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Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Photo-Voltaic Module Performance Via Continuous and Intermittent Water Cooling Techniques
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Photo-Voltaic Module Performance Via Continuous and Intermittent Water Cooling Techniques
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Photo-Voltaic Module Performance Via Continuous and Intermittent Water Cooling Techniques
ABSTRACT
Experimental and numerical investigation of photovoltaic solar modules
(PVSMs) performance via continuous water cooling technique (CCT) and
intermittent water cooling techniques (ICT) has been investigated in present
work. A New cooling technique had submitted for the (PVSM) as compared to
previous works. In addition to analyze the enhancement for (PVSMs)
temperature, cooling rate, output power, output energy, fill factor, and
electrical efficiency. Experimental data were tabulated of (PVSMs) for both
cooling techniques. A mathematical model for (PVSMs) were formulated.
MATLAB code has been developed and written to solve mathematical model.
Numerical integration of (1/3) Simpson's rule was used to estimate the energy
enhancement. The average values of cooling rate for (ICT), and (CCT) were
(3.4804
) and (3.1617
) respectively, than for non-cooling
(PVSM). the enhancement of the output power, fill factor, electrical efficiency
for (ICT), and (CCT) were (7.349 %) and (5.587 %), (6.313 %) and (2.630 %),
(8.389 %) and (6.826 %) respectively, than for non-cooling (PVSM). The energy
enhancement for (ICT) was (6.308 %) for current work. By contrast, there were
losses in energy for (CCT). Consequently, According to the obtained results,
the enhancement for all parameters mentioned above were the better for (ICT)
than for (CCT).
Key words: Optimisation of Solar Cells, Film Cooling, Cooling System of
Solar Cells, Increasing Efficiency of Photovoltaic, Performance Enhancement
of PV Solar Cells.
Cite this Article: Rasham, A. M., Jobair, H. K. and Alkhazzar, A. A. A.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Photo-Voltaic Module
Performance via Continuous and Intermittent Water Cooling Techniques.
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 6(7), 2015,
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pp. 87-98.
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_____________________________________________________________________
1. INTRODUCTION
Iraq was began to use renewable energy resources especially, with the successive
depletion of conventional resources. The burning of conventional fossil fuels leads to
atmosphere Pollution. In Iraq, abundance of land and sunny weather made it a good
resource for solar energy applications. Consequently, renewable energy systems has
become a good alternative way to facing this crisis. Solar photovoltaic systems have
solution for the energy demand, which converts solar radiation into direct current
electricity using semiconductors that display the Photovoltaic effect. Obviously, in
order to decrease the cost of photovoltaic production, increasing the efficiency and
collecting more energy had been focused. For that, the emphatic efforts are being
made in this field. Even though, the efficiency of the photovoltaic system is low and
is affected by solar radiation, temperature, dust, wind velocity, and humidity, the solar
photovoltaic market grows a rapid rate. The majority of a previous researches used the
(CCT) cooling system. In this paper, a comparison between the (CCT) and (ICT) has
been investigated. The main aims were to submit a new cooling technique for the
(PVSM), enhance output power, output energy, Fill factor, and efficiency. Indeed, the
water used as a practical coolant for solar panels. Salih Mohammed Salih, etc., [1]
presented experimentally the Performance enhancement of PV array based on water
spraying technique. The economical results were achieved as result of the power
saving increases 7w/degree at midday. Jothi Prakash k, etc., [2] analyzed the
optimisation of solar PV panel output: a viable and cost effective solution. The
cooling rate for the solar cells is 2.3 /min based on the concerned operating
conditions, which means that the cooling system will be operated each time for 10
min, in order to decrease the module temperature by 7. Abdelrahman, M, etc., [3]
offered the experimental investigation of different cooling methods for photovoltaic
module. The results show that the daily output power of the PV cooling module
increased up to 22 %, 29.8% and 35% for film cooling, back cooling and combined
film back cooling module, respectively compared to non-cooling module. L.
Dorobanu, etc., [4] investigated the experimental assessment of PV Panels front
water cooling strategy. The open voltage of the panels is increasing when its
temperature decreasing and due to the lower operating temperature, its life cycle
could be increased. Loredana Dorobanu, etc., [5] studied the Increasing the
efficiency of photovoltaic panels through cooling water film. For mono-crystalline
silicon cells, the reduced power is (0.4% /C). Due to the front water cooling of the panel,
the electrical yield has return a plus of about 9.5%. Ana-Maria Croitoru, etc., [6]
reviewed the water cooling of photovoltaic panels from passive house located inside
the university Politehnica of Bucharest. This article has attempted to present a way to
increase the efficiency of photovoltaic panels. It is a water cooling system, which
functions as a heat exchanger. With this system the panel's temperature decreases, so
the electricity production is increased. T. Chinamhora, [7] introduced the PV Panel
Cooling System for Malaysia Climate Conditions. During clear days, the cooling
system increases the electrical efficiency by around 10-22% whereas during cloudy
days, the cooling system decreases the electrical efficiency by 3-20%. K.A.
Moharram, etc., [8] researched the Enhancing the performance of photovoltaic panels
by water cooling. Based on the heating and cooling rate models, it is found that the
PV panels yield the highest output energy if cooling of the panels starts when the
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2. METHODOLOGY
The increasing in the ambient temperature at which PV systems work, had adversely
effect on the PV module efficiency. Nowadays, the PV cooling is the common
method to reduce the PV temperatures and to enhance the PV performance. In this
paper, the (CCT) and (ICT) are shown below as follows:
(a)
(b)
Figure 1 PVSMs: (a) with water film cooling and (b) without water film cooling.
Area
0.460525
21.8 ( )
3.25 ( )
17.2 ( )
2.9 ( )
50 (!)
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total incident solar radiation, and finally, a pump used to pump thin layers of water
over a front face of PV solar module,
module as shown in Fig. (2). The temperatures
temperature of the
(PVSMs)
PVSMs) and ambient temperature were measured by a digital thermometer (TPM(TPM
10) attached firmly to the back of the module.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 2 (a) Solar Module Analyzer PROVA 200A, (b) Solar Power Meter TES1333R,
(c): A submersible pump.
3. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
The quality of (PVSM) can be predicted by the fill factor (FF), which is affected by
the module surface temperature. It represents the ratio of maximum output power to
the multiplication of the short circuit current
curre (*+, and the open circuit voltage " 2,
[11, p.478].
-- $ .%/01 "
2,
3 *+, 4
(1)
# $ "-- 3
2,
# $ "%256 %78
(2)
3 *+, " 3 9
(3)
The net output power and enhancement of cooling (PVSM) can be expressed in
Eqs. (4) and (5) respectively.
%;<= $ "%;<= > %? (W)
(4)
%& % $ ""
%;<= > %;<=@ %;<=@ 3 100
(5)
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The energy of (PVSMs) and the pump energy can be written as in Eqs. (6) and (7)
respectively.
C;<= $ .DEFD G HFE IF KGELF "%MNFE > I
F 4 (J)
(6)
C? $ "%O P I "J
(7)
Also, the pump energy was considered from the pump power multiplied by
operation time for both cooling techniques. The net energy of cooling (PVSM) was
represented the difference between the energy of cooling (PVSM) and pump energy,
which can be written as:
C;<= $ "C;<= > C? "J
(8)
The enhancement in energy, fill factor, and electrical efficiency for both (PVSMs)
can be written as respectively:
C& % $ ""C;<= > C;<=@ C;<=@ 3 100
(9)
(10)
(11)
Finally, the cooling rate of cooling (PVSM) is represents the rate of the
temperature difference between both (PVSMs) with and without water cooling, and it
can be formulated as:
RS $ "HTI/ " min
(12)
4. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
The numerical technique used to simulate the behavior of (PVSMs). Computer code
for MATLAB software has been developed and written to solve mathematical model.
The electrical output energy can be estimated from the power-time curve, which was
represented the area under the curve. A numerical integration of "1/3 Simpson's rule
was used to estimate the energy of (PVSMs). The least-squares regression of curve
fitting was used in this analysis which is the most common technique of finding the
best fit to experimental data.
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better than the (CCT). It is worth mentioning, that the cooling effect is based on the
evaporation process more than the flowing of the water. Also, in Fig. 1 the behavior
of ambient temperature was close to almost form the cooling (PVSM) temperature.
The average values of cooling rate for (CCT) and (ICT) were (3.4804 min and
(3.1617 min respectively, as shown in table (4). Consequently, the cooling rate
of cooling (PVSM) at (ICT) was the best. Figs. 3a and 3b illustrate the enhancement
of cooling (PVSM) output power for (CCT) and (ICT) respectively. The output power
of the cooling (PVSM) increases with decreasing of its temperatures as a result of the
sharp increase in the voltage and decrease of the output current. Table (5) showed that
the cooling (PVSM) output power enhancement for both cooling techniques.
Observably, that the output power enhancement of (ICT) and (CCT) were (7.349 %)
and (5.587 %) respectively, than for non-cooling (PVSM). Accordingly, the
enhancement of output power for (ICT) was the best. Also, the energy enhancement
of cooling (PVSM) was just for the (ICT) than for (CCT). The energy enhancement
for (ICT) was (6.308 %) for current work of pump power (8 W), in addition to others
value for energy enhancement were tabulated in table (6) for various values of pump
power. By contrast, there was losses in energy for (CCT) due to use a pump for full
time. Figs. 4a and 4b illustrates the enhancement of cooling (PVSM) fill factor for
both cooling techniques. As in the above results, the enhancement of cooling (PVSM)
fill factor was the better for (ICT) than for (CCT). The average fill factor
enhancement for (ICT) and (CCT) were (6.313 %) and (2.630 %) respectively, than for
non-cooling (PVSM) as shown in table (8). Indeed, Fill factor considers the effect of
internal resistances of the (PVSM). The resistances are series resistance and shunt
resistance, the series resistance tends to reduce the output voltage while the shunt
resistance affect the output current. The resistances increases with temperature which
reduces the maximum power output. This decreasing is accompanied by decreasing in
open circuit voltage. Therefore the effect of cooling technique was to enhance the
(PVSM) fill factor. Figs. 5a and 5b illustrates the enhancement of cooling (PVSM)
efficiency for both cooling techniques. In the same manner, the enhancement of
cooling (PVSM) efficiency was the better for (ICT) than for (CCT). The average
efficiency enhancement for (ICT) and (CCT) were (8.389 %) and (6.826 %)
respectively, than for non-cooling (PVSM) as shown in table (7). In spite of that the
test conditions for (ICT) and (CCT) were taken at different periods. Also, because the
data of both techniques were recorded in the same time for the cooling and noncooling (PVSM) and it was close to some extent. Nevertheless, a comparison between
a cooling (PVSMs) at both cooling techniques was possible. As a result, determine
whether which best performers has been possible. Finally, the Fig. 6 illustrates a
comparison between the efficiency behaviors for both cooling techniques. Apparently,
the performance of cooling (PVSM) for (ICT) was the better than for (CCT).
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52
52
50
50
46
44
48
T em perature ( o C )
48
Tem perature ( o C)
( Bahvior of ambient and PV module temperaturesfor intermittent cooling technique with time )
54
42
46
44
42
40
40
38
38
36
34
-10
-5
10
15
Time ( min )
20
25
30
36
-10
35
-5
10
15
Time (min )
20
25
30
35
Figure. 1 Variation of ambient and PV solar modules temperatures with time at a) (CCT). b) (ICT).
46
47
45
46
44
Pout without cooling
Fitting of Pout without cooling
Pout with cooling
Fitting of Pout with cooling
43
42
45
44
43
42
41
41
40
39
-10
40
-10
-5
10
15
Time (min)
20
25
30
35
-5
10
15
Time ( min )
20
Figure.3. Variation of PV solar modules output power with time at a) (CCT). b) (ICT).
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25
30
35
80
0.76
P V m o d u le F ill F a c t o r ( F F % )
F ill fa c to r o f P V m o d u le ( F F % )
0.77
82
FF without cooling
Fitting of FF without cooling
FF with cooling
Fitting of FF with cooling
0.75
0.74
0.73
78
76
74
72
0.72
0.71
-10
FF without cooling
Fitting of FF without cooling
FF with cooling
Fitting of FF with cooling
-5
10
15
Time (min)
20
25
30
70
-10
35
-5
10
15
Time ( min )
20
25
30
35
9.8
9.2
9.1
9
without cooling
Fitting of without cooling
with cooling
Fitting of with cooling
E f f ic ie n c y ( % )
9.4
9.2
8.8
8.7
8.8
8.6
8.5
8.6
8.4
8.4
8.3
8.2
-10
-5
10
15
Time ( min )
20
25
30
8.2
-10
35
-5
10
15
Time ( min )
20
9.6
at continuous cooling
Fitting of at continuous cooling
at intermittent cooling
Fitting of at intermittent cooling
9.4
PV module efficiency ( % )
Efficiency ( % )
8.9
9.6
without cooling
Fitting of without cooling
with cooling
9.2
8.8
8.6
8.4
8.2
-10
-5
10
15
Time ( min )
20
25
30
35
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25
30
35
YZ
(
Y[
(
Y\
(
]^Z_[ ]^Z_\
(W)
(W)
`ab[
(A)
`ab\
(A)
cdb[
(V)
cdb\
(V)
G
(e^\
-10
35.8
49.1
49.5
40.86
39.80
2.81
2.80
19.89
19.85
1050
0.0
36.8
52.2
37.3
41.01
43.95
2.84
2.76
19.74
21.06
1070
5.0
36.3
50.8
36.8
41.18
44.12
2.83
2.75
19.78
21.17
1080
10
36.5
51.6
36.6
40.67
43.80
2.82
2.74
19.71
21.19
1075
15
36.6
51.7
36.7
40.80
44.03
2.83
2.75
19.69
21.17
1072
20
36.6
52.9
36.9
40.57
43.70
2.83
2.72
19.63
21.15
1060
25
36.5
51.3
36.7
41.62
45.10
2.85
2.80
19.75
21.20
1078
30
36.6
51.7
36.9
41.70
45.50
2.88
2.80
19.65
21.21
1080
35
36.7
52.3
37.0
40.90
44.60
2.81
2.79
19.63
21.18
1063
YZ
(
Y[
(
Y\
(
]^Z_[
(W)
]^Z_\
(W)
`ab[
(A)
`ab\
(A)
cdb[
(V)
cdb\
(V)
G
(e^\
-10
36.7
51.5
51.4
41.00
41.3
2.80
2.810
19.61
19.62
1080
0.0
36.6
51.4
38.2
41.20
45.82
2.89
2.860
19.62
21.10
1074
3.5
37.2
50.5
38.1
42.90
46.57
3.04
2.720
19.86
21.08
1090
7.0
37.1
51.1
37.8
44.16
47.67
3.05
2.983
19.84
21.15
1150
10.5
37.2
51.3
39.8
44.26
47.23
3.01
2.990
19.82
21.06
1142
14.0
36.9
51.8
38.5
43.80
46.99
2.99
2.970
19.77
21.05
1082
17.5
37.5
53.2
39.3
43.03
47.10
2.98
2.820
19.77
21.02
1085
21.0
36.7
51.6
38.4
42.70
46.50
2.99
2.810
19.78
21.06
1073
24.5
36.9
52.8
39.1
42.90
47.10
3.00
2.810
19.76
21.07
1075
28.0
37.1
52.5
38.8
43.00
47.30
2.97
2.830
19.77
21.05
1083
31.5
36.9
53.0
39.0
42.50
47.50
2.99
2.840
19.78
21.04
1074
35.0
37.0
53.1
39.1
43.50
47.00
2.98
2.830
19.76
21.50
1092
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Continuous cooling
Intermittent cooling
3.1617
3.4804
6.196 %
7.771 %
5.587 %
7.349 %
10
4.978 %
6.927 %
12
4.369 %
6.505 %
14
3.760 %
6.083 %
16
3.151 %
5.661 %
18
2.542 %
5.239 %
19
2.238 %
5.028 %
No.
Table 6 Percentage of PV module energy enhancement for (ICT) according to pump power.
No.
Energy enhancement %
6.970 %
6.308 %
10
5.646 %
12
4.984 %
14
4.322 %
16
3.660 %
18
2.998 %
19
2.667 %
Table 7 Enhancement of PV module fill factor and efficiency for (CCT) and (ICT)
Cooling techniques
PV module efficiency
Continuous cooling
2.630 %
6.826 %
Intermittent cooling
6.313 %
8.389 %
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NOMENCLATURE
Symbols
T
P
I
V
G
A
E
t
Description
Temperature "
Power (W)
Current (Ampere)
Voltage (Volt)
Irradiance "!
Area (
Energy (Joule)
Time (sec.)
Cooling
out
in
p
e
m
r
PVM
Greek
symbols
#
Subscripts Description
Ambient
PV Solar Module without
cooling.
PV Solar Module with cooling.
FF
sc
Short circuit
PVSM
oc
Open circuit
CCT
max
Maximum value
ICT
a
1
output
input
Pump
Enhancement
Measuring time
rate
Photovoltaic module
Efficiency
Difference for cooling
module photovoltaic.
Abbreviations
Fill Factor
Photovoltaic solar
module
Continuous cooling
technique
Intermittent cooling
technique
6. CONCLUSIONS
The results of the present study lead to the following conclusions:
1. In current work, a new cooling technique it is (ICT) was submitted to enhancing the
(PVSM) efficiency compared to a previous works.
2. Generally, the results show that the cooling (PVSM) enhancement of (ICT) was the
best than from the (CCT).
3. It is worth mentioning, that there is an energy enhancement for (ICT). By contrast,
there was a losses in (CCT) because a large amount of energy pump which used
continuously was subtracted from energy of cooling (PVSM).
4. The cooling (PVSM) temperature, cooling rate, output power, fill factor, and
electrical efficiency were enhanced as compared to (PVSM) without cooling.
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[3]
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[6]
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