Introduction:

In any pipe system the pressure in the pipe depend mainly on the velocity of the
fluid. And because velocity changes as the cross sectional area change for the same
discharge the, the pressure will change too.
To determine the pressure head in the pipes Bernoullis equation is mostly used,
which is:

u
p
Z constant
2g
*
* All variables in last equation will be explained later.

Objective:
To investigate the validity of Bernoullis theorem as applied to the flow of water in
tapering circular duct.

Equipment setup:
1.
2.
3.

Hydraulic bench.
Bernoullis theorem demonstration apparatus, shown in Fig (1).
Stop watch.

Theory:
Bernoullis equation is of considerable value for practical applications. By
considering flow at two sections in a pipe as in Fig (2), let name them 1 and 2,
Bernoullis equation, if obeyed, can be written as:

u12 p1
u 22 p2
Z1

Z2
2g
2g

..... (1)

Where:
Z1, Z2: height of centerline of water at sections 1 and 2 from datum
(Pizometric height)
P1, P2: pressure of water at sections 1 and 2.
u1, u2: mean flow velocity at sections 1 and 2.
For a horizontal pipe Z1 = Z2 then equation (1) becomes:

u12 p1
u 22 p2

H
2 g 2 g

..... (2)

p
h
Let
(pressure head read directly from manometer height),
And H = total head (probe reading).
Then:

u12
u 22
h1
h2 H
2g
2g

..... (3)

For the probe, it reads total head directly

according to the following: Applying Bernoullis
equation between points 1 and 2 gives:

v12
p1 v 22
p
Z1
Z2 2
2g
2g

But v 2 0, and p2 patm 0

Therefore:

..... (4)

p1 v12
( Z 2 Z1 ) H
2g

..... (5)

Therefore, Z2 the reading is actually:

p1
Z1 H (the total head )

..... (6)

Procedure:
By using the adjustable feet, the apparatus is leveled on the hydraulic bench.
After injecting a small amount of wetting agent into the test section, the apparatus
is connected to the bench, ensuring that the test section has the duct converging in
the direction of flow. To reverse the test section, the total head probe must be
withdrawn before releasing the coupling.
Carefully fill the apparatus manometer tubes with water to discharge all pockets
of air from the system and ensure all connecting pipes are free from air. By
adjustment of the feed water and flow control valve, the levels can be raised or
lowered as required. For finite lowering of the levels, the hand jump is used at the
air inlet to raise the air pressure above the liquid columns.
Carefully adjust the inlet feed and the flow control valves to provide the
combination of flow rate and system pressure, which will give the largest
convenient difference between the highest and lowest manometer levels. Note the
scale readings for each manometer level. Take at least three sets of readings of
volume and time to find the flow rate using the volumetric tank.
Insert the probe to the end of the parallel position of the duct, then move it to the
tapered portion 1cm at a time. For each position, note the distance from the end of
the parallel portion, record the scale reading of its manometer level.
Repeat this to give high and low flow rates at both high and low static pressures
for different combinations of value openings.
Stop the inlet feed, drain of the apparatus, withdraw the probe (full length), undo
the couplings, reverse the test section and replace the couplings.
Repeat the above procedure.

Calculations:
Case A: Converging flow:
Table A-1:

Qav 6.582412 10 5 m 3 / s
Tube
No.

Dia of
cross
section

Probe
distance

Area of
cross
section

Average
velocity

Manometer
level, h

Total head
from
Bernoulli's
equation, H

Total
head of
probe, H

25.0

67.0

4.91E-04

0.1342

204

0.2049

193

14.6

17.4

1.67E-04

0.3934

194

0.2019

190

12.4

9.3

1.21E-04

0.5453

182

0.1972

188

11.3

5.0

1.00E-04

0.6567

170

0.1920

186

10.6

2.1

8.82E-05

0.7463

164

0.1924

185

10.0

5.0

7.85E-05

0.8385

141

0.1768

184

Average
velocity

Manometer
level, h

Total head
from
Bernoulli's
equation, H

Total
head of
probe, H

Table A-2:

Qav 1.1712345 10 4 m 3 / s
Tube
No.

Dia of
cross
section

25.0

67.0

4.91E-04

0.2387

295

0.2979

293

14.6

17.4

1.67E-04

0.7000

283

0.3080

296

12.4

9.3

1.21E-04

0.9704

233

0.2810

295

11.3

5.0

1.00E-04

1.1685

208

0.2776

294

10.6

2.1

8.82E-05

1.3279

183

0.2729

293.5

10.0

5.0

7.85E-05

1.4920

118

0.2315

293

Probe
Area of
distance cross section

Table A-3:

Qav 1.23335 10 4 m 3 / s

Tube
No.

Dia of
cross
section

Probe
distance

Area of
cross
section

Average
velocity

Manometer
level, h

Total head
from
Bernoulli's
equation, H

Total
head of
probe, H

25.0

67.0

4.91E-04

0.2514

285

0.2882

294

14.6

17.4

1.67E-04

0.7371

253

0.2807

294

12.4

9.3

1.21E-04

1.0218

231

0.2842

293

11.3

5.0

1.00E-04

1.2304

209

0.2862

293

10.6

2.1

8.82E-05

1.3983

193

0.2927

292

10.0

5.0

7.85E-05

1.5711

123

0.2488

290

Case B: Diverging flow:

Table B-1:

Qav 1.51699 10 5 m 3 / s
Tube
No.

Dia of
cross
section

Probe
distance

Area of
cross
section

Average
velocity

Manometer
level, h

Total head
from
Bernoulli's
equation, H

Total
head of
probe, H

10.0

2.1

7.85E-05

1.9325

13

0.2033

287

10.6

5.0

8.82E-05

1.7199

14

0.1648

285

11.3

5.0

1.00E-04

1.5134

54

0.1707

283

12.4

9.3

1.21E-04

1.2568

100

0.1805

278

14.6

17.4

1.67E-04

0.9066

133

0.1749

274

25.0

67.0

4.91E-04

0.3092

173

0.1779

215

Table B-2:

Qav 1.285347 10 4 m3 / s

Tube
No.

Dia of
cross
section

Probe
distance

Area of
cross
section

Average
velocity

Manometer
level, h

Total head
from
Bernoulli's
equation, H

Total
head of
probe, H

10.0

2.1

7.85E-05

1.6374

44

0.1806

200

10.6

5.0

8.82E-05

1.4573

48

0.1562

198

11.3

5.0

1.00E-04

1.2823

63

0.1468

195

12.4

9.3

1.21E-04

1.0649

90

0.1478

194

14.6

17.4

1.67E-04

0.7681

112

0.1421

190

25.0

67.0

4.91E-04

0.2620

135

0.1385

158

Table B-3:

Qav 1.577785 10 4 m 3 / s
Manometer
level, h

Total head
from
Bernoulli's
equation, H

Total
head of
probe, H

2.0099

26

0.2319

243

8.82E-05

1.7888

64

0.2271

240

5.0

1.00E-04

1.5741

72

0.1983

236

12.4

9.3

1.21E-04

1.3072

104

0.1911

228

14.6

17.4

1.67E-04

0.9429

125

0.1703

227

25.0

67.0

4.91E-04

0.3216

157

0.1623

180

Tube
No.

Dia of
cross
section

Probe
distance

Area of
cross
section

Average
velocity

10.0

2.1

7.85E-05

10.6

5.0

11.3

Discussions:
It was noticed from the result that the total head from the probe and the total head
from Bernoullis equation are not agreed with each other, this because errors
happened in this experiment, this is clear, for example, in table (A-1) the total head
is 193mm while the theoretical head is 204mm.
In this experiment many errors have accrued, both personal and instrumental.
Personal errors can be due to harry in taking the reading before the manometer stop
moving when change the probe location and approximate the readings.
The instrumental errors are due to the existence of air pockets in the manometers.
It is also noticed that there are decreasing in the theoretical total head for both
cases (A & B), this is because the affect of friction losses which affect the velocity
of the flow, and by neglecting this loss in this experiment there will be, of course,
in results for both heads mentioned.
For case A, Bernoullis equation is not perfectly valid as it s seen, because of the
big deference between the Bernoullis head and the prone head.

Conclusions:
It cab be concluded that:
1. As the diameter increase the velocity decrease and the pressure increase to
satisfy the Bernoullis equation.
2. The existence of air pockets in manometers will increase the head causing an
error in reading.
3. From tables the losses in the diverging case is bigger than in the converging
case.

Sample calculations:
For table A-1:

5 10 3
Qav
6.5824 10 5 m 3 / s
t
75.98
Qav 6.5824 10 5
Vt

0.1342m / s
A
4.91 10 4
Vt 2
0.1342
Bernoulli' s head
h
0.204 0.2049m
2g
19.62