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Lesson 3 Transformers
Lesson 3 Transformers
Transformer Model
Chapter 3: Transformers
Twowinding,singlephase
transformersshownbelow
Equivalentcircuitofpower
transformer
Testsandperformance
Threephaseconnections
Perunitsystem
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
3Transformers
V1
V2
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
V1
3Transformers
jXm
Im
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
I2 R2 jX2
II'2
Ie
Rc
V2
Ic
N1:N2
Ideal
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
V2
Idealtransformermodel:
V1/V2 =N1/N2andN1 I1 =N2I2
Teeequivalentcircuitisnotderived
here
V1
I2
N1 :N2
I1 R1 jX1
I1
N1 :N2
3Transformers
Transformers
Primaryisinputsideandsecondaryis
outputside(regardlessofvoltage
level)
I2
N1 < N2
Step-up
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
Transformers
I1
N1 > N2
Step-down
N1 = N2
1:1 turns ratio
V1
3Transformers
jX
jXm
Im
I2
II2
Ie
V2
Rc V
Ic 2
N1:N2
Ideal
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
I2 V2
Neglectlossesandmagnetizingcurrent
V1
(R+jX)I1
V2
I1
jX I1
I1 =I2
Thisneglectcoreloss.
HowwouldthischangeifIm isnegligible?
HowwoulditchangeifRisnegligible?
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
ThreePhase Transformer
Connections
3Transformers
Oneline diagram
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
20kV 230kV
230kV 13.2kV
G
Gen
Gen
3Transformers
10
Oneline diagram
Generatorstepuptransformer(delta
wye),transmissionline,andsubstation
stepdowntransformer(deltawye).
20kV 230kV
Convention:primarysecondary,so
deltawyemeansthedeltaisonthe
primary(input)side
To avoid confusion, we say a stepup
up
Toavoidconfusion,wesayastep
orstepdowntransformerbank,or
drawonelinediagramsthatshowthe
transformerconnections
Wyewyeconnection
y
y
Deltadeltaconnection
Wyedeltaconnection
Deltawyeconnection
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
Primaryandsecondarycanbe
connectedinwyeordelta:
3Transformers
3Transformers
L d
Load
230kV 13.2kV
Load
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
11
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
12
Threephase transformers
Threephase transformers
Oneoption:connectthreesingle
phasetransformersinathreephase
bank
Anotheroption:useathreephase
Another option: use a three phase
transformer(allinonetank)
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
Threephasetransformer
Coreformconstructioniscommonin
threephasetransformersoflowkVAand
kV ratings
kVratings
Shellformconstructioniscommoninhigh
kVAandkVratings,andinsinglephase
transformers
13
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
Construction
Nottoscale
Notethattwodifferentwinding
designsareshown.
SinglePhase
C
CoreForm
F
Sh ll F
ShellForm
Eitherwindingdesignmaybeused
witheithershellformorcoreform
construction.
ThreePhase
a
14
b c
b
c
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
15
3Transformers
a
c
b
b
c
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
a
b
cc
Deltadeltaconnection
Wyewyeconnection
3Transformers
16
a
n
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
17
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
18
Deltawye connections
a
n
c
b
Deltawye connections
a
b
c
Deltawyeconnection(deltaleadingby30).
Typicaldeltawyestepdownbank
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
a
b
n
c
a
c
b
19
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
20
Thetwoconnectionsshownonthe
previouspagesarethestandard
connectionsintheUS
Thehighvoltagesideleadsthelow
voltagesideby30,regardlesswhichside
isprimaryorwhichsideisdelta
Manytransformersintherealworld
donotfollowtheANSIstandard
Weassumepositive(ABC)phase
sequence,orelsesignofphaseshiftis
reversed
Deltawye transformerbanksare
common
Localstandardsmayapply
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
21
3Transformers
Deltawye banks
Providesaneutralonthewyeside
(usually the secondary but not always)
(usuallythesecondary,butnotalways).
Isolatesthegroundsonthesecondary
fromthegroundsontheprimary.
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
22
Typical system
Deltawyetransformerbanksare
common
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
23
20kV 230kV
Generator
3Transformers
230kV 13.2kV
Transmission
Lines
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
Distribution
Feeders
24
Typical system
Generatorgroundedthroughresistorto
limitgroundfaultcurrent
Mediumvoltagedistributioncircuits
solidly grounded at stepdown
solidlygroundedatstepdown
transformer
Relaysandcircuitbreakersatstations
andfusesondistributionlinesclear
heavyfaultsquickly
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
25
Leteachsinglephasetransformerina
deltawye bankhaveaturnsratioof
N1/N2
Thebankturnsratioisthelineline
voltageratioofN1/(3N2)withaphase
shiftof30 withthehighvoltageside
leading(phasesequenceabc)
3Transformers
PerPhase Analysis
RepresentonephaseofequivalentY,with
neutralasreturnpath
Dividealldeltaimpedancesby3toget
equivalentYimpedances
Dividealllinelinevoltagesby3toget
equivalentYlineneutralvoltages
For3phasetransformerbanks,useideal
transformerwithturnsratioequaltonominal
linelinevoltageratio
Wemayincludephaseshiftduetodeltawye
banksornot,dependingonthesituation
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
27
line
model
jXD/3
/
j /6
1:ej/6
20:230
3Transformers
load
model
jXY ej/6:1
phaseshift
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
26
Typical example
20kV 230kV
230kV 13.2kV
Gen
Load
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
28
Normal system
Typical example
generator
model
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
230:13.2
29
NormalSystemisoneinwhichthe
productsofthecomplexvoltageratios
oftransformeraroundeveryloopis1
Nominalvoltageratiosmatchuparound
eachloop
Phaseshiftsarezeroaroundeachloop
Manysystemsareonlyapproximately
NormalSystems
Deviationsareusuallysmall
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
30
Normal system
Example system
20kV:230kV
230kV:44kV
230kV:46kV
Inanormalsystem,leaveoutthe
phaseshiftsduetodeltawye banks
(balancedconditionstobeanalyzed
gp p
y
usingperphaseanalysis)
Gen
230kV:46kV
Normalsystemshown.
Ifoneofthe230:46kVtransformerratingsis
changedto230:44kV,thenthesystemwould
notbenormal
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
31
Thephaseofthevoltageisshiftedthe
sameasthephaseofthecurrent,sothe
powerfactorispreserved
Warning:rememberthephaseshiftis
reallythere
3Transformers
NonNormal System
phaseshiftingtransformersusedtoshift
average power loading
averagepowerloading
offnominalvoltageratiosusedtoshift
reactivepowerloadingortoinduce
changesinvoltagemagnitude
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
33
Quantityinperunit
=actualquantity/basevalue
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
34
V=ZIwhereIisin[A],Zin[],andVin
[V]
LetthebasequantitiesbeIb,Zb,andVb,
alsoinSIunits:V
l i SI it Vb =ZZbIb
V/Vb =(Z/Zb)(I/Ib)
or
Vpu =Zpu Ipu
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
Itisconvenienttouseaperunit
systembynormalizingwithrespectto
a base quantity
abasequantity
PerUnit System
3Transformers
32
PerUnit System
Insomecases,thesystemisnotbe
normal:
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
35
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
36
I1 =(N2/N1)I2
LetIb2 =(N1/N2)Ib1
then
I1/Ib1 =(N2/N1)I2/Ib1 =I2/Ib2
I1pu =I2pu
jX I2
V2
V1
I1 R
V1
jX
jXm
Neglects
magnetizing
current
I2
Includes
V2 magnetizing
current
Allquantitiesinperunitforbothcircuits
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
37
3Transformers
Base quantities
BasecurrentIb =Sb/Vb
BaseimpedanceZb =Vb/Ib =Vb2/Sb
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
39
Transformerimpedancesareusually
givenin%onaratingbase.Forexample
15%=0.15pumeans0.15xZb inohms
Sameper
Same perunit
unitvalueoneithersideof
value on either side of
transformergivesdifferentvalueinohms
sinceZb variesasVb2
3Transformers
Regardlessofwhetherdeltaorwye:
Choosebasevoltagesinsameratioas
thenominallinelinevoltages
ChoosebaseVAsameonbothsides
h
b
b h d
Resultistheperphaseequivalentcircuit
inperunitsystemhasnoideal
transformerinequivalentcircuit
Seeexamplesintext
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
40
Change of Base
3Transformers
38
Base quantities
Singlephasetransformer:Basevoltage
in[V]or[kV]andbaseapparentpower
in[kVA]or[MVA]aregiven:
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
41
Changingthebasewillchangetheper
unitvalue,butnottheactualvaluein
SIunits(volts,ohms,amps).LetZbe
i
inpu:
Znew=ZoldZbold/Zbnew
Znew=Zold(Vbold2/Sbold)(Sbnew/Vbnew2)
Znew=Zold(Sbnew/Sbold)(Vbold/Vbnew)2
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
42
Allotherbasevoltagesaresetbythe
transformerratios(ratedlineline
voltageratios)
Expressallimpedancesperunitofthe
appropriatebase,anddrawtheperunit
diagram
Solvetheprobleminperunit,and
convertbacktoSIunits
Notethatphaseshiftsdueto
transformersareoftenignored.The
procedurefollows:
Selectacommonvoltamperebasefor
Select a common volt ampere base for
thesystem
Selectonebasevoltage(usuallya
nominalorratedvoltageinonepartof
thesystem)
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
43
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
Wyewye
ZN
Herewediscussonlytheperphase
(positivesequence)networkforthe
transformer
Shorthandnotationfortransformer
equivalentcircuitisexplainedbelow
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
X
VH
45
3Transformers
VH
ZX
ZH
VH1
VX
ZX
VX1
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
ZH
VX
VH
ZN
46
j/6
ZX e :1
VX
Zn
Wyedelta(typicalfordeltawyestepup
withHsideleadingXsideby30)
3Transformers
ZH
Deltadelta
ZX ej/6:1
ZH
Zn
44
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
47
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
48
ThreeWinding Transformers
ThreeWinding Transformers
Considerthesinglephasethree
windingtransformershownbelow
I1
Perunitequivalentcircuit:Yrepresents
magnetizingbranch,oftenomitted
I2
V2
V1
I1 Z1
V3
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
V1
49
Measureshortcircuitcharacteristics
ofeachpairofcoilswiththirdcoil
open
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
51
Threephase threewinding
transformers
ConsideraYY connectionwithboth
Y'sgrounded
Perphase(positivesequence)networks
Per phase (positive sequence) networks
aresameasthatofsinglephasecase,
withthephaseshifttothedelta
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
3Transformers
53
I3
Z 3 V V2
3
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
Z12 =Z1+Z2
Z12 =Zmeasuredat1with2shortedand3
open
Z13 =Zmeasuredat1with3shortedand2
open
Z23 =Zmeasuredat2with3shortedand1
open
3Transformers
I2
Z2
50
Z13 =Z1+Z3
Z23 =Z2+Z3SolveforZ1,Z2,Z3
Z1 =(Z12+Z13Z23)/2
Z2 =(Z12+Z23Z13)/2
Z3 =(Z13+Z23Z12)/2
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
52
Perphase(positivesequence)diagramfor
YY stepdown
H=primary(highvoltageside)Ygrounded
X=secondary(lowvoltageside)Ygrounded
T=tertiary(anotherlowvoltageside)
ZX IX
IH ZH
VH
3Transformers
Ye
IT
Z T V VX
T
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
54
Remarks:
Atransformerwithapathtoground,besides
thehighimpedancemagnetizingbranch,isa
groundingtransformer
TheYY andYtransformersaregrounding
transformers,iftheY'saregrounded
TheYYtransformerisnotagrounding
The YY transformer is not a grounding
transformer
TheYYandYY transformerspassother
systemgroundsfromonesidetotheother,if
theY'saregrounded
TheYandY isolategrounds
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
55
Autotransformers
Autotransformersareefficientand
economicalforvoltageratiosabove
1:1andbelowabout3:1
CommonlyusedinYconnections
l
d
Oftenhaveadeltatertiarywinding
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
56
Threephase autotransformer
Autotransformers
Widelyusedtoconnectsystemsof
differentvoltage(e.g.345kVto230
kVor230kVto115kV)
OftenhasaYgroundedconnection
Often has a Y grounded connection
withadeltatertiary
Tertiary
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
EquivalentcircuitissameasYY
transformer
57
3Transformers
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
58
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
59
10