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Biotrans 08 ch5 - 01 PDF
Biotrans 08 ch5 - 01 PDF
Biotrans 08 ch5 - 01 PDF
Biological Systems
5.1
Objective today
Introduction of diffusion in capillary
1st Ficks law and diffusivity
2nd Ficks law
General mass transport equation with flow
Boundary flow
Turbulence
Laminar
5.1
5.2
CAPILLARY PROPERTIES
CAPILLARY PROPERTIES
This chapter concerns solute transport through the capillary wall as a
representative porous semipermeable membrane.
The content is also generally applicable to synthetic membranes that
are used in a variety of biomedical device applications.
1st we need to define the physical properties of a typical capillary.
These properties are summarized in Table 5.1.
Each capillary can only supply nutrients and remove waste products
from a very small volume of tissue that surrounds each capillary.
Because of
Small surface: capillaries are very small: D: 810 m and
L: lengths < 1 mm.
Short diffusion time: the residence time of blood in a capillary:
~ 12 sec
5.2
TABLE 5.1
CAPILLARY PROPERTIES
Capillary Characteristics
5.2
CAPILLARY PROPERTIES
5.2
CAPILLARY PROPERTIES
http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/vascular/vascular.htm
5.3
As learnt, some of the blood plasma that enters the capillary will be carried or
filtered across the capillary wall by the combined effect of the
hydrodynamic and
oncotic pressure differences that exist between the capillary and the
surrounding interstitial fluid.
This perfusion of plasma across the capillary wall is also known as plasmapheresis.
The total flow rate of this fluid across the capillary wall
Can be estimated by Starling equ. (3.4) developed in Chapter 3.
Equ 3.7 that the value of the hydraulic conductance, LP, is given by
(3.7)
5.3
Example 5.1
Calculate the convective flow rate of plasma across the capillary wall and
compare it with the total flow rate through the capillary.
Solution
Using the capillary properties provided in Table 5.1
plasma viscosity = 1.2 cP
hydraulic conductance, LP, can be shown as in Example 3.2 to be equal to
0.61 cm3 h1m2 mmHg1 (or 1.28 1012 m2 sec kg1).
We can then calculate the filtration rate as follows using Equ. 3.4:
Q
effective pressure drop
5.3
Example 5.1
We can compare this value of the plasma filtration flow rate across the
capillary wall to the total flow rate of blood entering the capillary, i.e., :
5.4
SOLUTE DIFFUSION
In addition to the convective transport, solute can also diffuse down its
own concentration gradient.
From
5.4.1
5.4.1
FIG. 5.1
Solute concentration in the vicinity of a flat plate of
constant surface concentration.
Similar to the situation shown in Fig. 4.2 for Couette flow
5.4.1
C : concentration of the solute and typical units are moles per liter.
JS: solute diffusion rate (units: moles /s)
S: The surface area normal to the y-direction of solute diffusion
D: solute diffusivity or the diffusion coefficient.
generally depends on the
size of the solute and the
physical properties of the fluid or
material in which the solute is diffusing.
Since the solute is assumed to be diffusing through a
homogeneous medium, this solute diffusivity is sometimes
referred to as the bulk diffusivity.
5.4.1
Diffusivity
Fig. 5.2 presents diffusivity data for a variety of solutes in dilute
aqueous solutions at 37C as a function of solute molecular weight
(MW).
The solid line through the data is the result of a linear least squares
regression.
The following empirical equation is based on the data in Fig. 5.2,
5.4.1
FIG. 5.2
(Based on data from Renkin, E.M. and Curry, F.E., Membrane Transport in Biology, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1979.)
5.4.1
Diffusivity
The diffusivity of solutes in dilute solutions can also be estimated from
the Stokes-Einstein equation (Bird et al. 2002):
5.4.1
Diffusivity
Combining Equ (5.3) and (5.4) give a rough estimation of a relation
between a and MW, i.e. a(MW)
If the diffusivity and size of the solute are not known, the solute size
can first be estimated from Equ. 5.5.
5.4.1
Diffusivity
Example 5.2
Estimate the diffusivity of a spherically shaped protein with a MW of
36,000 in water at 37C.
Solution
From Fig. 5.2, we see that for a solute of this size, D = 8 107 cm2
sec1.
From Equ. 5.3, we find that D = 8.12 107 cm2 sec1.
The Stokes-Einstein equation (Equ. 5.4) can also be used,
but radius a of this molecule is needed
a can be estimated using Equ. 5.5
5.4.1
Diffusivity
Then from Equ. 5.4
Note that
D obtained from the Stokes-Einstein equation is about 40% larger
than that estimated from the actual data shown in Fig. 5.2.
Possible reason:
Very large molecules like proteins can be solvated or hydrated,
making the radius of the actual solute-solvent complex larger
than the radius estimated from the solute MW alone using Equ.
5.5.
5.4.1
http://bimanbagchi.com/hydration.html
5.4.2
(1.8)
5.4.1
FIG. 5.1 a
Solute concentration in the vicinity of a flat plate of
constant surface concentration.
S = x z
5.4.1
S = x z
x
5.4.2
FICK'S SECOND LAW
Unsteady mass transport without convection
Consider Fig 5.1
There can be two cases in general
Constant c0
Changing c0
Both are und=steady process
c
Fick's 1st law:
c2
Consider a surface
Fick's 2nd law:
c1
Consider a control volume
c
cout
c
cin
Changing c0
Constant c0
Fig 5.1b
c0
5.4.2
FICK'S SECOND LAW
Unsteady mass transport without flow (convection)
unsteady solute balance across the shell of thickness, y, in Fig 5.1,
using Equ. 1.8 as our guide, that
S y: control volume
C
the net rate at which solute enters or leaves the control volume by
diffusion, according to Fick's first law.
as y 0, we obtain the following result, which is known as Fick's 2nd law:
Solution of Equ. 5.7 for the situation shown in Fig. 5.1 requires IC and BC for
the solute within the fluid or solid material region:
y+y
o Di: diffusivity
o This figure
shows flux per
area
vici
Di
ci
y
jD , y
DS
jconv , y
dy
cSVy
jD , y
y y
dC
DS
dy
y y
jconv , y
y y
cSVy
y y
Equ. 1.8a
jD , y y jconv, y y jD , y
y y
jconv, y
dC
dC
DS
y cSV y y ( DS
dy
dy
y y
y y
) cSVy
dC
dC
Dxz
y cxzV y y ( Dxz
dy
dy
y y
y y
) cxzVy
y y
C
C
xyz
t
t
C
xyz
t
dC
DS
y cV y
dy
dC
( DS
dy
y y
) cV y
y y
dC
( DS
dy
(cV y
cV y
y y
dC
y ( DS
dy
) / y V y c
d 2C
y y )) / y DS
dy 2
Vy c
y y
) / y
(V y c)
y
c
( uc ) D 2 c
t
non-dimensional form
c *
1 *2 *
*
* *
(
u
c
)
c
*
t
Pe
C* = c/C;
t * = t/(l/U)
x* = x/l; y* = y/l; z* = z/l;
Peclet number Pe = Ul/D
* /(1 / l )
/(1 / l )
2
c
( uc ) D 2 c
t
We need to solve u first
Solution of u depends if the flow is laminar or turbulence
Laminar is easier
But turbulence is not easy to solve
Statistic method
Turbulence model
4.15
Turbulence
Fast diffusion
Because vortices and eddies
Much faster than that in laminar
Turbulence
Random motion
Temporal velocity at a point is random
Turbulence
High dissipation rate
Large flow resist or pressure drop
Turbulence
Multiscale eddies
There are many different size of eddies
Can be quantitatively measured by power spectrum density
Turbulence
3-D
In all 3 direction, there are difference
4.15
Boundary layer
V changes from 0 at wall to the free stream value over a narrow region
near the surface: boundary layer (BL).
A revolutionary concept in 1904 published by Prandtl
Generally, it is due to the effect of
Describing the flow of a fluid near a surface is extremely important in a
wide variety of engineering problems.
It is the this BL that affects the rates of
Momentum
mass transfer and
heat transfer between the surface and the fluid.
Analysis of simple flow in BL provide a great deal of insight into how
the flow of the fluid affects the transport of mass and energy
leading to the rational development of correlations to describe
transport in more complex geometries and flow systems.
We will use these correlations for mass transfer
Turbulence
Study methodology
Statistics view
Random process
Use mature statistics
Coherent structures
Turbulent flows are not purely random
but also have quasi periodic structures, i.e. large vortices
Numerical simulation
Direct numerical simulation
Large eddy simulation
A particular theory in flow dynamics is boundary layer
4.15
Boundary layer
V changes from 0 at wall to the free stream value over a narrow region
near the surface: boundary layer (BL).
A revolutionary concept in 1904 published by Prandtl
Generally, it is due to the effect of
Describing the flow of a fluid near a surface is extremely important in a
wide variety of engineering problems.
It is this BL that affects the rates of
u
Momentum
mass transfer and
x
heat transfer between the surface and the fluid.
Analysis of simple flow in BL provide a great deal of insight into how
the flow of the fluid affects the transport of mass and energy
leading to the rational development of correlations to describe
transport in more complex geometries and flow systems.
We will use these correlations for mass transfer
4.15.1
FIGURE 4.13 Flow of a fluid near a flat plate that is set in motion.
4.15.1
4.15.1
4.15.1
FIGURE 4.13 Flow of a fluid near a flat plate that is set in motion.
4.15.1
4.15.1
4.15.1
For the special case of the Newtonian fluid, we can use Equ. 4.2 for
yx and obtain
Equ. 4.44 can easily be solved using the Laplace transform technique.
4.15.1
Table 4.5 summarizes some of the more commonly used Laplace transforms.
Table 4.5 summarizes some of the more commonly used Laplace transforms.
Table 4.5 summarizes some of the more commonly used Laplace transforms.
4.15.1
with a2 = s/v.
4.15.1
Equ. 4.48 can be solved with method and has the following general
solution:
The constants C1 and C2 can then be found from the transformed BCs
given by Equ. 4.47.
Using these BCs, we find that C1 = 0 and C2 = V/s.
solution in the Laplace transform space is
4.15.1
Derivation
4.15.1
Derivation
From ID 1 and assume c2 =0, c1 = 1/V
At y =0
At y =
4.15.1
4.15.1
Derivation
4.15.1
4.15.1
Error function
4.15.1
(y,t)
Defined as that distance y from the surface of the plate where the
velocity has decreased to vx/V =1%
From 4.51)
The complementary error function of
provides a value of
vx/V = 0.01.
we can define the boundary layer thickness, (y,t), as
(y,t) = yv/V=0.01 = 1.821*2 (t)1/2
4.15.1
(y,t)
Rewrite equ 4.53:
t = 2/(16 ) t ~ 2/
Approximate euq.
u/t ~ u/L2
t ~ L2/
4.15.1
Example 4.5
Calculate the boundary layer thickness 1 sec after the plate has started
to move. Assume the fluid is water for which v = 1 106 m2 sec1.
Solution
Using Equ. 4.53, (y,t) can be calculated
4.15.2
y
FIG. 4.14 Laminar boundary layer flow of a fluid over a flat plate.
Q2
Q2
Q1
Q1
http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~jsche
tz/fluidnature/unit02/unit2b.html
http://www.thermopedia.com/content/595/
4.15.2
Mass balance
Consider the shell volume located
From x to x + x and
from y = 0 to y = (x)
Width is W.
1st perform a steady state (d/dt = 0) mass balance on this shell volume,
which is given by
The 1st two terms provide the net rate (i.e., In-Out) at which mass is
being added to the shell volume.
The 3rd term accounts for the loss of mass from the shell volume at the
top of the boundary layer
due to flow in the y direction, i.e. vy 0.
due to BL
due to resistance
4.15.2
Eliminating W and ,
dividing by x,
then taking the limit as x 0,
provides the following equation for vy description within the BL
Relation between vy and vx
4.15.2
Momentum balance
Similarly we have steady x-momentum balance on the shell volume as
4.15.2
After
eliminating W and
dividing by x and
taking the limit as x 0, from Equ. 4.56
http://www.dept.aoe.vt.edu/~jsche
tz/fluidnature/unit02/unit2b.html
http://www.thermopedia.com/content/595/
Wake flow
4.15.2
Now use Equ. 4.55 to eliminate vy in the previous equation and equ.
4.57 becomes
For a Newtonian fluid, we can use Equ. 4.2 once again and obtain Equ.
4.59:
4.15.2
4.15.2
1st BC: no slip BC, which requires that the vx(y) of the fluid at the
surface of the plate be the same as the V of the plate that,
o In this case, vx(y=0) = 0.
4th BC: expresses that the stress at the surface of the plate only
depends on x and not on y, i.e. (x, y=0) = dvx/dy |y=0(x)
o (x, y=0) = (x)
2nd and 3rd BC: state that beyond BL, i.e. y > ,
vx(y) is constant and
vx(y) = V.
The velocity profile of equ. 4.60 has to satisfy the BCs in equ 4.61
When the above BCs are imposed on Equ. 4.60,
the following expression is obtained for vx(y) within the BL
4.15.2
Thickness of BL
Equ. 4.62 indicates that vx depends on unknown (x)
However, we can
o insert Equ. 4.62 into the von Karman momentum balance equation
(Equ. 4.59)
BC
with BC: x = 0, = 0.
o Integration of Equ. 4.63 results in the following expression for the
BL thickness, (x):
4.15.2
4.15.2
Meaning of Re
Re is a very important dimensionless number in the field of fluid
mechanics.
Physically, Re represents the ratio of the inertial forces (V VL2 =
V2L2) acting on the fluid to the viscous forces ((V/L) L2 = VL) acting
on the fluid,
L : a characteristic dimension
V: velocity
Critical Re for transition from laminar to turbulent flow depends on
the geometry of the flow being considered.
e.g, for BL flow over the flat plate, experiments show that the flow
is laminar provided Rex <300,000
whereas flow in a cylindrical tube the flow is laminar if ReD <~2100
and can transition to turbulent flow at ReD >~4000.
In this case, the characteristic dimension is the diameter of the
cylindrical tube (D).
4.15.2
Displacement thickness
We have
Q1 vx dy V ( * )
0
displacement
Physical meaning
vx
v
dy dy x dy 1 x dy
0
0 V
0
V
V
4.15.2
Momentum thickness
M
We have
vx 2 dy V 2 ( * *)
2
v
(1 x2 )dy
0
V
Momentum thickness = **- * (Note vx/V < (vx/V)2)
2
v
vx
v
v
**
*
(1 2 ) (1 x )dy x (1 x )dy
0
0 V
V
V
V
Physical meaning
**
as the loss of momentum flux per unit width divided by V2 due to the BL
Ideal fluid
M2
M1
M1
**
4.15.2
Drag force
Power needs to be considered in design of biomedical devices resist
The approximate solution vx(y) within BL for laminar flow on a flat plate:
combination of Equ. 4.62 and 4.64
Differentiate Equ. 4.66 at y =0, drag force exerted by the fluid on both
sides of the plate.
F
length L and
width W
yx dxdz
4.15.2
Drag force
Fx of the exact solution as well as the experimental data is about 3%
greater than that predicted by the above approximate solution
The constant in Equ. 4.67
being 1.328 for the exact solution.
Hence, we see that this approximate solution to the flat plate
boundary layer problem is quite good.
We can also calculate the power needed to overcome the drag force.
power is defined as
P = force velocity
after multiplying Equ. 4.67 by V, the power is given by
4.15.2
ReL = VL/.
4.15.2
5.4.2
FICK'S SECOND LAW
Unsteady mass transport in quiescent fluid
unsteady solute balance across the shell of thickness, y, in Fig 5.1,
we can then write, using Equ. 1.8 as our guide, that
S y: control volume
the net rate at which solute enters the control volume by diffusion,
according to Fick's first law.
as y 0, we obtain the following result, which is known as Fick's 2nd law:
Solution of Equ. 5.7 for the situation shown in Fig. 5.1 requires IC and BC for
the solute within the fluid or solid material region:
5.4.1
FIG. 5.1
Solute concentration in the vicinity of a flat plate of
constant surface concentration.
S = x z
5.4.3
Derivation
5.4.3
5.4.3
c
( uc ) D 2 c
t
non-dimensional form
c *
1 *2 *
*
* *
(
u
c
)
c
*
t
Pe
C* = c/C;
t * = t/(l/U)
x* = x/l; y* = y/l; z* = z/l;
Peclet number Pe = Ul/D
* /(1 / l )
/(1 / l )
2
5.4.3
Solution of C profile
Equ. 5.7 and 5.8 are analogous to Equs 4.43 and 4.44 for the flat plate
that is set in motion within a semi-infinite fluid that Vx(y, t=0) = 0
A unsteady process
Similarly, here we can replace
vx with C, and
V with C0,
with D in Equ. 4.51.
result for C profile
within the quiescent fluid
or solid material at any location y and time t:
5.4.3
BL of C
C BL thickness, c, as that distance where C has decreased to 1% of C0,
the value at the surface of the plate.
Recall from Chapter 4 that the complementary error function of
vx/V =0.01
provides a value of C/C0 that is equal to 0.01.
Here for C/C0 = 0.01
BL pf vx
Hence, we can define the concentration BL thickness, c(t), as
5.4.3
Example 5.3
Calculate the concentration boundary layer thickness 1 sec after the
plate has made contact with the fluid. Assume that the fluid is water
and that the solute diffusivity is D = 1 105 cm2 sec1.
Solution
Using Equ 5.10, (y,t) can calculated as
5.4.4
For the situation in Fig. 5.1, differentiating Equ. 5.9 with respect to y
at y = 0
5.4.5
5.4.5
5.4.5
5.4.5
DEFINITION OF THE MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
Example 5.6:
Find the Km and Sh of mass transfer from the surface of a sphere into an infinite
surrounding quiescent fluid
Assume that the concentration of solute at the surface of a sphere is
given by C0.
Spheres radius: R
r
R
r + r
C0
5.4.5
Example 5.6:
Km and Sh of mass transfer from the surface of a sphere into an infinite
surrounding quiescent fluid
Solution
Again thin shell volume in fluid: for sphere generally thickness r extending
from r to r + r.
Note
A model including km and Sh is needed
Start from
r
C0
r + r
5.4.5
Perform a steady state solute balance (dC/dt =0) on this shell volume using
Fick's 1st law
dC/dt =0
1st term: the rate at which solute enters the control volume by diffusion
and
2nd term: the rate at which solute leaves by diffusion.
Dividing by r and taking the limit as r 0, for the solute
concentration (C) in the fluid surrounding the sphere:
5.4.5
From
the solute flux at the surface of the sphere can be written as
5.4.5
we get
km = Dm/R.
Rearrange Sherwood number
Sh = kmdsphere/Dm = 2
based on the sphere diameter (dsphere = 2 R) as the characteristic
length
5.4.5
5.4.5
Solution
C of the drug at the surface of the particles is equal to the equilibrium
solubility of the drug in water, which is equal to 2.5 g L1,
CHigh is the C on the surface in
5.4.5
Solution
Total particle number in the solution Nparticle
Each particle surface Sparticle
Total particle surface: Nparticle * Sparticle
The dissolution rate of the drug rdrug is then given by Equ. 5.13,
where the solute flux, js, is multiplied by the total surface area of all the
drug particles to give the drug dissolution rate (rdrug):
5.4.5
Solution
Nparticle can be found by dividing the mass of drug placed into the solution,
by the drug density and then dividing this result by the volume of a given
particle Nparticle = (m/)/(v of single particle)
1 g of drug is equivalent to 1504 particles.
With these parameters found, the previous equation can be solved for
km:
Sh
5.4.6
5.4.6
FIGURE 5.3 Laminar boundary layer flow in the vicinity of a flat plate of
constant surface concentration.
Velocity
Questions:
Is this a steady process?
What parameter will determine
c
Which BL is thicker for a given x?
Concentration
5.4.6
In Section 4.15.2: u(y) is within the BL along the length of the plate.
Here, extend u(y) to determine C(y) of the solute in CBL that is also formed
along the surface of the flat plate.
Consider the shell volume shown in Fig. 5.3:
width W
located from x to x + x and
from y = 0 to y = c(x),
where c is C BL thickness.
Steady state solute (mass) balance on this shell volume, which is given by
1st and 2nd terms: net rate at which solute is being added to the shell
volume by flow (convection) of the fluid in the x-direction.
3rd term: loss of solute from the top of the shell volume as a result of
flow in the y-direction.
4th term: the rate at which solute is diffusing away from the surface of
the flat plate.
5.4.6
After
eliminating the plate width, W, and
dividing by x,
taking the limit as x 0,
Using Fick's first law, we can insert Equ. 5.11 on the left-hand side of Equ.
5.16 for
and obtain
Solution of Equ. 5.17 requires that we know how vx and C depend on x and y
in their respective BLs.
From Equ. 4.62 vx(x, y)
5.4.6
4th BC: the flux of solute along the surface of the plate is only a function of x
5.4.6
Imposing these BCs on Equ. 5.18, C(y) within the CBL in terms of the
concentration boundary layer thickness, c(x)
C(x,y)
3 y 1 y
1
C
2 x 2 x
0
C
(5.21)
BC: at x = 0, C = 0
Solution of Equ. 5.22 is
5.4.6
Dividing Equ 5.23 by Equ. 4.64 and simplifying results in the following
equation for = (C(x)/(x)):
In general,
can be calculated for a given Sc through Equ. 5.24
(x) can be calculated from equ. (4.64)
C(x) can be calculated by (x)
5.4.6
C
x
5.4.6
important result:
C(x) depends only on
Rex
Sc
5.4.6
km becomes
C(x,y)
3
y
y
1
C
2 x 2 x
0
C
(5.21)
we obtain the following expression for the local mass transfer coefficient:
Shx : local Sherwood number at location x, and ratio of the transport rate of
solute by convection to that by diffusion.
5.4.6