end for amplitude and phase mapping, they are called
symbols and rate of transfer is measured into symbol rate and
measured in symbols per second unit.

Symbol rate =

bit rate
the number of bits transmitted with each symbol

Each symbol represents M finite states. Each symbol represents k

bits of information, where, k = log2M
Baud rate is the rate of change of signalling or electrical (or
voltage level) transitions per second.
Oxford University Press 2014. All rights reserved.