Meteorology 2 (Prelim)

WMO

Advection Fog (Vertical)

World Meteorological Organization

Organization that monitors atmospheric and
meteorological phenomenon over the world.

Formed when there is cold air and hot water.

Convection Fog (Horizontal)

Formed from hot air and cold water.

Information Required for Weather Reporting

NOAA

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NWS

National Weather Services

Buys Ballot Law

In the Northern Hemisphere:
Facing the wind = low pressure is to your right.
Behind the wind = low pressure is to your left.
The rotation of the low pressure is counterclockwise.
In the southern hemisphere it is vice versa.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Temperature
Atmospheric Pressure
Wind speed
Wind direction
Humidity
Rainfall
Sunshine
Cloud formation
Wave
o Direction, Description & Height
10. Swell
o Not a wave but a product from distant areas.

Aero vane

Wind speed and direction

Name the wind from its source. (Same as wave).

Current

Horizontal movement of water

Name the current to where it goes.

Temperatures Measured Onboard

1. Air (divided into wet and dry).
2. Sea (water surface).
Barometer

Instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure.

FM 13-X

The ships synoptic code, used by weather reporting ships.

Comprised of 23 groups of symbolic letters representing
meteorological and oceanographic elements.

Ships Synoptic Code Section 0 (Identification)

Consists of location, time, and date.

Consists of:
o BBXX
o DD
o YYGGiw
o 99La La La
o QcLoLoLoLo
C.Maralit

 BBXX

Conversion of Minutes to Tenths of a Degree

Minutes
Degree
00-05
.0
06-11
.1
12-17
.2
18-23
.3
24-29
.4
30-35
.5
36-41
.6
42-47
.7
48-53
.8
54-59
.9

Ship Weather Report Indicator

DD

The ships radio call sign consisting of three or more

alphanumeric characters.

YY

Day of the month in UTC

Ex: 01, 02, 13, 15.

GG

Time in UTC
Expressed in 2 digits.
Coded with two digits rounded to the nearest hour,
example:
o 0550 UTC as 06
o 1440 UTC as 15
o 2350 UTC as 00 (not 24).
The range of values is 00 23.

The first two digits are actual degrees,

The last digit for tenths of a degree, example:
o Code 46 41 as 466
(46 is coded as is, 41 divided by 6 is 6 5/6, 5/6 is
disregarded).
o Code 33 04 as 330
(33 is coded as is, 04 divided by 6 is 4/6 which is
disregarded and coded as 0 in this case).

iw

Wind speed indicator

Coded if:
0
1
3
4

estimated in m/s
obtained from anemometer in m/s
estimated in knots
obtained from anemometer in knots

99La La La

Ships latitude expressed in 3 digits.

Qc

Quadrant expressed in 1 digit.

North
South

West
7
5

East
1
3

If crossing across the equator, code as 7 or 5.

If crossing across the prime meridian, code as 1, 3, 5 or 7.
o 2359 = current date
o 0000 = tomorrows date

C.Maralit

 Lo Lo Lo Lo

Longitude expresses in 4 digits.

The first three digits are actual degrees.
The last digit for tenths of a degree, example:
o Code 142 55 as 1429
(142 is coded as is, 55 divided by 6 is 9; the
remainder is ignored).
o Code 60 31 as 0605
(60 is coded as 060, 31 divided by 6 is 5, the
remainder is ignored).

Ships Synoptic Code Section 1 (Meteorological Data)

Consists of:
o iRixhVV
o Nddff
o 00fff
o 1snTTT
o 2snTdTdTd
o 4PPPP
o 5appp
o 7wwW1W2 (Group 7)
o 8NhCLCMCH

ix

Weather Data Indicator coded as 1 digit.

The indicator for present and past weather data group 7
(Oceanographic Data).
Code as 1 when group 7 is included in the weather
message.
Code as 3 if group 7 is to be omitted.

Cloud height
Coded as 1 digit.
Code

Cumulus, Stratus, Stratocumulus, Cumulonimbus,

0-7

8-9

Precipitation Data Indicator coded as 1 digit.

Precipitation Data Indicator
Always coded as 4. This indicates that the precipitation
group is omitted.
Precipitation includes:
o Rain, Snow and Hail

or Nimbostratus.
These clouds have baseline to 65 000 feet.

iR

Cloud Type

Altostratus, Altocumulus, and Nimbostratus.

These clouds have bases above 65 000 feet.
Cirrus, Cirrostratus, and Cirrocumulus.
These clouds have bases above 82 000 feet.
Obscured by fog or snow, or when reporting at
night and cloud base height cannot be determined.

C.Maralit

Example: Dry bulb = 22C, Wet bulb = 16C.

Formula:

Dry Bulb Wet Bulb = Difference

Solution:

22 16 = 6
Due Point = 53 (Humidity Graph)

Formula:

Due Point Dry Bulb = Height1

Height1 x 123 = Total Height

Solution:

32 x 123 = 3946 m

For cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds:

Height of the base of these clouds can be determined from

the difference between the dry bulb temperature and
the dew point temperature.

53 22 = 32

Note: Use 123 for meter and 405 for feet.

VV

Visibility (the greatest distance a target can be identified).

Coded in 2 digits.

C.Maralit

 dd

Wind Direction
Expressed in 2 digits.
Code for Wind Direction, dd

Total cloud cover

Expresses in 1 digit.

ff

Wind speed
Expresses in 2 digits.
Only coded in 2 digits because the wind speed is only 98
knots or less.

C.Maralit

Note: For wind of 99 knots or greater, use 99 for ff, and report
wind speed in group 00fff.
Example: For a wind from 100 true at 125 knots, dd = 10, ff =
99, and fff = 125.

C.Maralit

3. Select a scale and draw an arc across the course line at

12 scale units (12 knots) representing the ships speed as
shown in Figure 2.3. Mark the intersection with a dot and
label it R. The ships course and speed are represented
by the vector TR.
4. From point R, draw a line for the apparent wind direction
(from 230) and, using the same scale, the apparent wind
speed (15 knots); label this point W. The vector RW is
the relative wind.
5. Complete the triangle by drawing the line TW for the true
wind as shown in the figure above. The direction is from
the same direction as the label reads, TW for True Wind,
from the T. True wind is from 261 (true), 22 knots, which
is coded N2622.
Ships Course

120 (True)

Ships speed

12 knots

00fff
00
fff

Apparent wind direction

relative to the bow

110 R

Apparent wind direction

relative to ships course

120 + 110 = 230

Apparent wind speed

15 knots

1. Select a center position. Place a dot and label it T.

High Speed Wind Group Indicator

High Speed Wind

Always coded in 3 digits.

If Nddff is lower than 98 knots, this group is omitted.
Example:
o 99 knots is coded as 099
o 110 knots is coded as 110
Note: Whenever fff is used to report a very high speed
wind, ff in group Nddff is coded as 99.

2. With a vertical line through point T designated as the 0

line, draw a line for the ships course at 120.
C.Maralit

 1Sn

4PPPP
1= Air Temperature Data Indicator (Constant)
Sn = Sign of Air Temperature

4
Sea Level Pressure Data Indicator
PPPP Sea Level Pressure

Example:

TTT, Air Temperature (Dry-bulb)

PPPP is the atmospheric pressure at mean sea level, in

tenths of a Hectopascal or millibar, omitting the thousands
digit.

Air temperature, in whole degrees and tenths of a degree

Celsius
It is a measure of the heat content of the air.

ATM Pressure
992.4
1000
1013.2
1002.8

Examples:
Celsius
12.1C
4.2C
- 0.8C
- 6.2C

Dry Bulb Temp.

TTT=121
TTT=042
TTT=008
TTT=062

Sign
Sn=0
Sn=0
Sn=1
Sn=1

Coded Value
10121
10042
11008
11062

Warm air
Cold air

Celsius
9.6C
-15.4C

Dry Bulb Temp.

TdTdTd =096
TdTdTd =154

Sign
Sn=0
Sn=1

= low pressure
= high pressure

5a

2Sn
2= Due Point Temperature Indicator (Constant)
Sn = Sign of Air Temperature (Same code as Sn in 1Sn).
TdTdTd
Dew Point Temperature
Computed from the wet and dry bulb temperatures.
Examples:

Coded Form
49924
40000
40132
40028

5
a

Three Hour Pressure Tendency Data Indicator

Three Hour Characteristic of Pressure Tendency
a is the characteristic of pressure tendency during the
three hours preceding the time of observation. It describes
how pressure has varied.

Coded Value
20096
21154
C.Maralit

 ppp
Amount of Pressure Tendency
Amount of pressure tendency during the three hours
preceding the time of observation.
Example:
Hectopascal
0.4 hp
4.7 hp

ppp Value
004
047

C.Maralit