Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CREW: Department of Education: Regarding Susan Landry: Response
CREW: Department of Education: Regarding Susan Landry: Response
2 0 0 6 . L 1 - . 1 5 . o a v ' i d o u n n . nsEh e r o u n d l b u s e s i n u . s . p l a n f o r R e a d i n g . t x t
> textbooks and tests. rt turn€d out to be a bonanzafor certa"in
> textbook publishers and authors. a ha'lf-dozen experts setting
> guidelines for which reading textbooks and tests could be puichased by
> ichools were also the authoFs of textbooks and tests that bnded up
> being used,
> DR. cuPP'S complaints about the program helped propel an jnvestigation
> by the inspector general for the united states Department of rducation
> t h a t h a s r b s u l t e d * i n t h r e e r e p o r t s c o n d e m n i n s" a l a c k o f i n t e q r i t v a n d
> ethical values" in Reading Fii-st. rhe prograil's director resi[ned-in
> September. More reports are anticipated, and Representative George
> uiller, the rankinq Democraton the House Education and the workforce
> c o m m i t t e e , l i k e l y t o b e c o m ei t s n e w c h a i r m a n , h a s c a l J e d f o r a
> cri minal -investi gati on .
> Dr. cupp "is a self-described speedboat who spent 1"9years teaching
> c h i l d r e n a n d a d u l t s t o r e a d . A t h e r c o m p a n y ,c u p p p u b l i s h e r s , s h e
> visits ceorgia schools demonstrating her reading kits, while her
> sister, a retired guidance counselor, packs them for shipping and
> handles the bookkeeping.
> when the federal oovernment enacted neadina First in 2002" Dr'. cupp
> t h o u g h t h e r c o m p a t yw o u l d s u r e - l y g e t a s l i E e o f t h e p i e . R f t e r a l l , g O
> percent of students in the schaols that use her kits had learned to
> i'ead by the end of first grade.
> The federal proqram enohas"izedphonics - masterinq the sounds of
> l e t t e r s a n d l e t i e r b l e h d s - a s b p p o s e dt o w h a t o f f i c i a l s considered
> t h e m u s h i n e s so f w h o l e - I a n g u a g et e a c h i n g , w h i c h e m p h a s i z e sg r a s p i n g '
> m e a n i n gt h r o u g h g o o d c h i l d r e n ' s l i t e r a t u r e . Dr.
> cupp's
> materials also emphasizedphonics - in 60 stories centered on t$ro
> caped turtles nambd:ack aird I'illy,
> That emphasiswas on display one day recently in ttarie Durrence's
> kinderghrten at the East aroad street Elementary school here,
i "lack can see the manplay," rerrica tlt'ijliarns read, pride glinting
> th rough her bashfu'l smi'l e .
> "Jack can s€e the mango, go,go," x i a r a P l u m m e rc h i m e d i n .
> still, schools that used her marerials found themselves frozen out of
> federal rnoney.Dr. cupp sought an explanat,ion from a friend at the
> Georqia Depaitment of education. where Dr. Cuppwas director of
> reading frbm 1996 to 1999, and was told., s[e bai.d, that any school
> listing her reading program "would not be funded.'
> After the federal deparlryent repeatedly rejected their grant
> applications, Georgia officials concluded that "this nnney is
> avlilable if you follow the rulebook,"
> s a i d n a n a T o f i g , c o m m u n i c a t i o n sd i r e c t o r f o r t h e c e o r g i a E d u c a t i o n
> Department. Dr: cupp's reading program "d'id not meet the benchmarksit
> had t0 ffeet, "
> he said, adding that the officials who could expla'in why no longer
> worked jn the department.
> Dr. cupp pofnts out that georgia chose_big textboak publishers,-like
> s c o t t F o r e s m a na n d M a c m i i l a n / t v l c c r a w * H i l l , s p u r n i n g w h a t s h e t a l l e d
> h o m e - c o o k e dt u r k e y d i n n e r s l i k e h e r r e a d i n g p r o g r a m '
> she ended up losiirg contracts at about a half-dozen schaols. Then, she
> sajd. bv demandinq-files under ceorqia's og€o recards law, she
> disc6veied that a national evaluatoF had nbver even looked at her
nage 2
Page3
2 0 0 6 , 1 1 . 1 5 , p a v i d u u n n . R Es h e r o u n d R b u s e s i n U , 5 . p l a n f o r n e a d i n g . t x t
program.
Dr.,cupp's dealings with the Georgia Educatjon Departmentare beinq
e x a m i n e db y t h e f e d e r a f i n s p e c t o r g e n e r a l . M a r y t t i t c h e l s o n , c o u n s e T
f o r t h a t o f f i c e , s a i d , " t r r ed o n ' t t a l k a b o u t o u - r p e n d i n g w o i k . " B u t D r .
Cupp is hoping to get some answsrs,
Others.might have given up.when they lost their contract, but Dr. Cupp
said she has a strong inclination to resist iniustice, rooted in a
c h i l d h o o d s h a d o w e db ! a n a l c o h o l i c m o t h e r . s h e - d i d n o i s h e e p i s h l y
accept her fate because she thought she deserved a p1ace.
"we're not al1 going to be wal-Marts and K-Marts,"
sne
sa"id. "I go to the hardware store down the street because I can walk
in and say, 'He1p me with this,'
becauser knowthe guy." so she filed a cornp'laint.
A c c o r d r ' n gt o R o b e r t E . S l a v i n , c h a i r n a n o f s u c c e s s f o r A 1 1 , a
nonprofit publisher whose phonics-based program is used in 1,200
Merican schools and who also complained when 200 schools dropped h{s
program in order to get federa'l money, Dr. cupp got the ball ririfing
against Reading,First. the "gave us an example and gave us some
courage , " lulr, 5l avi n sai d .
> tqst Decembrr,federal inspectors cane to Savannah,a city graced by
> sleepy squarei and shadedby oak trees dripping wiih spanisfi moss,
> Dr. cupp showedthe investiqators hundreds of document,sshe collected
> over thi'ee y€ars that showed links between contractors hired bv the
> federal sov-ernmentto evaluate schooi readino Droorams. and thL
> wrirers of those Droorans. she also d'iaqramm6O'th6se links. Her
> find'ings and thosb of others, inclqding-reporters for education week,
> found that consultants hired to help school d"istricts apply for and
> run neading rirst grants sometimes received hefty royalties from the
> very materials that schools were encouraged to biry.
> For example, Dr. cupp'learned that a writer of a scott, Foresman
> reading textbook selected by schools in ceorgia and other states was
> E d w a r dK a m e ' e n u ' i , a p r o f e s s o r o n l e a v e f r o m t h e t J n i v e r s i t y o f o r e g o n ,
> Dr.
> K a m e ' e n u i h e a d e da R e a d i n q F i r s t t e c h n i c a l c e n t e r i n o r e o o n . o n e o f
> three under contract that-help state officia'ls run neadtig pirst
> programs. Dr. Slavin
=-* message tfuncated ==-
sponsored ti nk
compare mortgage rates for today.
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rage 3
Re:CharlesMiller Page4 PageI of3
Frorn: Halaska,
Terrell
Sent: September22,200S3:15PM
To: Katherine;
McLane, Young,Tracy;Dunn,David;Talbert,Kent
---€fuinal Message*---
From:Cain,Alice[mallto:Alice.Caln@mail.house,gov]
Sent: Friday,September7*2,2W62155PM
Tol Quarles,
Karen
Miller
Subjectr Rf: Charles
rom
Kirey* lll*ff*'J,Tfi g
:;1311
", "ff
CULTT.IR$ON'CSRBUB:UAN
ONCE AGAIN, BUSH ADMIMSTRATTON PUTS CRONIES
AHSAD OF TAXPAYERS AI{D SCHOOLCHILI}RAN
ScathingNew [nspectorGenerulReport Showsthat StateswereForced to
UseSelectReadingCurriculum- or RiskLosingFederalFund.s
file://K:\OS'Exec%20Sec\SOIA%20letters\07-00517%2OCREW\2006.09.22.DavidDunn.h-.
5l(t/20A9
Re: CharlesMiller Page5 Page2 of3
###
AliieJolmeon Cain
Ifonanble Georgef,'Iillc r
Committee on Educetian and the WatAdorce
U,S, House of Represcn&$ives
W\ohingtott, PC 20515
202-226-2068(phone)
202-225-3614(hx)
http;/Jsfup:&tps,hpux,ggy/d*n-ocnls
Gel fie inslde seoop an education and labor actisn on Capitol Hilll
Click hs;rc to signrp f_Orlfte€d_C*!florkforcePemqc_r,atS:"E-we t$e*
fi1e://ti:\OS-Exec%20Sec\FolA%20letters\07-00517%20CREWU006.09.22.DavidDunn.h,..
516/20A9
Re: CharlesMiller Page6 Page3 of3
To: Cain,Alie
Subject: RF;ChadesMiller
Alice.
$orry we weren'table lo set up a timefor them to talk. I know how busy schedulescan be. Anyway, lwanted to
sendyou a link to the Secretary'sstntementin lesponseto he report.
h$pfuvv-
Pleaselet me if you haveany furtherquestions.
Karen
---{riginal Message---'
Frum: Cain,Alice fmailtolAlice.Cain@mail,house-gov]
Sent Friday,September72,200612:16PM
Tor Quarles.Karen
Subject: Re: CharlesMiller
In termsof highered itwouldbe bestto workwith Gabby.I sawSylviaa few minutesago and she asked
me to let you know GM is not goingto be able to $querezein the call today.He'son his way back to CA
already.
Sentfrommy BlackBerry
WirelessHendheld
---Ongtnal Messagq-
From:Quarfee, Karen <Kgfp_q.
Qggrlq_s gdg"W>
To; Cain,Alice
Sent Fri Sep22 11:42:59
2006
SubjecLCharlesMiller
I wantedto follow up with you in rogardsto lhe possibilityof settingup a moetingwith the Congressman
and CharlesMiller,Chairmanof the HigherEducationCommission for sometimenextwaek. I knowit is
goingto be a crazyweekbut I am hopingwe mightbe ableto find sometime.
Thanks.
Karen
file://I(:\OS-Exec%20Sec\FOIA%20letters\07-00517%}ACREW\2006.09.22.DavidDunn,h...
5/6nAA9
Page7
From! Mclane,Katherine
Sent Tuesday,
February28,20071:12FrM
Toi Dunn,.David;
Maddox, LaurerlSirnon,
Ray;LaForce,Hudson; Oonaf,Joseph;Talbert,
Ken!
_ Halasl€.
Tenell;fanig Amanda;Warder,Larry
$ubj+ctl C.ommunirdtions panern0f rnddlingin
shor,rr .Fnading
firsf (EDWfgK)
Published:
February2A,ZA0T
PageI
E*Mails ReYealFederalReachOver
Rending
Communications showpatternof meddlingin
'ReadingFirst.o
By KathlpqnKqnnodyManzo
TheReadingFirst initiative's rigorousrequirements haveeamedit areputationas the
mostprescriptivefederalgrantprsgrarnin education.Now, an EducqtionWeek
review of hundredsof e-mail exchanges detailsa pattemof federalinterferencethat
skirtedlegalprohibitions.
In the midst of canying out the $ I billion-a-yefi prograrn,which is partof the No
Child Left BehindAct, federalofYicials:
. Workedto underminethe literacyplan of the nation'slargestschoolsystem;
. Pressurcdsevetal$tatesto rejectcsrtainreadingprogramsandassessments that
were initially approvedundertheir ReadingFirst plurs;
. Ralliedinfluentialpoliticians,political advisers,andappointeesto €nsurethat state
schoolschiefsstayedon track with programmandates;emd
. Pressedone statesuperintendent to withdrawgrantfundingfrom a district that
dsmoteda principalin a participatingschool.
In regulare-maildiscussions,ChristopherJ. Doherty,the ReadingFirst directorat
the U.S. Deparfmentof Hducationuntil last September, andG. ReidLyon, a
branchchief al the NationalInstituteof Child Health andHumanDevelopment
until June2005andan influential advissrto the initiative,closelymonitored
states'progressin applyingfor ReadingFirst money,in issuingsubgrantsto
districts,andin complyingwith the law's provisionsfor scientificallybased
insfruc,tion.They alsoworkodout skategiesfor interveningwheretheydeemed
more fbderal control was warranted.
"We ding peopleall the time in ReadingFirst," h4r,Dohertywrots in March
2005,after hepressuredilinois educationleadersto pull funding8om a distict.
"'Wedon't like to do it, of course,but we do it ber:auss
othsrwiseR-Fturnsto crap
andmeansnothing,jusl anothgrfundingstreamto do whateverit is you were
goingto de anyway."
Someformer fedsralofficials andsupportersof the programarguethat such
oversightwas essentialto its success,but a numberof stateand localofficials
tcok offenseandquestionedwhetherReadingFirst staffmembersexceededtheir
authority.Somepolicy expertssaytheycamecloseto doingso.
o'That'san unprecedented level of interferencsn"
saidChristopherT. Crcss,a
policy consulmntfor Crass& JoftusLl,C in Danvlile, Calif. Mr. Crosshelped
write the ban againstfederalinterveniionin cuniculum andinstructianinto ihe
ElementaryandSecondaryEducationAci in the 1970sandlater servedas an
Page9
Showdownin Rackford
A higfulycritical reportissuedby the EducationDepertment'sinspectorgeneral
last fall concludedthat federaloflicials may haveoverste,pped
their authorityin
craftingthe stict requirements..lnspector GeneralJohnP. HigginsJr. alsosaid
thoseofficials seemedto favor a particularinstructionalmethodwhile discrediting
others.("ScathineRepod Castg_CloudOver' Reading First'.:j
</edarticley_?905/.i0i0al06rsad.h?.6,ht$l: Oct. 4, 2006.)
The crassandsometimesvulgare-mail exchanges that underpinncdthe in$pector
goneral'$ftndingssturnredmany educatorsandpolicymakers.The findings led to
a shakeupin the deparhnsnt'sReadingFirst office.
But advocatesof the program,and alliesof Mr. Doherty,protestedthat the repod
was overblownandhadunfairly selectedsensationale-mailsto painta dedicated
andeffectiveernployeeas a rogueoperatorwithin the department.The e-mail
record,however,showsMr. Doholty's aggressive and arroganttonerepeatedin
messages to Mr. Lyon andothercolleagues,
The e-mailswere obtaineiby Educationllleekanda complainantin a cass
againstthe Deparhnentof Educationthroughthe Freedomof InformationAst.
E-mail Excerpts
I am goi.ngto reviewall my flndianal Jiles on lu{onday.Havingdoneno subgrants
yet, it may he hard to makesomethingstick,but if they are trying to go soft with
the requtrements, theyarelust asgood a candidate{is any otherstateto show
them/therest lhat RF is NAT just a:notherfederalreadingprogram that can be
fiouted.
-ReadingFirsf Director ChristopherJ. Dohertylo G. Reid Lyon, a branchchief
for the Nation*l Instituteof Child HealttrarrdHumanDevelopment,citing
concemsthatIndianaofficialsmaynot be takingReadingFirst requiroments
seriouslyenough,March2,2003
Monitoring will be key us utual. Thqt wtll gamethe system{they can. Theythink
thq havealreadydoneeverythingand are getting the RF buclcs to shine shit.
How strongshou[dI be with respectto guidanceat the higheststatelevel.I will
meetwith Cov.{KathleenJSebeliwin the morning.How eletailedshouldI be with
Page10
respectto theshortcomings-
-Mr- Lyon to Mr. Doherty regardingKansas'ReadingFirst program,April 16,
2AA3
I have beenin good, regular touch with Everett Barnes,pres" OfkluIC Research
Corp.,which doesboth fReading First TechnicalAssistanaeJ andsone
fComprehasiveJ Centerwork, too re: the ShaywitzreI]ort and I am very happy to
learn that youfi.ndit scathtngand clear in its conclwions/recommendations. Nol
happy that NYC is dotng something this bad, af course,jwt glad that the report is
'On
not the usualerluivocattng theonehand,.,but on the other...'kind of
stufi.-..thisk nat a 'duelingstperls'kind of thing. Thk has theF[at Earth Saciety
on oneside andpeoplewho owrdanderstand globeson the other.
-Mr. Dohertyto Mr. Lyon, referringto a review of New York City's literacyplan,
Aug.79,2AA3
Confidentially:...|{ell, I spoketo fa NewJerseyafrcia\ with a roomfulaf others
on their endand they are HAITING thefandtng of Rigby anel,while we were at it,
Wright Group. TheySTOPPEDthe districts who wantedto usethoseprograms.
Wewon in Matne,w€ won in New Jersey.Morale is slq'high ccrossthe country.
Statepla:ashavegonefront*on average-crap,to eachone being-atleast on pilper-
strong and alignedwi.th{scientificallyhasedreadingresearchJ,and u,ehave lots
of monitoring muscletofler and {teehnicalassistanceJbrains to provide- Strong
law, grealfandfutg,solid,guiding science,Wearewinning.
-Mr. Dohertyto Mr. Lyon, in referenceto therejectionof readingtextbooksthat
they viewedasnot meetingfederalrequiremerrto, Sept,5r2003
Jwt got off thephone (again)vtith RandyDunn.He confirrnsthat pllinoisJ has
frozen Roc$ord's RF renainder of 8638,633and we are workingonfinalizing
this together.Please,closehold. Therearelwill he be consequences
for
Rocffird's tdiocy,And kids,unfortunately,arepayingfor the deelsionsaf adults,
again.
-Mr- Dohertyto Mr, Lyon, Feb.15,2005
SOTIRCE:NationalInstitutesof Health
Somestateandlocal officials saidthey felt butliedby Mr. Doherty.One suchcase
playedout in Rockford,Ill,, in early2005,afferfederalofficials receivede-mail
messages abouta principalat a ReadingFirst schoolthere.Theprincipalwas
reassignedafterbattling with district ofllcials overreadinginstructionat Lewis
LemonElementarySchool.The new superintendent, Der:nisThompson,and
district directorof instnrctionMarthaHayeswantedthe schoolto supplernontits
direct-insbuctionmodel with morevariedreadingselectionsand writing activities
after determiningthat studentswer6n't beingpreparedfor the morerigorous
courseworkof the latergrades.
The principalreceivedhelp from a local supporterof the NationalRight to Read
Foundation,which promotesphonicsinstruction.RobertW SweetJr., then an
influentialsenioranalystwith the educationcommitteeof the U.S.Houseof
Representativesand fhe founderof theNRRF,askedMr. Lyon to look into fre
Page11
BalancedLiteracy Rebuffed
But later in 2003,asNew York stateu'asnegotiatingwith federalofficials over its
{inal ReadingFiist plan, federalofficials andconsultantstook anotherstabat
persuadingcity officials to takea differenttack on readinginstruction.
In the interview,Mr. Lyon said stateofficialsrequestedguidanceon how New
York City couldmeetReadingFirst criteria.Sally Shatwitz, a Yals University
professoranda memberof the NationalReadingPanel-acongressionally
mandatedcommitteethat issuedan influential2000reporl on readingresearch-
andtwo otherresearchers conductedihe roview.
P a g e1 3
FingerprintsSlsewhere
Many otherReadingFirst detailslargeandsmall cameto the attentionof Mr.
Lyon andMr. Dohertybefween2003and2005,which theydiscussed by e-mail.
Mr. Lyon alsovisited statesto provideguidanceon ReadingFirs:.
In March 2003,for example,he agreedt0 meetwith a handftl of hdiana
legislatorswho rcquestedhis adviceonwa)isto ensurettratstateofficials adhered
to ReadingFirstmandates. Mr. Lyon suggested fhe slatewould needextra
monitoringbecauseof tlepotential for noncompliance, which could senda
messageto otherstatesof the consequences of not adheringto the requirements.
The legislatonhad suggested to Mr. Lyon that stateeducationofficials in lndiana
werenot readyto abandonits existingreadingapproach.
After meetingwith offrcialsin louisiana andNorth CarolinE Mr. Lyon told Mr.
Doherfythattheyneededto discussvariousissuesof concern,includingthe
assessmsntsandeonsultantsthatthe stateswereplanningto useundertheir
ReadingFirsi grants.The fwo federalofficials discussedLouisiana'sdesireto use
an assessmentfor ReadingFirst schoolsthat they did not deemresearch-based,
andMr. Lyon suggested to a North Carolinaadministratorthat a textbookby a
well-knownreadingresealchsrwas inappropriatefor usein ReadingFirst training
sessions,
communityleaders,or parsntsalertedthem to some
l,ocal educatcrs,researchersr
issues.
OneNew JerseyparentaskcdMr. Lyon for help in July 2003,becausestats
officials were*llowing the useof a Wright G*'t p readingprogram,ownedbythe
McCraw-HitlCos.Shedidn't considerihe textresearch-based, Mr. Lyon alerted
Mr. Doherty.TheReadingFirst director recalled lhal "we forcedMaine.todrop
P a g e1 5
'ShamefulBehavior'
Critics,otherobservers,andsomestakeholders alike,however,saythe resultsdo
justify theheavy-handed
not necessarily management. Somevendorsclaim their
readingprogramswerenot given a fair shake.The nonprofit Successfor All
progrilm'for example,haslost businessunderthe federalinitiative,accordingto
founderRobertE. Slavin,despiteits extensiveresearchanddocumentedresults.
Many of the e-maildocumentswere obtainedrecentlyby Mr. Slavinfrom the
NationalInstitutesof Flealth,morethan l8 monthsafterhe subrnittedthe request.
Someof the commercialprogramsthathavebeenwidely adoptedby Reading
First schoolsdid not haveany more evideuceof effectivenessthanothersthat
werenot assuccessful.
"The law saidnothingaboutpicking specificprograms,it just indicated
scientificallybasedprograms.But rvhenws lookedat the otherprogramsthat
werebeingapproved,1vesawvery little evidencethat thoseweremore scientific
thanihe oneswe weretrying to use,"saidGeneWilhoit, who asstate
superintendent in Kentuckysentlettersof complaintto the EducationDepartonent
quesiioningthepressurehis agencyreceivedto rejectcer{ainreadingprograms
and assessments.
Mr. Wilhoii, now the executivedirectorof the Council of Chief StateSchool
Officers,said,"We didn't feel like [the federaloversiglrt]wasjust an attemptto
hold onto theintegrity of the program."
SusanB. Neuman,who helpedroll ont theprogramasthe Education
Departrnent'sas$istantsecretaryfor elementaryandsecondaryeducation,agrces.
Someof the e-mailswere alsosharedwith Ms. Neuman,and in a few of the
exchanges,Mr. Dohertyindicatedhe wasrelayingMs. Nzuman'sviews on how
the programshouldbe carriedout,
But in one e-mailto her, lvlr. Dohertysuggeststhat sheshouldnot be involved in
the talksoverstateapplicationsandimplementation,Ms. Neuman,who left the
deparnnentin Janu*ry2003,hassaidthat shewas left out of manydiscussions
with stateoffioials.
"They far exceededtheir mandats,"shosaid in an interuiew,referringto Mr.
Dohertyandotherfederalofficials."We wantedto figure out rvaysthat we could
makeReadingFirst a morepowerfulintervention[than previousfederal
programsj,but certainlynot in miorcmmraging schooldistricts."
"In thebeginning,"Ms. Neumanadded,'this was an honesteffort to make
something better,... but this is shamefulbehavior."
Vol. ?6,Issue24,Pages1,18
Page17
2 0 0 7 . 0 2 . 2 3 , D a v i d D u n nO
. Rees p i t e s t u m b r e s. t x r
From: D u n n ,D a v i d
seilt: r e b r u a r y 2 3 , 2 0 A T1 : 5 7 g u
I9;",,'Yi|?'ii-$EI!:.l3i;nffi?-3lf;l;"ili.fi$}};P[}flYi*,*iii]i,
Landers, Ange'la; Maddox, Lauren; l.tcnitt, TownsendL,; Mesecar, Douq;
Pitts, cfizabeth; tucker, sara Frart'inez; scheessele, Marc; Simon, aay; ].ada,
w e n d y ; r a l b e r t , K e n t ; T o o m e y , L ' i a m ; ' t y o u n g 0 u i h o . e o p . g o v;' w i l l i a m s ,
Cynth'ra; Young, Tracy
c c : _ _ c o l p y , c h a d ; - D i t t o , T r e y ; N e a l e , R e b e c c a ;R e i c h , H e i d i ; R u b e r g , C a s e y ;
Terre | | , Jul1e; Yudof, saftara
subject: R e : o e s p i t e s t u m b l e s , R e a d ' i n gr ' i r s t i m b u e s s c i e n c e i n t o j n s t r u c t i o n
(rdlcation pai 1y)
Very nice.
sent from my BlackBerry wireless ttandheld
Despite stumbles'txt
readinq skirrs r, .#ot'0?'23'Davidsunn'Re
ngffqw; or whether it is appropriate to prescribe one method of teaching when
chiJdren's readinq
skills vary widel! in the early grades.
Riso up in the a'ir is the program's future, education stakeholders generally believe
the orogram
will'be*part of the No chjld t-eft sehind nct reauthorjzation, but questions remajn
about what
tweaks congress might make to Reading Fi.st in light of the scandal * and whether
those tweaks
couid impact the program's instructional conponents.
"People $rant to get their pound of flesh politica'lly," s a i d A n d r e wR o t h e r h a m ,
co-di rector of the
xducation Sector.
rive componentsEnacted at a critical time in the decades*long "reading wars"
between
proponents,of-old-style phonics instruction and advocates of whole language,
observers declared
neading First a win for the trad'itionalists, The legislation spec"ifically adopted
the NRF's
r e c o m m e n d a t i o nt h a t a l l c h i l d r e n b e i n s t r u c t e d i n f i v e s k i l l s : p h o n e m i c a w a r e n e s s ,
p h o n ic s ,
vocabulary, fluency and comprehension.
ep officia'ls implemented this requ"iremextto the point of misconduct, accord{ng
to a series of
internal reviews (see box), turning downstates'grant applications until they
promised to adhere to
ED's narrow specifications.
But as monev started flowinq, acceptance of the NRp's recommendationsqrew.
" w e ' r e n o t h e r e t o e x p e r i m e n t w i t h ' o u r c h i J d r e n , " s a i d J a m e sH e r m a n ,d i r e c t o r o f
neadinq Fjrst in
Tenneslee. "ws have to know what yvorks,"
And as one former federal neading rfrst official says, whichever program districts
ul ti matel y
selected, its inpact lay'in howwell teachers used it to instruct to the f"ive
colnponents.
"Mest programs will say they have those five components," said sandi Jacobs, former
n e a d in g
rirst program officer. "[eut] if yorJ're not talking about explicit and systematic
i nstructi 0n, t,hen
you're not necessarily ta'lking about scientifically based reading instruction."
ieacher prep t,ihile coirtrovers! at the national levbl has centered on textbooks and
favored
publishers, school officials say the most fundamental element of their Reading First.
proorams nas
b e e i s t a f f d e v e l o p m e n t . r h a t ' s b e c a u s em o s t p r a c t i c i n g t e a c h e r s w e r e n o t e d u c a t e d i n
the five
componentsof neadjng, and are not equ'ippedto apply research-based strategies in
the classroom,
"y'le had to reeducate our teachers in the five components," Koczwara said.
"rt's neally three p'ieces," lacobs said, noting that professional development and
i nst ructi onal
s t r a t e g i e s a r e u 1 t - i m a t e l y g r o u n d e d i n o n g o ' i n gp r o g r e s s m o n i t o r i n g o f s t u d e n t , s '
orowth and areas of
fieakness. "Anything thar says this is all about a textbook is just total'ly wrong."
Louisa Moats,-a relding conlultant and researcher with Sopris ilest, said the
combination has
esoeciallv impacted hiqh-needs schools
"what Reaaing First ha5 been able to engender through professional development,
coachi ng ,
accountibility, leadership training and an underst*nding of the practjces that work
better than
others, is a complete change in the functioning of a school cu'lture," Moats sajd.
eage 2
Page19
2 0 0 7. A 2 . 2 3 . D a v ' i d D u n n . n o
ee s p i t e s t u m b l e s . t x t
too scripted?
A testament to that change is districts are now debating the hows rather than the
whys of
scientifically based readinq instruction.
For examp1e,,-severalpopulaF curnicula, such as the widely used open court, have
i nst ructi onaJ
routines on each of the fjve componentsthat dictate what the teacher is to do and
say when
introducin0 the readinq technique.
s o n r el e a d e F s h a v e p r a i 5 e d t h a t ' a p p r o a c h f o r f a c i l i t a t i n g program fjdelity.
" l { e ' v e s t a y e d p u r e t o t h e c u r r i c u l u m , t e a c h i n g t h e s t a n d a r d s , " s a i d r u a n c yL u c i a ,
associ ate
superintendent in Elk crove (calif.) unified scho91 nistrict, which uses open court.
others, though, characterize the approach as overly "scripted."
"[t'tany districts] use the series Jike a cut and dry recipe and it doesn't always
work well." said
cathy.nolier, director of research and policy for the International neading
, q 5 5 0 C 1a t l ( } n .
Moats said such curricula are highly structured and help teachers internalize a
routi ne.
And administrators agre€ their teachers do more than adhere to a script. rn Elk
Grove, academ"i c
support teams set annual targets for each student, monitor progress regularly and
adjust instruction
as necessary, Lucia said,
S t ' i l 1 , r e a d i n g i s m u c h m o r e c o m p l e x t h a n f i v e c o m p o n e n t s ,n o l l e r a r g u e s , " M o t i v a t i o n
i s c n u c i a l .t"' r t
she said, d o e $ n ' t d o a n y g o o d t o cover the five coftponefits if you've got k'ids
who don' t vrant
to do it."
Tweaking the modeJ one of the concerns for sone researchers is whether it is
approprlate to
a s s u m €a l l c h i l d r e n - e v e n a l l a t - r i s k c h ' i l d r e n - n e e d i d e n t i c a l i n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e
primary grades
in a typical Reading First rnodel, a1'l children receive 90 to 120 minutes of daily
core 'tnstructl 0n 'l n
a w h o J e - g r o u ps e t t i n g , o f t e n c a l l e d T ' i e r 1 " , w i t h s u p p l e m e n t a l i n s t r u c t i o n a n d
lnterventlOns rn
successive tiers for struqqlers.
But even within Tier 1 telEhers should tailor activit'ies to the skil'l level of
indivtdual children, says
carol connor, a researcher at rlorida State university and the rlorida center for
Readinq
Researth, one of the eu-funded neading First techn'ical assistance centers "There is
a tendency to
rely too much on the core curricu'lum," she said. "!ve don't want everyone to be on
the same page
a t t h e s a m et i m e . "
Adm'in'istrators share her concern,
" O u r u p p e r q u ' i n t i l e s t u d e n t s a r e n o t m a k i n g a s m u c h p r o g r e s s , " K o c z w a r as a j d . " T h a t
15 0n€ ol
the areas we need to 'look at."
l'/toats sai d i deal 1y , teachers di fferent'i &te i nstructi on f rom the begi nni ng and use
the ongoing
progreis monitoring to adjust instruct-ion. such a practice rnodels th€ tradit'ional
tiered "readi no
grcups" used ii american elementary schoo"ls.Th€ djfference, Moats noted, is the
focui on qetti ns
students il'ith tfie weakest skills causht up.
:acobs said the best approachjs probably'a mix. "The key'is ensuring that time is
well and
appropriately spent."
rage 3
Page20
2OO7 tE ed.
.03.07.oavidDunn. t. nllowedsinqli Read'i pi rst p
Page 4
Page24
',IE€KEND NEV{SSUMI4ARY
l'farch 75, 2007
1". The New York Times -- States Praise neadjng program oespite rts Troulrles, Report
says
2. rhe washington Post -- To 8e AP, Courses Must PasS Must€r
3 . l s s o c ' i a t e d P r e s s - * E x p e r t s i U . 5 . t e s t i n g c o m p a n i e s" b u c k l i n g " u n d e r w e i g h t o f
NCLB
4, lssociated Pregs -- Arjzona State; A university tries to be both big and great
Page I
Page25
2007.03.25.oav.idounn. weekendNeryssummarv.txt
T h e G , A . o , , t h e i n v e s t i g a t i v e a r n ro f c o n g r e s s ,s u r v e y e de d r i c a t i o no f f i c i a l s a c r o s $
the nation
about neading rirst, which awards$1 billion a y€ar in grants to states to buy texts
and curriculilms.
Accordingto.the report, 69 percent of those surveyedpraised the programfor "great
or very great
improvementin reading instruction." About 80 percent said the programhad vastly
i nproved
teacher training.
t.he report also found that mCIststates vyeresatisfied with the help they had
received from federal
officials a n d p r i v a t e contractors in applying for grants.
The law authorizing Reading rirst requires that grants go only to districts using
read'ing approaches
backed bv scientific r e s e a r c h . r t proh'ib'its Education Department officials fron
prc{xot"tng, or even
endorsing, specific curriculums.
r d u c a t i o n s e c r e t a r y M a r g a r e t S p e l l i n g s d e c l i n e d t o c o m m e n to n r h e G . A . o . r e p o r t .
the reports from the inspector general also found that federa'l officials had
overlooked conflicts of
interest amongcontractors advising states applying for grants, and that in sofie
1n s t a n c e s ,
contractors had had a financial stake in programs competing for the money.
lage 2
Page26
2007.03.25. pavidpunn.lrteekendNe!,rssununary.
txt
rn addition, a"ll states said professional development
of teachers had improvedunder
the program.
Reading First has come under heavy fire in Congressand elsewhere. Frevious audits
of the-
program, and some local schoal officjals, said the departnent had used the Jar,rr
to
promote reading
programs with a heavy reliance on phonics, which focuses on the mechanicsof
soundlnq out
sy11ab1Es, rather than methodsenrphas'izingadditional strategies for makingsense of
texts. The
House and the senate are planning hearings.
T h e G . A . 0 . r e p o r t i n c o r p o r a t e d recommendations
from the e a r l i e r i n s p e c t o r g e n e r a l
reports that
the education nepartment shoujd g u a r d a g a t n s r c o n f l i c t s o f i n t e r e s t i n a d m i n i s t e r i n g
the program.
whi'le her students at Elake xigh Schoc1 prepare for an Advanced placement exam that
meaSu res
whether thev knowc o l l e g e * l e v e l w s r l d h f s t o r y , s a r o j a R i n g o i s b e i n g a s k e d t o p r o v e
she knows
how to teach it.
T h e C o l l . e g ea o a r d , p u b l i s h e r o f c o l l e g e - p r e p a r a t o r ye x a m s ,i s auditing every
AdvancedPlacement
course in the nation, asking teachers of an estimated L30,000AP courses to furnish
written proof
by :une L that the coursesthey teach are worthy of the brand.
rn the haste to remain conpetitive in the AP arms race, schools sordetimes awardthe
desiqnati on
t o c 6 u r s e st h a t b a r + l y r e s e m b l et h e c o l l e g e c u r r i c u i u m t h e p r o g r a mi s m e a n tt o
deliver, accordinq
t o - c o l 1 6 g e e o a r d S f f t c i a l s a n d e d u c a t o r s .u n t i l n o w , t h e r e h a s b e e nn o l a r g e * s c a 1 e
effort to weed
out such abuse,
"Anybody could Just say, 'I'm teaching an AP course; T'm an np teacher. There's ne
protocol , '
sqig fi[rgo, who teaches AP world xistory at the si]ver spring schoo'l and works as an
ottl c] a I
grader of the exams.
neginning with the 2007-08 acadenic year, only teachers whose syllabuses have been
apFroved-by
the coilege eoard may call their courses lp. Each teacher must submit an audtt form,
alono witfi a
s y ' l l i b u s f o r t h e c o u r s e h e o r s h e t e a c h e s , D e p e n d i n ga n h o w w e l l t h e t e a c h e r ' s
sy | | abus -- assumlng
he or she has one -: reflects the rigor expected by the college noard, the process
can be brief or
t i m e - c o n s u mnig .
rhe
'l task has been met with no small anount of gnumbiing. Montgomerycounty teachers
oosed
a n a n g r y v o l l e y o f e - m a j l s o v e r t h e e x e r c i s e , m o s t l y a l o n g t h e l i n e s o f " t l / h ym e ? "
and "bihv now?"
eut many facu1ty begrudgingly accept that soarequality cortrol is needed, lest the
AP program
soiral out of control.
The implications for high schools and colleges, students and teachers are enormous.
Since its:an. 23 Jaunch, the audit has drawn submissions from 55,000 teachers,
Matts sa'id.
university professors review the courses and usually respond within $ryomonths"
Seventy-four
percent of courses have been approved to date, unsuccessful teachers are encouraged
to resubmit
up to three tirrres, with guidance from the college Board, once approved, teachers and
thei r
syllabuses are sanctioned until they move to another school or the course
requi rements change-
wendy Borrelli, who has taught lR Literature and composition at springbrook nigh f o r
two years,
earned approval on her first try. she completed the audit in a day and submitted i t
the first week
the college Board would take it,
"The bulk of what r sent themwas the real syllabus that T give nrystudents each
senester,"
s o r r e l l i s a i d . s h e concedesthat the audit wouid be morework "if you weren't the
kind of
organ'izedor, shalI r s a y , a n a l - r e t e n t i v e t e a c h e r t h a t r a m . "
F o r c o l l e g e a d n r i s s i o n so f f i c e r s , t h e a u d i t m ' i g h ta s s u a g er i s i n g d o u b t s a b o u t t h e
value of the np
s t a m po n . a n a p p l i c a n t ' s t r a n s c r i p t . T h e y , m o r et h a n a n y o t h e r g r o u p , p u s h e df o r t h e
revlew, drlven
by the steep increase in appiicants claiming an Rp pedigree.
"rs'it p o s s i b l e t o e x p a n dt h e s e c o u r s e s a s f a s t a s t h e y h a v e a n d m a i n t a i n t h e i r
quality?" asked
a n d r e w - 1 1 a g e ' I ,d e a n o f a d m i s s i o n s a t o € o r g e M a s o nu n i v e r s i t y i n p a i r f a x c o u n t y .
"Anecdotall v .
what we're h6aring from people is that that's a huge cha'llenge: that the cTasses
rage 5
Page29
2007.03.25.Davidounn.trteekendNewssunmary "txt
have gotten
s i g n i f i c a n t l y ' l a r g e r a n d t h a t t h e p u s h t o g e t s o m a n yp e o p l e i n t o l t h e $ J h a s l e d t o
a tendencvor a
temptatjo;1to lower the rigor of the course."
i.tatts said college offfcials nationwide were "curious to know what has happenedto
the
curriculutn when we're seeing a 1-50percent jncrease in the numberof students taking
thege classes
over the past l-0 years." He cited rvelJ-traveled anecdotes about schools that "simply
nake up
courses and calJ them AP,"
students might have the most at stake. Rn aspiring pre-med student m'ight learn in
the fail thlt the
nr bioTogy course on her h"igh school schedule has been downgradedto the more
qenerlc
nhonors." This, in
turn, could affect what she is taught in the class and her
chances for taking, Jet
alone passing, the prized ne biology exafi, a gateway to col"lege credit and advanced
stand-ing.
( r a k i n g a n A p c o u r s e b y i t s e l f i s n o t e n o u g ht o ' e a r n c o l l e g e c r e d i t ; a s t u d e n t m u s t
take and score
well on the corresportd'ingexam.)
someteachers remain skeptical o f the audit: what's to stop lazy ar teachers from
c o p y i n ga n o t h e r
t e a c h e r ' s s y l l a b u s a n d p a s s i n g 'ir o f f a s t h e i r o w n ?w h o w i ' l l e n s u r et h a t l e s s o n
p'lans approvedby
t h e c o l l e g e B o a r dw ' i i 1 a c t u a l l y be taught?
page 6
Page30
The meanAP exaff score dipped from 3.01 in uay 2000 to 2.89 in trlay2006, on a
fi ve-poi nt
scale, a modest erosion in a span of years when the nunber of exams taken doubled to
2 million.
of qreater concern than the scores -- to critics, at Jeast -- is the growing number
of Ap students
who never take the exam.
Matts, of the college Board! contends that "students henefit even without the exam."
"what's the only way you can assure that's an Ap course?" he said. "That's that the
student -in that
course took the Ap assessment,and here's their score."
3 . E x p e r t s ; U . 5 , t e s t i n g c o m p a n i e s" b u c k l i n g " u n d e r w e i g h t o f l l c t n
By Megan neichgott
Associated Press
t{arch 24, 7OO7
But the incentives at the central I'llinois school went unc-laimeduntil earlier this
month, !!hen
rllinojs finally published its 2006 test scores - more than four months after they
were due.
c r i t i c s p o u n c e d o n H a r c o u r t A s s e s s r n e n rt n c . , w h i c h l o s t m o s t o f t t s S 4 4 . 5 m i l l i o n
state contract
over delays - caused by everything from shipping problems to missing test pages and
scorino errors
- that-made rllinois the last state in the nation to release scores used to judge
school s under the
Page 7
Page31
2007.03.25.oavidDunn.weekendilewssr:nnary.
txt
federal No Child Left nehind act.
rl I i no'is saw more probl sns thi s month, when students took achievsnent tests that
contained as
rnanyas 13 errors, off i cj al s sai d. gut r l l j n o i s jsn't the only state that's
exp-erienced'di ffj cuJti es:
- connect,icut last, year fined its testing company$80,000 after a processing error
caused wrong
scores for 355 students on the 2005 test. The probiem came a year after the state
canceled its
contract with another companyafter scoring problems caused a fjve-month delay in
reporti ng
s c o r e S"
2007.03, 25,oavjdpunn.weekendruewssu$fiary.
txt
What's rlore, each state has its own test, and manywant then customized, sa'id
t"tichael Hansen,
chief executive officer of Harcourt Assessftent, which no longer administers
rllinois' tests but sti'11
is involved in developing and grading them. Before NcLB was signed 'into law, states
used exams
like the stanford Achievementrest, and publishers created new tests every six to
eight years,
"Not only (have) states wanteddifferent content in terms of the tests, but they
al so have verv
manydi fferent requi rementsas t o l o g i s t i c s , d e l i v e r y , l o s k a n d f e e l , c o l o r , h o wt h e
questions are
o r g a n i z e d , h o r i z o n t a l , Y e r t i c a l . , , y o u n a m ei t , i t w a s o n t h e t a b l e , " H a n s e ns a j d .
"That neansuarch and april we are completely ... at peak capacity and so js every
one of our
compet'itors,"Hansensaid. "But.also then whenthe test resu1ts comein, they
(schools) needthe
t e s t r e s u l t s b a c k a s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e . , . s o t h e t u r n a r o u n df r o m t h e t i m e t h a t t h e
test is taken, to
(when)we needto report the results is extremelytight and it's getting tighter and
Rage9
Page33
"It's not entirely a monopoly, but tt 1S an oligopoly, with very little regu'lation,"
sa'id walter Haney
pioleiio"-at"'iiie'*entu. for the study of r e s t i n g e v a l u a t i o n a n d E d u c a t i o n a l P o j i c y
at Boston
Co11 ege.
"rt's logica'I. Any ttme you havea relative'ly small industry .., it's a tal'l arder.
what is demanded of
the testjng industry, what is demanded of the states, it's huge,'' watt$ said.
B e t w e e n2 0 0 2 a n d 2 0 0 8 , s t a t e s w i l l s p e n d b e t w e e n $ 1 . 9 b i l l i o n a n d $ 5 . 3 b i l J i o n t o
develop, score
and report Hcun-required tests, according to a report by the Goverfiffent
AccountabiI i tv office.
Ultimately, the price tag depends on whether states prefer examswith open*ended
questions -
r , t i i r i c ha r e h a n d - s c o r e d a n d m o r e c o s t l y - o r m u l t i p l e * c h o ' i c e q u e s t i o n s .
"That's not enoughto produce h"igh-guaiity tests jn the tight tiltrelines that NCLB
requi res . It's
ludicrous," Toch said.
paae 10
Page34
rhe office of rnspector Generalat the u.5, Departmentof educationsaid last year
it would study
whether h-gh-stakestests need federal oversight. rhe office has not begunworking
on the study,
but officials hopedto do so this year, said spokeswoman catherine Grant,
L a s t y e a n , c o n g r e s sg a v e s t a t e s $ 4 0 8m i l l j o n t o d e v e l o ps t a n d a r d i z e dt e s t i n g u n d e r
NCLB. but the
states can use the moneyin lots of ways, and many of them use it for tasks
unreJated to test-
bujlding, Tcch said,
" r n s l e a d , s e c r e t a r y ( n a a r g a r e t ) s p e l l i n g s h a s ' l a r g e l y w a s h e dh e r h a n d s o f t h i s
problem, sajd it's a
state.problen, which is a pecu1iar,,. response becauseit's the federal government
that has requi red
the states to take these actions." Toch said.
EDITOR'sNorE - It's one of the fundamental challenges for colleges in the 21st
cent,ury: how
to make.higher educat'ion serve a growing and diversifying population without
comPromr sr ng
quality,.un'iversities are bejng called on to do more for the best and brightest, but
also to help
more peoplg Se! a_bachelor's degree in a professional world where a co-l1ege
educati on i s vi tal .
rf col-leges were countries, most would resen$le the developed nations of the lrtest -
stabl e,
work'ing to improve.but changing only gradually and growing slowly, if at all.
Arizona State would
b e C h i n a , I t s c a m p u s e sa r e g i a n t c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e s . t t e w s c h o o l s a n d p r o g r a i l s s p r i n g
Page 11"
Page35
2007.03.25.oavidpunn.weekendruewssunmqry.
txt
up near'ly
every week. Hundredsof faculty are being hfred, thousandsof dorm roomsare be-ino
built.
n s u i s a c i t y ' i n i t s e l f . w i t h 5 1 , 0 0 0 s t u d e n t s o n t h e m a i n c a m p u s ,p l u s 1 0 , 0 0 0 m o r e
at three
b r a n c h e sa r o u r r dP h o e n ' i x ,i t i s a l r e a d y a m o n gt h e l a r g e s t t r a d i t i o n a ' l u n i v e r s i t i e s i n
the united
states. But unlike any current riva"ls for that tit1e, Rsu plans to keep growing _ to
about 90,000
students over the next decade.rhat would make it easi'ly the largesr univers'ity of
its kind in
America.
A r i z o n a , c r o w . s a y s , n e e d s A S Ut o b e a g r e a t u n i v e r s i t y , w i t h t o p - t i e r r e s e a r c h e r s
50tv'lnq presslno
l o c a l F r b b l e m s T i k e w a t e r re$ource management.But it also urgeiltly needs to expand
access to
four-year college degrees. The state's population is growing and diversifying, with
a half-dozen new
high schools open'ing each year, But there are just three public universities to
accommodatethe
gr0ffih.
crow doesn't believe quality has to suffer wh€na university sca'lesup to this sjze-
A n d .s o , 4 $ y i s a p l a c e o f e x t r a o r d i n a r y v a r i e t y . T h e r e i s a g r o u i n g roster of
high*profile faculty
d o i n g ' c u t t i n g - e d g e - r e s e a r c h , w o r k i n g a l o n g s i d e i n s t r u c t o r s i n m o r e vocational
programs like qolf-
course management.There's an elite honors co:l1egefor exceptional s t u d e n t s , b u t
it's set within the
larger university that accepts g? percent of its applicants.
: g ! 9 " :tl;vs.
quanr : l y f I 1tyi t ' s a f a n t a s v t o t h i n k a u n i v e r s i t y c a n s i r n p l yi g n o r e t h e
. l i ! l c s-qua
tradeotf -
But even skeptics say that, if anyone can pull it off, it's Crow.
crow has raised Asu's profile substantially with donors, voters, the 1eg'islature and
the regents,
who have forked over new money and freedom to a school that traditionally has played
second
fidd1e to the University of Ar"izona in Tucson.
''nfter visiting MrT and Harvard r just felt like a number," said cary Anderson, a
iunior from
l p p l e v a 1 1 e y , M i n n e s o t a . "Then t found out r can go here for nothing - actually get
paid to so to
3chool . 't Three personal phone .calls from the dean sealed the deal.
l m b t t i o u s u n i v e r s ' i t i e s ' l i k e A S Uh a v e f a c e d c r i t i c i s m f o r s p e n d i n gt o o m u c hm o n e yt o
attract
b r i g h t s t u d e n t s w h o i m p r o v ea c o l J e g e ' s a c a d e m i cr a n k i n g , b u t d o n ' t n e c e s s a r i l y n e e d
the m0neYto
a t t e n d c b 1 1 e g e .R a n k i n g sa r e c J e a r l y i m p o r t a n t a t A S U rI n a n u n u s u a la r r a n g e m e n t ,
crow's contract
i n c l u d e s a $ 1 " 0 , O 0(0e u r o 7 , 4 9 0 )i n c e n t i v e f o r b o o s t i n g A s u ' s s t a n d i n g i n u . s . N e v v& s
world
R e p o r t m a g a z i n e ' sr a n k i n g s o f t h e t c p u . s . s c h o o l s .
+SU'S graduation rata is also inproving, though stili a problem- Only 56 percent of
fresnmen
e n t e r i n g i n 2 0 0 0 h a d a d e g r e e by 2006- Rates for lispanics (51 percent) and Native
nmericans (23
percent) are lOwer still,
one of the key factors in strong graduation rates is close attention from facu'lty.
That's a challenoe
here,
A s u ' s s t u d e n t - f a c u l t y r a t i o i s 2 2 - 1 " ,a n d e v e nt h e n o n l y 6 3 p e r c e n t o f f a c u l t y a r e
tenured or tenure-
track; the others are 'lecturers, instructors and adjuncts. overall spending per
student is 1ow,1arge1y
b e c a u s eA s u h a s r e c e i v e d c o m p a r a t i v e l yl i t t l e s t a t e s u p p o r t ;
rn the school of:-ife Sciences, Professor Ronald Rutowski says faculty are try'ing to
give the.L,000
o r s o - m a j o r s , p-l u s s t u d e n t s f r o m o u t s i d e t h e d e p a r t m e n t , a n e n g a g i n g e x p e r i e n c e i n
the c lassroom.
nut capacity is crunched, with cJasses *nd labs oversubscribed and lecture halls in
short supply.
Croivsays asu pl ans to h"ire 500 morefaculty abovethe enro'l'lmentgrowth rate in the
cQmlng
y e a n s , w h i c h w o u J d i m p r o v ej t s r a t i o s . r t a l s o p l a n s t o a d d 6 , 0 0 0 n e wd o r m i t o r y b e d s
over three
years; crov'i guesses $ 1 b i l J ' i o n ( e u r o 7 5 0m i l l i o n ) w o r t h o f n e w r e s i d e n c eh a l l s a r e i n
paqe 1,5
Page39
B u t t h e r e w i l i s t i l l b e t h o u s a n d so f s t u d e n t sw h o h a v e t o c o m m u t eaon d a r e
inevitably less
c o n n e c t e dt o t h e u n i v e r s i t y .
- ' : w i s h t c o u l d b e ' i n t h e b a n da n d t h e
c h r i s t i a n B i b l e g r o u p sh e r e b u t r j u s t d o n . t
have time for
it, " said rim white, a geographymajor fron nearby c'lenda"lewho commutes from home
on
He calls Asu "satisfactory" but says he doesn't rea11y
X?1$aYL1nd_wednesdays.
Teet tlKe part of a
communi ty.
c r o w . s a y sh i q g o a l j s t o b u i ' l d a g r e a t u n i v e r s i t y , w h e r eg r e a t n e s sr u b s o f f o n a n d
r n s p lr e s s t u d e n t s
i n e v e r y c o r n e r o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n * a n d h e i n s i s t s A s u i s o n i t s w a y t o m a k i n gt h a t
happen.
st'il'I, some_critics maintain Asu is growingtoo fast, doing too manythings but none
of them well
enough,
rage 16
Page40 Page1 of7
Frst: Dunn,David
Sent: March27,2AA710:46 AM
Tor McLane, Kathrrine
Subject: RE:Title1 Monitor:"Congress
GrillsSpellings
On fteadingFirstProgram"
ThanksKatherine.
From: Mclane,Katherine
Senk Tuesday, March27,200710:38AM
To; Dunn,David;Warder.Larry;Simon,Ray;Talbe0Kent;Rosenfelt,
Phil;Halaska,
Terrell;Sampson,
Vincent;
Conaty,Joseph;Fanis,Amanda
$ubJectrTitleL Monitor:
"CsngressGrillsSpellings FirstProgram"
OnReading
piece.
thisAM,belcwis lherecentTitle1 Monitor
Perourconversation
By Andrew BrownsteinandTravisHicks
file://I(:\OS-Fxec%20Sec\FOiA%20letters\07-00517%?QCREWU0O7-03.27.DavidDunn...-
5/11/2009
Page41 PageZof7
Spellingsand Publishers
s/t I f2{t09
file://K:\OS-Exec9/o20Sec\F0lA%20letters\07-AA5|7%20CREW\2007.03.27.DavidDunn.,.,
Page42 Page3 of7
While noting that "the highestlevelsof the Deparhnentare awareof your situation and
shareyour desireto makefhe necessarychanges...asexpeditiouslyaspossible,"Doherty
saidhe told the superintendent that the stateneededto bring its readingprogfilm in line
with SBRRand suggested hiring an outsideexpertconsultantto help with its application.
A StrongS'irewall
file://l(:\OS-Exec%20Sec\FolA%?0lettsrs\07-00517%20CRHW\2007.03.27
.DavidDurm....
5/11/2009
Page43 Page4 of7
In additionta manytechnicalconsultants,
the reportnotedthatthe leadersof thethree
file:1/K:\OS-Exec%?0Sec\F0lA%20letters\07-005t7%}}CREWU007.03.27.DavidDunn..."
5/ll/20A9
Page44
Page5 of7
officialsfrornKentuckyandNevadacomplained thatRMCconsultants
to adopttheDvnamicIndicaronof Basicfrarg^I-iteragy pressruedthem
sniri, (DIBEts), ;;J"r'
ixsessment usedin theRea$nq_First program.one orfre ro"ruttu"tr*ilj u pulo"t
for DIBELS'In its report,ttreolc *tot*e*tnat
Doherty;iilfu "i"",
thebehaviorof one of
withan RMCofficial,
saving
"oneofihek";"kr i, rl,uih";;;.ryi*n.,
ilrLfii:J-"rs
EverettBarnes,RMC's president,saidin an interviewthat Nevada
had its application
approvedwithout DIBHLS - althoughthestatemodifiedttre
applieatlonlater to usethe
assessmsnt'He added,moreover,that sinceendinghis RMC.ont urt, the
consuttantwho
servedas a DIBELS rainer hasnot accepted*y irnELS
conkactsin stateswherehe
pravidedtechnicalassistance.
Nonefheless,
he said,"we didn't know how to totally elininate" thoseperceptions.
Two Compl*ints
file://I{:\0s-Exec%20sec\FolA%20Lefters\0?-0051?%20cREw\?-001
a\ ).7 fiavirtr}rrnn \t11Dnnq
Page45 Page6 of7
"Two complaints- that's all they found,"sheseid,"And you knaw why? Becausethere's
nothing elseto find- ...I[ out of thehundredsandhundredsof [technicalassistanceJ
contacts'you havea few duds,that's a really goodkack record.That's one of the t""llu
frustratingthingsaboutthe OIG. They look at a coupleof incidents,and.19them.it
provesa pervasivepattern."
Reading LeadershipAcadenries
Iile:lll(:\OS-Exec%Z0Sec\FOIA%20letters\07-A05fi%lACREW\2007.A3.27.T)avidDunn....
S/t1/?0Ag
Page46 PageTof7
"l still don1know why, but thereis absolutelyno way to arguethat SFA was not
excludedon purpose,"Slavin said."Theyknew the researchon SFA,they knew how to
find us, and lhey knew exactlywhat it would meanif DI andOpenCourt were given as
exarnplesand SFA was not. [t would be like giving examplesof high-qualityJapanese
carsand sayrngToyota andSubaru.What aboutHonda?"
.DavidDunn....5111n}Ag
.03.27
file:i/iL\OS-Hxec%20Sec\FOIA%20letters\07-00517%20CRFWU007
Page47
From: Mclane,Katherine
Sent; May 09, 20075;?8PM
To: Dunn,David;Maddox,Lauren;Halaska, Terrell;Sampson, Vincen! Conaty,
Joseph;Farris,Amanda;Bannerman, Kristin;Quarles,Karen;La Force,Hudson
Subject: More ConflictsFoundin ReadingProgram(AP]
Frorn: Dunn,David
Sent: May15,20074:43PM
To: Mclane,Katherine
Subject: RE:GoTo ABCNewWeb Page
ugh...
ThanksKatherine.
Frcm: Mclane,Katherine
May15,20473:44PM
$ent: Tuesday,
To; Dunn,David
Subjectr FW:GoTo ABCNewWebPage
^*--Origin&lMessagF.---
From: Conaty,Joseph
Senbi Tuesday,May 15, 2cn7 3:27PNl
Tor McLane,Kaherine; Maddo)C Laur€n;Farrls,Amanda;Eutler,James;Rrcnfelf Phil
Subjoct GoTo ABCNew WebPage
U.S.ReadingProgramBenetitsBush'Pioneer'Fundraiser
May15,20072:29?M
JosephRheeand DanaHughesReport:
<< OLE Object: Picture (Metafile) >> A major Texasfundraiserfor PresidentGeorge
Bush hasmademillions oldollars in profits from a federalreadingprogramthat critics
say favoredadministrationcrsniesat the expenseof schoolchildren.
A companyfoundedandorvnsdby RarrdyBest who raised$100,000to qualify asa Bush
"Pionesr"during the ?000presidentialcampaigrr" receivedthe lucrativeconhactsundera
Bush administrationinitiative calledReadingFirst.
After receivingthecontracts,Bestwas ableto sell his company,VoyagerExpanded
Leaming,fot $360mil.lion.It wasvaluedat only $5 million a few yearsearlier.
THE SLOTTtrR RECOMMAI{NS
' BlptterNqChild Left BelrindScandalWidens
Shttp/blogs,.*cnews.c_g$l_mell"o-tleri2007l05/no*child_left_b.h.trnl:
. Re4dingJlsgr?m
Biof,q'jkoubled kswo llsil{lom Cqn$ess
:
Shttp gotT/theblotter#0O7/04iiroubledJeadin,htrnl>
abcnews.
//bloes.
. Fiasbythp.Filliqnq
Blo"lle[S-Iudy: irrllEpedEdPrcsarn
<http:i,'blogq.ab_qrp.:r,s.com/theblotter/2007/021stud),*bias_bir
t.trtml>
. Out Brian Ross-$lidelhows
Cliqli Hp;"g".tp-eheck
Shttp:l/abcnew s.qq,cp_I?IWNT/BrianR,p.+$P
"At thf time of thesale,the companythat boughtthe programjustified this to their
stockholderson the basisthat this programhaddoneextremelywell underReadingFirst
andwas very politically coru:ected,"saidRobertSlavin,a leadingeducatorat Johns
HopkinsUniversity andcritic of theReadingFirst program.
Page50
From: Dunn,David
Sent: May 1"5,20075:50FM
To: Tucker,Sara{Rastricted)
Cc: Oldham,Cheryl
Subjest: RE:GoTo ABCNewWebPage
Don'tthinkso...
Thanksto bothof youl
F om: Tucker,Sara(Restrlcted)
Sent Tuesday,May 15,7AO75:40 PM
To: Dunn,David
Cc; Oldham,Cheryl
Subject RE: GoTo A8C New Web Page
From! Dunn,Oavid
$en* Tuesday,May15,20075:20Fr'l
To: Tucker,Sara{Retricted)
Subjact RE:CtIoABCNewWebPage
Me too...
Frsm: Tucker,Sara(Rstrlcted)
Senh Tuesday,May7\2007 5103PM
To; Dunn,David
SubJect: REIGo To ABCNew Web Page
Frorili Dunn,David
Senb Tuesday,May15,20074;43Pl'l
To: Tudcr, Sara{Res,trict€d)
$ubject FW:(x Ib ASCNewWebPage
From: McLanqKatherine
Sent: Tuesday,May15,20073:44Plvl
To: Dunn,David
$ubjectr FW:GoTo ABCNewWebPage
..*-OrlginalMessage--*-
From: Conary,loseph
Page52
Se*t: Tuesday,
May15,20073:2?PF4
To; Mcl$ne/Katherine;
t"!addo&
Lruren;Faris/Amanda;
Buter,lames;R06enfelt,
Fhil
Subjesf GoToABCNevrWebPage
U.S,ReadingProgramBenefitsBush'Picneer'F'undraiser
May15,2007
2:29?M
JosephRheeandDanaHughesReport:
<< OLH Object Picture (Metafile) >> A rnajorTexasfundraiserfor PresidentCeorge
Bush hasmademillions of dollarsin profils from a federalreadingprogramthat critics
say favoredadministrationcroniesat the expenseof schoolchildren.
A companyfoundsdand ownedby RandyBesi,who raised$100,000to qualifo as a Bwh
"Pioneefl'drring the2000presidentialcarnpaigrr,receivedfhe lucrativecorrtmctsrmdera
Fush administrationinitiative calledReadingFirst,
After receivingthe oorrtrasts,
Bestrva$ableto sell his company)VoyagerExpanded
Leaming,for $360million. It was valuedat cnly $5 miilion a few yearsearlier.
TIIE BLOTTAR RffCOMMHNDS
. SlottqrNe.JhildL€&BehludSc?IrdalWidq$
<http/&lo gs.&p*pxl qpm/-ihsllqltsr#0Q?_Q5/n_qJhrklJo$_b,hfinh
. FlqtterTroubledReadrng
FrqsarixP{aws. HoalFroruCon*'csq
Shttp;/&lp$,nhqn e:vq-spm/.th p*{.[p-']bl"ed;sadn,hhl?
qblpttpr/i0-0?/.
. Btqttpr$t'rdv;Eien.hythp.HiJlip.*si*..Hlpwp-dSd-Frqsffn
{http:/toloes.-absnpyr/s,sp$"l"Xhpblplter/20-Q7/0?-1"s"t}r{y_bias
by_t.h[nh
. CliqkHereIq CheckOu{BnanRossSlideqhowr
<http:llabcnews.qo.co_U./IffW,tsdanRoss..P
"At the time of the sale,the companythatboughtthe programjustified this to their
stockholderson thebasisthat this programhaddoneextremelywell underReadingFirst
and wasvery politically connected,"saidRobertSlavin,a leadingeducalorat Johns
HopkinsUniversity andcritic of the ReadingFirst program.
Slavin,thebrothsr of an ABC News executive,saysa programhe developedwasrejected
by the Deparfmentof Educationdespiteits recordof success.
Best,of Dallas,deniedhis connectionsto PresidentBushhelpedhim win any of the
federalreadingprogramcontraots.
"I havs gottenno help liom anyonein the administration,"tsesttold the Blotter on
ABCNews.com,
But congressionalinvestigatorssay ReadingFirst contractswere awardedby the
basedon politicsandfinancialties,not merit.
administration
''Theydesignedit for their friendsandcronies,andthey e,:rded
up not derigningthe best
prograffifor America'sschoolchildren,"saidCongressman CeorgeMiller, D-Calif., the
chairmanof the HouseFducationandLabor Committee.
In a repor^tearlierthis year,the inspectorgeneralfor the Departnentof Educationfound
repeatedinslancesof conflict of interestin the ReadingFirst program.
Page53
.Rg::j t91!l'inq chi'ldren to read is a passion for cindy cupp, who deve^lopeda
w1oe ry-prar sed
program used ins schools throughout georgia.
POTUST
We have a reading first program,
Ross:but five years and $5 biliion 'later, what is called the reading ffrst program
i s s u r r o u n d e db v
scandal. congre"ssionalinvest'igators say contracts were awardedby the
aomrn'r5tratl0n baseclon
po'litics and financial ties, nor merjt.
Page L
Page55
s t A v r N : r t h i n k i t w a s a t l e a s t c r o n y i s m .r f y o u w e r e o n t h e i n g r o u p , V o u c o u j d d o
no wrong.
Ross.: cindy cupp's program in georgia never was approved, despite its successfu'l
track record.
nor was-the.program run by robert slavin, Now, schools that use their programs have
to pay ror 'rt
thenselves.
R 0 S S : t h e . d e p a r t m e n t o f e d u c a t i o r rs a y s r e a d i n g s c o r e g a c r o s s t h e c c u n t r y a r e w a y u p ,
provl ng tne
p,rogrami s worki ng. But f o r c i n d y c u p p a n d o t h e r s , t h e p r o g r a , isl e e m s ,c h a r l i e , m o r e
about
connections than kids.
paoe 2
Page56
From: Dunn,David
Sent: luly 09,20076:12PM
To: Jeffrey,Scott
Subject: FW:WeeklyStandard on Reading
First
An youprinlthisforme
From; Hclane'Katherine
$Ent Monday. July09,2A074:36PM
To: Private- spelllngs,Margare!Landers, Angela;Fver$Bill;cotby,chad;williams,cynthia;
Dofman,Cynthia;Mesecar, Doug;Duncke|, Denise;Dunn,DavidlPitb, Elizabethl Flowers,
Sarah;McGrath, John;Talbeft,KenUBriggs,Kerri;Kuzmich.Holly;Toomey.Uam;Maddox,
Lauren;scheessele, Marc;Private- $pelllngs,
Margaret;Mcnitt,Townsend L.; Beaton,Meredith;
Moran,Robert;Tucker,SaraMartinez; Tada,Wendy;Halaska,Ienell;TracyWH;Wurman,
Ze'ev;Young,Tracf; Quar[es. Koren;Bannerman, Kristin;Watkins,Tiffany;Sampson, Wncent
Ccr Ditto,Trey;Neale,Rebecca; Reich,Heidi;Ruberg.Casey; Terrell,Julie;yudof,Sarnara
Subject WeekfyStandard on Reading First
uselessat best, dowmight hafinfuI at worst. "Matching letterswith soundsis a flat-earth view of
the world," he declaredin a t986 boak, What'sWole in WholeLangaage.Dramaticallyturning
centuries-oldprinciplesof readinginstructionon their heads,Goodmanmaintainedthal "a story
is easierto readtha.na page,a pageeasierto readthana paragraph,a paragrapheasierthan a
sent6*ce,& sentenceeasisrthana word, anda word easicrthatra letter."Both Smith,rvhohad
nevertaughtreadingin an elementary-school classroom,andGoodmBnn who had, deridedfhe use
of textbooks,worksheets,andotherformalinshucfionalrnaterial.Smith'$1986book,Insult to
Intelligence:TheBureaucraticIxvasionof Our Clas,vooms,complainedaboutchildrenbeing
forcedby their eldersto msmorizemountainsof uselessdata.{Memorizationis generally
considsredin constructivisttheoryto be developmentallyinappropriatefor elementaryschool.i
In whole-language theory,the teacher's job is to identify the child'ssffors--or"miscues,"as they
are called-and nudge the child in the direction of thecorrectcues."Drill andKill" is their
derisiveterm for pedagogythatemphasizes the $ysternatic teachingof content.Thusbeganthe
practice,now a bedrockofwhole-languagepedagogy,ofteachers'encouragingbeginning
readsrsto look al the first letterof any difficult word they encounterin a story and guessthe rest,
or if that strategyfails to produceresults,simply to skip the word and rehrrn to it later. Although
Gocdmanrefusedtobe interviewedfor this article,statingin apair of dyspepticernailsthat he
would not respondto "negativ6"criticisrnof his theori€s,Yvonns Siu-Runyanprovidedan
exarnpleof how a whole-language readinglessonworks in practice."A child encountersthe
word 'butterflies'in a story," saidSiu-Runyan."The firut time he readsitas b-flies.' Maybethe
next time he roadsit as'butt-flies'andthe nexttime nsbetterflies-'Forme to assumehe'snot
goingfo get it wouldbe a mistake,because frnallyhe'llsayto himsel{,Doesthis makesense?'
He'll look at the picturesof butterflies[in thebook] andsayto himself;'Oh,this is a storyabout
butterflies!'And he'll get it nght afferthat.It's a lot morecomplicateda processthanhandinga
child a list of words." Whole languageandothm aspectsof constructivistthecry sweptthrough
the educationschools,startingwith the flagshipColumbiaTeachersCollege,whereDewey's
progressiveinflusncehad neverwaned,whsrecowseson readingpedagogyto this day
c,oncentrate on erectinga "theoreticalframework"for instructionralherthanteachingteachers
what actuallyworks in classrooms,andwherethe school'spublishingaffiliate,TeachersCollege
Press,churnsout dozensof constructivistheatJses everyyear.Smith andGoodmancrisscrossed
the cauntryon the ed-school lecture circuit, where theywerewelcomedwith openarmsand
standingovationsbyprofessorsandstudentsalike. Whole languageclearlyappealedbecauseit
allowedteachersto do essentiallyrvhatthey liked in their readingclasses,andit rolievedthem of
the arduouswork of ensuringthat their studeritshad masteredspecificliterncyskills. Teachers
and administratorsrushedto create"child-centered"and"learner-centered" curriculain every
field andat everygradelevel ("teamer"beingthe fashionableed-speakword thesedaysfor
"student,"as it connotesthe constructivistideathat childre'ntakechargeof their own education).
SandraWilde, an educationprofessorat PortlandStateUniversityin Oregon,deemedthat
leaminghow to spell,like leaminghow to read,"shouldultimatelybeasnatural,unconscious,
effortless,andplcasantas leamingto speak,"so spellerswent theway of readersin classrooms
acrossthe country.Teachersencouraged youngster$to makeup their own "invented"or
"independent" spelling,alsoundci'the influsrceof Wilde'sself-described "holistic"approach,
which thsorizedthat childrsncould loarnfrom their spelling"miscuss."Wilde draJteda
"Speller'sBill of Rights"that included"the right to be valuedasa humanbeingregardlessof
your spelling."Wlole-languageadvocatesandothcr constructivistsalsoabandoned conventional
testsandlettergrades,which theythoughtslightedyoungsters' individual.ity,
in favorof what
Page66
proponents,suchasSiu-RunyanandKrashen,areclearlypatimt gi{ted,imaginativeteachers
sensitiveto their studentsas individuals(Siu-Runyanseyssheslips structureinto her student-
irrterest-drivsnlessonplans,andKrashen,who currentlyteachesin a suburbof Porfland,Oregon,
wherervholelanguageis officially verboten,runshis classs$asa kind of DeadPoetsSociety,
ignoringtire han while the administrationlookstheotherway)^ Indeed,cvcnthe staunchest
suppcrtersof the five-componentscierrtificapproachto literacyacknowledgethat whole
Ianguage'semphasison child-friendlyclassroomsandhigh-quatitychildre$'sIiteratureare
valuablecontributionsto poilagogy.Thosedesksarrangedin clusters,not rows, the children
sitting on the floor, andthe plethoraof stimulatingbooksin LaverneJohnsons classroomat
Ginter Parkrepresentsomeof the bestof wholelanguage'slegacy.Finally, many affluentparents
with progressivepolitical learringsactuallypreferthe unstruchred,arts-and-crafts-oriented
meihodologyof constructivism,rvhichis why privateprogres$iveelementaryschoolssuchastho
Dalton Schoolin Manhattanandthe PeninsulaSchoolnearSanFranciscocontinueto flourish
(by the time thosechildren enterhigh school,though, SAT cram coursesand the rat race for Ivy
kague admissionsarethe orderof theday; few of America'stop privateprepschoolsoperateon
progressivepedagogicalprinciples).The childrenwho suf,ferfrom the whole-language
rsvolution arethat bottom40 percentof Americanchildren,fhepoor andnear-poorwho come
from householdswherebooksareseldomseenandwhereunschooledparentshavestarvedtheir
offspringof the rich vocabularyandculturalexposureto which better-offchildrenare
accustomed as a matterof course-Childrenwhoseparentsdont speakEnglishat homefare worst
of all in whole language.This groupof low-income,printdeprivedchildrenis the groupthat
needsdirect readinginshuctionmostde$p€rately, andasthe resultsin fuchmondindicate,
benefitsfrom it most dramatically.Long beforeReadingFirst becamelaw in 2002,therehad
beena backlashagainstwhole languageby parentsandschoolsuperintendents unimpressedby
their students'low testscoresdespitebeingassuredthattheir childrenwerebeing taught
accordingto the most up-to-dateideas.In 1987the stateof Califomiamandateda whole-
languageapproachto readingandwriting. Within a few yearsCalifomia'sreadingscore*s on the
NAEP testplummetedto third-lowestinthe United Statesand its ovenseas territories;only
Louisia*a and Guamrankedlower. The declinestretchedacrossthe socioeconomicboard.
amongthe offspring of the college-educated aswell asthe offspringof Hispanicimmigrants. Jill
Stewart,a writer for the Los Angeles IYeeHy,visited a secortd-gradeclassroomat a higNy
regardedschoolon Lns Angeles'swealthyWestside.Thereshemet a little girl who wrote "I go t
gum calls" for "I go to gym class"in a joumal that was entirelyfree of punctuation(which hadn't
beentaughtyet). In anothorclassroorn, a 7-year-oldboy hadgotte[ by with memorizingfhe
"sharedreading"storythat the teacherhadreadover andoverbut could not actuallyreada single
word of the story on his own. At oneLos Angelesschoolparentsheld nachosalesto buy their
classroomsforbiddenspellers.In CharlesSykes'sbook Dunbing Down Our Kids,a mother
complainedthat her fouflh-gradedaughterhadreceiveda gradeof check-plus(aboveaverage)
and a teacher'snotationof "Wow!" for {hesesentfllcss:"I'm goin to hasmajik skates.Im goin to
go to disenelan.Im goin to bin my mom anddadand brusrandsisd.V/e r go to se mickey
mouse."In 1996Califomia officially dumpedwhole language.(After parentstherediscovered
that their fourth-graderscouldn'tdo long division, a similar,equallysuccessfrilgrassroots
rebellionoverthrewanotherconstuctivistfad promotedby educationschools,"f\zay"
mathematics--inwhich childrsfl aren'ttaughtstandardcomputations, the multiplicationtables,or
corrunonformulas,but spendhoursof classtime pretendingto be Pythagorasand trying to
reinventhis theoremwith sheetsof coloredpaper.)A shorttime a{lerthe rvhole-language revolt,
Page68