Color Stability of Denture Acrylic Resins and a Soft Lining

Material Against Tea, Coffee, and Nicotine

1

Pervin Imirzalioglu, DDS, PhD, Ozgul Karacaer, DDS, PhD, Burak Yilmaz, DDS, PhD, &
4
Ilknur
Ozmen, MSc
1
Department of Prosthodontics, Baskent University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
2

Department of Prosthodontics, Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey

Section of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, Columbus, OH

Department of Statistics and Computer Sciences, Baskent University Faculty of Science and Letters, Ankara, Turkey

Abstract
Keywords
Color; acrylic resin; tea; coffee; nicotine; soft liner.
Correspondence
Burak Yilmaz, Section of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The
th

Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, 305 W 12 Ave., Postle

Hall, Rm 3005G, Columbus, OH. E-mail: yilmaz.16@osu.edu
Accepted: January 28, 2009
doi: 10.1111/j.1532-849X.2009.00535.x

impact and
transverse
1

strength.
Dimension
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)al stability
resin has been successfully used foris of
various applications in dentistry forconsider
many years. It has many advantages,able
particularly its appearance and ease ofimportance
manipulation,butitstillhascertainpooras

a
mechanical properties. Fractures mayclinical
occur during use due to unsatisfactory

Purpose: The
purpose of this
study was to
investigate the
effect of four
solutions [saliva
(control group),
saliva+tea,
saliva+coffee,
saliva+nicotine]
on the color of
different denture
base acrylic
resins (heat
polymerized,
injectionmolded,
autopolymerized)
andasoftdenture
liner.
Materials and
Methods:
Twenty
specimens from
each type of test
material were
prepared (2.5
mm diameter, 2
mm thickness).
Five specimens
from each test
material (heat
polymerized,
chemically
polymerized,
injectionmolded
acrylicresin,soft

denture reliner) were stored in each

solutionin37 Cinadarkenvironment.
Colorimetric measurementsweredone
on the 1st, 7th, and 30th days. Color
differences among specimens
immersedinsaliva(controlgroup),and
stainingsolutionswereevaluatedover
time. Data were statistically analyzed
with oneway analysis of variance
(ANOVA) ( = 0.05). ANOVA was
followedbyTukey testto find which
groupsdifferedfromeachother.
Results: Significant color shifts
occurred in heatpolymerized and
injectionmolded acrylic resins in
coffeeandinsoftlinerinnicotineover
time(p<0.05)(E>1).Thecolorshift
of soft liner in nicotine was
significantly different than that of the
remainder of the test materials in
nicotine (p < 0.05). The color shift
magnitudes of each test material in
coffee and tea were not significantly
different when compared among the
testmaterialgroups(p>0.05).
Conclusions: The effect of staining
solutions on the color of each test
material in each session was
perceivablebythehumaneye(E>1);
however, the color shifts of all test
materialswereclinicallyacceptable(E
<3.7)exceptforsoftlinerinnicotine,
which was not clinically acceptable
over time. Therefore, minimizing
drinkingofsuchbeveragesanduseof
tobacco,particularlywhensoftlineris
applied, may be advantageous for
denture wearers for longterm color
stability.

problem as well.chemically to
Therefore, in the clinicalinitiate

the
practiceofdentistry,therepolymerization
aremanycircumstancesinreaction; however,
which the need to adjustphysicalproperties
denture base acrylic resinof these materials
is necessary. Chemicallyhavebeenfoundto
activatedresinsarewidelybe unfavorable in
used to reduce thepreviousstudies.2
processing time and
provide rapid delivery.
These materials react

To overcome
some of these
disadvantages of
conventional
compression
molding, an
injectionmolded
technique was
attempted for
introducing

unpolymerized acrylic resin into thecompanies

mold. A spring mechanism applyinghave in
continuous hydraulic pressure to atroduced
reservoirofunpolymerizedresinwasinjection
used to compensate for themolded
polymerizationshrinkage.Recently,asystems,
number of dental manufacturingand the
19 (2010)

118

Journal of Prosthodontics

118124

method

morelow

free
35monomer con
commonly used. tent, and good
Injectionmoldeddentureimpact strength,
bases have thebut have the
advantages

ofdisadvantages of
dimensional accuracy,capitalequipment

2009 by The American

is

College of

Prosthodontists

costs, low craze

resistance, and
diffi
culties associated
with attachment
of teeth to the
denturebases.

69

Imirzalioglu et al

Color Stability of Three Acrylic Resins and a Soft Liner

The magnitude of the color

difference is based on the
Patientswhosufferfromfragilesupportingmucosa,excessivehumanperceptionofcolor.It
residualridgeresorption,substantialundercuts,andtraumaticor
pathologictissuelosscannottolerateaconventionalharddenture was previously reported that
color differences greater
10
base. Theclinicianmayrecommendsoftlinerswhoseclinicaluse
than 1 E unit are visually
11
wasfirstreportedin1943. Sincethen,theuseofsoftlinershas
perceivable by 50% of
become increasingly popular for providing comfort for denture
6
wearers;however,anumberofproblemsassociatedwiththeuseof human observers. Besides,
softdenturelinershavebeenreported,suchashardeningwithtime under uncontrolled clinical
(or loss of softness), colonization by microorganisms, poor tear conditions, such small
1215
strength, and color changes.
The color and appearance ofdifferencesincolorwouldbe
denture teeth is certainly an important property of a denture; unnoticeable, as average
however,thedenturebasematerialshouldalsomatchthecolorand color differences below 3.7
16
in
appearanceoftheunderlyingtissues. Colorstabilityisoneoftheare rated a match
23
clinicalconditions.

1 18
mostimportantclinicalpropertiesforalldentalmaterials,
and Although the color
color changes are indicators of aging or damaging of thestability of denture base
19
materials. Severalfactorsmaycontributetothediscolorationofresins and soft liners have
dental materials after longterm use. These factors include stainbeen evaluated in the

accumulation, water sorption, dissolution of the ingredients,literature,17,2540theeffectof

degradationofintrinsicpigments,andsurfaceroughness.Itiswellstaining solutions and
knownthatbeveragessuchastea,coffee,wine,andsomeartificial nicotine on the color of an
dyesusedinfoodmayincreasethediscolorationofbothdenture injectionmolded denture
base polymers and soft denture liners. Some authors haveresinandadenturesoftreline
investigatedthecolorchangesofsoftlinersaccompaniedwiththeirmaterial has not been
aging, and a marked change in their properties, particularly in assessedtodate.Theaimof
acrylicliners,wasreportedtobecausedbyabsorptionofwateror this study was to determine
19,20
theeffectoffoursolutionson
solubilizationindistilledwater
inperiodsof4to8months.
the color of a heat
Todetermineandquantifythechangesinthecolorofdental polymerized resin, a
materials, an understanding of color space and differential chemically polymerized
colorimetry is required. Current photometric and colorimetricresin, an injectionmolded
and a soft denture
instrumentsarecapableofreliablyquantifyingthecolorofacrylicresin,
relinematerial.
21
resin specimens. Photometric and colorimetric instruments
measurecolorandexpressitintermsofthreecoordinatevalues
(L,a,b),whichlocatetheobjectscolorwithintheCIELAB Materials and
22
colorspace. TheL coordinaterepresentsthebrightnessofan methods
object,theavaluerepresentstheredorgreenchroma,andtheb
valuerepresentstheyelloworbluechroma.ThecolordifferenceThree types of denture base
(E) of two objects can then be determined by comparing the resins were used in present
differencesbetweenrespectivecoordinatevaluesforeachobject. study:aheatpolymerizedresin
Theformulausedforcalculatingcolordifferencesinthissystem (H), an injectionmolded
22
autopolymerizing resin (I), a
is
conventionalautopolymerizing
2
2
2 1/2
E=[(L ) +(a) +(b ) ]
(A) acrylic resin, and a soft

whereL ,a ,andb aredifferencesincolorparametersfor relining material (S). The

the two specimens measured for comparison. Numeric materials and the
descriptionofcolorpermitsprecisedefinitionofthemagnitude manufacturersaresummarized
ofthecolordifferencebetweenobjects.
inTable1.Twentyspecimens
Previous studies reported different acceptability and percepfromeachgroupwereprepared
6,23,24
accordingtotheirmanufactur
tibilitythresholdsforcolordifferencesindentalmaterials.
ers recommendations. The
diskshaped specimens were
Table 1 Materials and manufacturer information
prepared with a diameter of
2.5mmandthicknessof2mm

in accordance with ADA

specificationno.17.Following
polymerization,allspecimens
were adjusted with no. 600
silicone carbide grinding
papers and polished. The
specimens were stored in
distilled water for 24 hours.
Thethicknessofthespecimens
was controlled with a
micrometer (Praecimeter S.
0.01 mm, Renfert GmbH,
Hilzingen,Germany).
Four solutions were used
(Table 2). The first solution
served as the control group.
The specimens (n = 20 for
each type of material) of
acrylic resins and soft liner
were divided into four
subgroupsoffivespecimensof
each material. The color of
each specimen was measured
with a colorimeter (CR 2000,
Minolta Inc., Osaka, Japan)
before the specimens were
immersed in the solutions
(control,tea,coffee,nicotine).
Five specimens from each
group were stored in each
solution at 37 C in a dark
environment to simulate
intraoral conditions for 30
days. The staining solutions
were not changed throughout
the test, which enabled the
food stain deposit to be
determinedeasily.
Color measurements were
performed with a tristumulus
colorimeterinthe1st,7th,and
30th days. The device was
calibrated with its white
calibration plate before
colorimetric measurements.
The specimens were washed
underwaterandairspraydried
prior to each color
measurement.L,a,bno
tations were recorded in each
measurement session, and
color

Acrylic resin
Heat-polymerizing
Injection-molded (autopolymerizing)
Autopolymerizing
Soft liner

Symbol

Product name

Manufacturer

H
I
A
S

Meliodent
PalaXpress
Wertex
Ufi Gel

Bayer, Strawberry Hill, Newburry, Berks, UK

Kulzer, Wehrheim, Germany
Dentimex, Zeist, Holland
VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany

Journal of

Prosthodontics 19(2010) 118124

2009 by The American College of Prosthodontists

119

Imirzalioglu et al

Color Stability of Three Acrylic Resins and a Soft Liner

Table 2 Content of solutions used

Solutions Ingredients
Solution 1 Saliva; 990 ml (KCL 1.47 g, NaHCO3 1.25 g, KSNC
0.52 g, NaH2 PO4 .H2 O 0.19 g, distilled water)
Solution 2 Saliva; 660 ml + tea (330 ml; 4 g/500 ml, Lipton,
London, UK)
Solution 3 Saliva; 660 ml + coffee (330 ml;1.5 g/100 ml, Nescafe
Classic, Nestle, Noisiel, France)
Solution 4 Saliva; 660 ml + nicotine solution (330 ml; 15 g/250 ml
Marlboro, Phillip Morris USA, Richmond, VA)

differences(E)betweenspecimensindifferentsolutionswere
calculatedaccordingtotheequationmentionedabove.Inthe
presentstudy,aEvalueover1wasconsideredperceivableby
thehumaneye,andvaluesbelow3.7wereconsideredtobe
clinicallyacceptable.
Todeterminethecolorchangeinthe1st,7thand30thdays,
mean E values of specimens in each staining solution were
evaluated with oneway ANOVA. The significant differences
wereanalyzedwithTukeytesttofindoutwhichgroupdiffered
fromeachother.Ifnormalitybutnottheequationofvariances
wasobtained,BrownForsytheFstatisticswereusedforstatis
ticalanalysis.Statisticallysignificantdifferenceswereanalyzed
withGamesHowelltest.Whenneithernormalitynorequation
of the variances was obtained, KruskalWallis test was used.
MannWhitneytestwasusedforsignificantdifferences.

Results
Theeffectofdurationanddifferentstainingsolutionsonthe
colorshiftofthreetypesofacrylicresinsandasoftlinerwas
observedinthepresentstudy.TheEresultswerecalculated
betweenspecimensofeachtestmaterialinthecontrolgroup
(saliva)andthespecimensofsamematerialsindifferentcol
orants(Table3).
ForHacrylicgroup,thecolordifferencesbetweencontrol
groupandcoffeeweresignificantlydifferentbetweenthe1st
dayand7thdayand7thdayand30thday(p=0.001).The
remainingcolordifferencesinothercolorantswerenotstatis
ticallysignificant(p>0.05).ForIacrylicresin,significant

Table 3 Color differences

between test group specimens in
control group and specimens in
staining solutions occurring over
time

differenceswerenotedonlyinthecoffeegroupbetweenthe7th
day and 30th day (p = 0.033). For A acrylic resin, all color
differences in all colorants were not statistically significantly
differentovertime(p>0.05).ThecolordifferencesforSwere
onlysignificantinnicotinebetweenthe1stdayand7thdayand
1stdayand30thday(p=0.001)(Fig1).
In1stdaycoloranalysis,thecolordifferencemagnitudeswere
notstatisticallysignificantlydifferentamongacrylicresingroups
when evaluated in each colorant. In the 7th day analysis, the
colorofthesoftlinerinteachangedsignificantlydifferentlythan
thecolorshiftinAandHacrylicresins(p = 0.004forH; p =
0.002 for A). The color shift in soft liner in coffee was
significantlydifferentfromAandIacrylicresins(p=0.001for
I;p=0.008forA).Thecolorshiftofsoftlinerinnicotinewas
significantly different from the color change in each type of
acrylicresin(p<0.05).Inthe30thdayanalysis,thecolorshift
ofsoftlinerinnicotinewassignificantlydifferentthanthecolor
shiftineachtypeofacrylicresin(p=0.003forA;p<0.05forH
andI).Thecolorshiftineachtestgroupwasnotsignificantly
differentinteaandcoffee(Fig2).

Discussion
Significantcolorshiftsoccurredineachtestgroupineach
staining solution over time. Moreover, the color shift in
different test groups was significantly different when the
magnitudesofcolordifferenceswithinthetestgroupswere
comparedinthe7thdayand30thday(p<0.05).
Whenthecolorofheatpolymerizedacrylicresinwaseval
uated,itwasobservedthatthecolordifferencebetweenspec
imensinthecontrolgroupandeachstainingsolutionwasall
perceivable by human eye; however, only coffee statistically
significantly affected the color of specimens over time (p <
0.05).Thecolordifferenceobservedinspecimensofinjection
molded acrylic resin in the control group and each staining
solution was all perceivable by the human eye. The color of
specimens in coffee changed significantly over time, particu
larly after the 7th day (p < 0.05). The changes in color of
autopolymerizing acrylic resin were all perceivable in each
measurementtime;however,thecolorchangesovertimewere
not statistically significant in any staining solution. The color
shiftsinsoftlinerspecimenswereallperceivableineach

Heat-polymerized
(H)

Injection-molded
(I)

Autopolymerized
(A)

Soft liner (S)

Solution

Duration

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

Tea-control group

1st day
7th day
30th day
1st day
7th day
30th day
1st day
7th day
30th day

2.08
2.33
2.08
1.76
2.72
1.77
2.24
2.47
2.42

0.84
1.11
0.87
0.72
0.76
0.98
1.01
1.27
1.08

2.13
2.05
2.21
2.39
3.03
2.12
2.07
2.38
2.49

1.20
1.13
1.25
1.45
1.06
1.19
1.13
1.12
1.11

2.25
2.52
2.23
2.35
2.87
2.41
2.27
2.52
2.63

1.01
0.89
1.06
1.02
1.00
1.18
1.00
1.00
1.19

2.02
1.69
1.66
1.74
2.06
1.95
2.11
3.73
3.46

0.90
0.77
0.44
0.60
0.56
0.44
0.62
0.63
0.39

Coffee-control group

Nicotine-control group

120

Journal of

Prosthodontics 19 (2010) 118124

2009 by The

American College of Prosthodontists

Imirzalioglu et al

Color Stability of Three Acrylic Resins and a Soft Liner

injectionmoldedacrylicresins
(p < 0.05). The effect of
nicotine was significantly dif
ferent and more on soft liner
than on each type of acrylic
resin (p < 0.05). Similarly,
after 30th day measurements,
nicotine solution changed the
colorofsoftlinermorethanit
changed the color of acrylic
groups.Consequently,itcanbe
stated that the color of soft
liner was affected particularly
from nicotine more than the
acrylicgroupswereaffectedon
the 7th and 30th days;
however,theeffectofteaand
coffee was less on soft liner
thanitwasondifferentacrylic
groups.Teachangedthecolor

Figure 1 Color shift in each material in

different staining solutions over time.

ter 96 hours of immersion in

coffee and tea solutions;
stainingsolution.Moreover,thecolordifferenceinnicotineinthe however, the present study
7th day can be considered as a mismatch even in clinical revealed varying discoloration
conditions;however,thecolordifferenceswereonlystatisticallymagnitudesfortestmaterialsin
staining solutions. When the
significantafterthe7thdayinnicotine(p<0.05).
25
Keskin investigatedthecolorstabilityofPMMAdenture color differences of test
basepolymersafterimmersionincoffeeandteasolutionsfor7specimens were compared in
days and reported that there was an initial increase, then a eachmeasurementsession,on
decrease,inthediscolorationvaluesofthematerials.Thisresult the1stdayitwasobservedthat
wasattributedtotheremovalofaccumulatedlayers.Asteaand the color difference values
coffeelayersonspecimensreachacertainthickness,theytendwerenotsignificantlydifferent
tobreakawayfromthesurfaceofspecimensandreturntothe amongtestgroups(p < 0.05);
solution.Similarly,theresultsobtainedfromthepresentstudy however, on the 7th day, the
supported this aforementioned phenomenon. Although someeffectofteaonsoftlinerwas
color shift magnitudes were not statistically significant, asignificantlylessthanthaton
decreaseincolordifferencevalueswasobservedineachtypeof heat and autopolymerizing
materialinteaandcoffeesolutions,particularlyafterthe7th acrylic resins. The color shift
day(p<0.05).
of soft liner in coffee was
26
BuyukyilmazandRuyter reportedthatthediscolorationvaluessignificantly less than that of
ofsevendenturebasematerialswereatthesamelevelaf
autopolymerizing

and

Figure 2 Color differences

calculated in different
2009 by The American
Journal of Prosthodontics 19 (2010) 118124

College of

Prosthodontis ts

121

measurement
times between
specimens in
control groups
and staining
solutions.

Color Stability of Three Acrylic Resins and a Soft Liner

Imirzalioglu et al

sociated with porosity caused

by overheating or insufficient
ofheatandautopolymerizingresinsonthe7thday,whereas pressure

during
theeffectofcoffeewasmoreonthecolorofautopolymerizingpolymerization. The favorable
and injectionmolded acrylic resins. The color shifts of test physical properties of
groupswereallclinicallyacceptable(E < 3.7),exceptfortheinjectionmolded acrylic resin
colorchangeofsoftlinerinnicotinesolutiononthe7thday(E could be a reason for a
= 3.73).Thecolorchangeofsoftlinerinnicotinesolutionon prediction of intended color
the30thdaywasclosetotheclinicalacceptabilitythreshold(E stability.Thepolishabilityand
lack of porosity of injection
=3.47).
moldedacrylicresinshasbeen
Many materials used for prosthetic treatment, such as fixed
42
reported in the literature.
27,28
2931
partialdentureacrylicresins,
interimprostheses,
andsoftAccordingly, low surface
32
dentureliners, aresubjecttosorption,aprocessofabsorption roughness of the material,
and adsorption of liquids dependent upon environmental which can affect staining by
conditions. The materials absorb liquid slowly over a period of
time. The absorption is undoubtedly due primarily to the polarfoodsandplaqueretention,can
propertiesoftheresinmolecules.Becauseofthisproperty,these be predicted as well;14
materialsareknowntoundergostainingthroughtheuseofdenture
however, the color of
21,28
cleansersandfromtheintakeoffluidsandfoods.
injectionmolded arcylic resin
There is evidence that beverages like tea and coffee signif was significantly affected by
32
icantlyincreasethedevelopmentofstainsondentalmaterials. coffee solution after 7th day
37
37
Chan et al compared the staining properties of four foodsmeasurements(p<0.05).This
(coffee,soysauce,tea,cola).Theytestedtwocommercialbrands may be attributed to the
ofcompositeresinandshowedthatthesebeveragesincreasedthe autopolymerizing character of
35
developmentofstain.Cooleyetal reportedthatresinrestorativethe injectionmolded acrylic
materialsexhibitedstainingafterimmersioninacoffeesolutionforresin, which is considered to
7days.Similarlyinthepresentstudy,coffeecausedaconsiderablehave unfavorable physical
magnitudeofcolorchangeonsomeresinbaseddentureacrylicsproperties.38 The clinically
after7days.
unacceptable color change
Autopolymerizingdenturebaseresinshavebeenfoundtobeless
magnitudeofsoftliner,which
38
stablethanconventionalacrylicresinsinpreviousstudies. Thewasobservedinnicotineafter
color stability of autopolymerizing denture base acrylic resins7thdaymeasurements,maybe
varieswiththechemicalcompositionofthemonomer.Austinand attributedtotherelativelyhigh
41
Basker explained thatdenture basematerials processedby ansurface roughness of the
autopolymerizedmethodhavedemonstrateduptoseventimesthe material.
levelofresidualmonomerfoundinconventionalheatpolymerized Tea leaves contain a
materials.Theresidualmonomercontentmayberesponsibleforconsiderable amount of
flavonoid, which gives tea its
39
the color changes observed. Purnaveja et al also showed that
functional properties and
autopolymerizedresinshavecolorstabilityinferiortothatofheat
flavor; however, teaflavins in
polymerized materials. Heatpolymerized acrylic resins are
tea leaves are reported to be
consideredmorecolorstablethanautopolymerizingacrylicresins
the cause of discoloration.
16
duetoexistenceofanamineaccelerator. Inthisstudy,whiletheSimilarly,caffeineandcaffeic
color of heatpolymerizing resin significantly changed in coffeeacid in coffee may lead to
afterthe1stday(p < 0.05),nostatisticallysignificantcolorshift discoloration in polymeric
wasobservedinautopolymerizingacrylicresinovertimeineach
25
36
stainingsolution;however,whenthemagnitudeofcolorshiftsin materials. Um and Ruyter
allacrylicresinsineachsolutionwereconsidered,itcanbestated reported that tea caused more
thatthecolordifferencevalueswerelimitedwithinarange(1.06to discolorationthancoffeeafter
3.03) considered perceivable by human eye, but clinically 48hoursstorageoffiveresin
acceptable. Therefore, color shifts in autopolymerizing acrylic based materials in coffee and
resinsincoffeemaybeconsideredminor.Thisminorcolorshiftin tea solutions. It was reported
autopolymerizingresinshouldnotbeconsideredasanindicator that discoloration due to tea
thatthisresinistobeacceptedastheoptionofdenturebasein can be easily removed,
termsofcolorstability.
dependingontheadsorptionof
Beforeanydentalrestorationorapplianceisplacedpermanentlythefoodcolorantsfromteaat
in the mouth, it should be highly polished. If there is a rough thesurfaceofthematerials.In
surfaceonarestorationordenture,itisuncomfortableasfoodand contrast, with coffee, the
31
otherdebrisclingtoit.CrispinandCaputo foundthatcolorofdiscoloration is probably due
specimenswithroughsurfacessignificantlychanged.Accordingtotobothsurfaceadsorptionand
21
absorptionofcolorants.Itwas
Mayetal, colorchangemaybeas
also reported that fewer polar
colorants from coffee had
penetrated deeper into the
122

Journal of

Prosthodontics 19 (2010)118124

materialsbecausethecolorants
weremorecompatiblewiththe
polymer matrices of the
compositeresinmaterials.
43

Lai et al reported that

hydrophobic materials are
more prone to staining by
hydrophobic solutions.
Adversely, in the present
study, coffee (hydrophobic
solution) had a significant
effectonthecolorofacrylic
resins

(hydrophilic
40
material),
except for
autopolymerizing resin over
time (p < 0.05). Moreover,
the effect of coffee was not
significant on soft liner,
which is a hydrophobic
40
material, whiletheeffectof
nicotine was considerable
overtime(p<0.05).

Tristumuluscolorimetersare
widelyusedinstrumentsforthe
color analysis of dental
materials; however, these
devices are not errorproof,
depending on the small
window sizes. The edgeloss
effect occurs due to loss of a
considerable fraction of the
lightenteringtheobjectasthe
light emerges on the surface
outside the window of
44

measurement. Translucent
objects can be a reason for
44

measurementerrors aswell.
Since the materials used in
this study were translucent in
structure, some errors might
have occurred during color
measurements. To minimize
sucherrors,animmobilizerfor
thespecimensandcolorimeter
wasusedduringmeasurements
with a standardized neutral
graybackground.Besides,one
experienced

examiner
performed the colorimetric
measurements.

Other factors that could

influencethedegreeoftotal
colorchangeincludethermal
cycling or abrasion. The
absence of such an
environment can be
consideredasalimitationand
an area for future study.
Color stability is only one
variable to be considered
when choosing a denture
basematerial,butitmaybe
of great importance to
patients and clinicians when
workingintheestheticzone.

2009 by The American College of

Prosthodontists

Imirzalioglu et al

Conclusions
Withinthelimitationsofthisstudy,itcanbeconcludedthat:

1) Theeffectofstainingsolutionsonthecolorofeachtest
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

materialineachsessionwasperceivablebyhumaneye
(E>1).
Coffee affected the color of heatpolymerized and
injectionmoldedacrylicresinsovertime(p<0.05).
Theeffectofteaonthecoloroftestmaterialsdidnot
significantlychangeovertime.
The color of autopolymerizing acrylic resin did not
significantlychangeovertimeineachsolution.
The color of soft liner was affected by the nicotine
solutionmorethanbyteaandcoffee(p<0.05).
Thecolorshiftsofalltestmaterialswereclinicallyac
ceptable,exceptforsoftlinerinnicotine,whichwasnot
clinicallyacceptableovertime(E>3.7).

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