Heavy Quarks

EPP

In this section we will cover the following topics:

The Charm Quark
The Bottom Quark
The Ratio R
The Top Quark
Any More Quarks?

PHY-306 EPP

Heavy Quarks

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The Charm Quark

EPP
Up to 1974 there were 3 quarks u, d and s
At SLAC (SPEAR e+e Storage Ring)

e+ + e hadrons
e+ + e + +
e+ + e e+ + e

Very narrow resonance

(small width ) with a large
mass of 3.1 GeV/c2

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Heavy Quarks

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J/ Particle

EPP
Also at Brookhaven 30 GeV proton
synchrotron
p + Be e+ + e + anything
One group called it - the other J
now known as J/

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Heavy Quarks

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J/ Width

EPP

Actual widths are smaller than observed because of

measurement errors and the spread of the beam energy
The true width ~ 0.067 MeV/c2 very narrow
width lifetime ~ c.f. E t ~
Implies long lifetime something inhibits the decay. Would
expect something this heavy to decay very rapidly to pions
via Strong Interaction
New quark flavour charm
Mass of charm quark ~ 1.5 GeV/c2

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Heavy Quarks

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J/ Decay

EPP

The most obvious decay of the J/ is a direct decay

to two 'charmed' mesons, D+ and D

Charmed mesons

But we now know the mass of the D is 1.87 GeV/c2

The mass of the J/ is 3.10 GeV/c2 i.e. less than twice the D mass
J/ D+ + D
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Heavy Quarks

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J/ Decay

EPP

The other possibility is a 'Zweig suppressed' decay to pions

This is inhibited by the 3 gluon coupling

long lifetime narrow width

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Heavy Quarks

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EPP

Other States

There is also a first excited state ' which is also narrow.

Higher states with higher mass are wide as they can decay to D+ + D
R = normalised
cross section

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Heavy Quarks

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Charmed Hadrons

EPP
The (JP = 0) charmed mesons are:
D+ = cd

D = cd

D0 = cu

D0 = cu

DS+ = cs

DS = cs

Charmed baryons:
C+ = cud etc
Also excited states
D* D + etc

Since the charm quantum

number is conserved in
strong interactions, the
predominant decays are via
the weak interaction
D0 K- + +

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The Bottom Quark

EPP
In 1977 at Fermilab (FNAL) saw narrow
structure in + mass spectrum in mass
region near 10 GeV/c2 in reaction
p + nucleus + + + anything
Be, Cu, . . .
Narrow structure
Continuous background

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Heavy Quarks

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The Upsilon

EPP
Since then precise experiments at e+e machines
(DORIS, Hamburg, CESR, Cornell NY)
Upsilon = bb Mass of b quark ~ 5 GeV/c2

Family of B mesons and b baryons found:

B+ = bu B0 = bd Bs0 = bs b0 = bud
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EPP

The Charge of the b Quark

The charge of the b quark of -e is

confirmed by measuring the ratio R:

as a function of CM (e+e) energy

The rates are determined by the
strengths of the EM couplings at
the two vertices given by the
charges of the particles

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Heavy Quarks

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The Ratio R

EPP

[ some threshold
kinematics factors]
Sum over all
contributing quarks

Charge of

As quarks come in 3 colours:

The fact that the factor of 3 is necessary is very strong

evidence in support of the colour hypothesis
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The Ratio R

EPP
Flavour : u

Charge2 : ()2 (-)2 (-)2 ()2 (-)2 ()2

For ECM ~ 2 GeV have uu, dd, ss
R = 3 (4/9 + 1/9 + 1/9) = 2

Need ~3 GeV to make cc

For ECM ~ 5 GeV have uu, dd, ss, cc

R = 3 (4/9 + 1/9 + 1/9 + 4/9) = 3
Need ~10 GeV to make bb
For ECM ~ 11 GeV have uu, dd, ss, cc, bb
R = 3 (4/9 + 1/9 + 1/9 + 4/9 + 1/9) = 3
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The Ratio R

EPP

u + d + s + c 3.3
u+d+s2

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colour factor of 3

u + d + s + c + b 3.7

Heavy Quarks

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The Top Quark

EPP

Obviously one
missing 'top' t

After 1977 we had:

u

Quarks

Also good theoretical

reasons for complete
'doublets'

Leptons

Searched in vain at e+e machines, PETRA, PEP, LEP etc

ruling out any new quarks at their energies top mass
> 45 GeV/c2 (half LEP1 energy)
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'Hints' of the Top Quark

EPP

In early 1990s precise measurements of Z0 decay at LEP suggest

that the top mass ~ 170 GeV/c2
These involve subtle corrections to Z0
decay parameters due to 'virtual' top
quark corrections

Correction

First order

Correction

These give a slight change to the

Z0 decay width which depends
on the top mass
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EPP

The Discovery of the Top Quark

In 1994 rumours that top may have been discovered at Fermilab

(near Chicago)
In March 1995 both CDF and D0
Collaborations claim 'Observation of the
Top Quark'

These are real Ws:

W e +
W+
Wq+q
The signatures are:
e + + jets e + jets
e + e + jets + jets
+ + jets
Tag b jets by requiring
a finite decay distance

Top mass = 174 5 GeV/c2

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EPP

The Discovery of Top Quark

CDF Experiment

D0 Experiment

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Heavy Quarks

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EPP

The Discovery of Top Quark

Agreement
between data
and theory for
different top
masses

Data points

Estimated top
quark
contribution

What it would
look like
without top
quarks

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The Top Quark

EPP

Top Quark Candidate

in ATLAS

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Heavy Quarks

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Any More Quarks?

EPP

We have 3 full generations. We only need one (u, d, e, e) for everyday life
So if 3 why not more? Since it is not understood why there are 3
generations there is no theoretical reason why there shouldn't be more
(Periodic Table again?)
However, experimental evidence now suggests only 3
In early 1990s LEP measured the width of the Z0 to very high
precision. The Z0 can decay into any fermion pairs with a combined
mass less than the Z0 mass (~90 GeV/c2)
f = u, d, s, c, b, e, , , e, ,
The more ways the Z0 can decay, the
shorter its lifetime and the larger its
width ( ~ )
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Any More Quarks?

EPP

Generation
1

...

Z0 tt since
MZ0 < 2Mt

...

...

...

...

The Z can decay into all these

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The Z0 would decay into any

new neutrinos assuming they
were massless (or light
compared with MZ0)
Heavy Quarks

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The Width of the Z0

EPP

We know how much each quark/lepton pair contributes to Z0

Z0 = uu + dd + ss + cc + bb
+ e+e + + + +
+ N

Each of the uu etc

are know as partial
widths

A measurement of Z0 is equivalent to measuring

the number of neutrino species N
If there is one neutrino species per generation as now
total number of generations
Result from LEP:

N = 2.984 0.008

i.e. only 3 generations

This is only true if the new neutrinos are light but they cannot be too
heavy or they would contribute too much mass to the Universe
Astrophysical constraint on neutrino masses
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EPP

The Width of the Z0

Data points

The red curve (N = 2) is

narrower than the green
(N = 3) which is narrower
than the blue (N = 4)
(measured at half height)

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